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ROAD AND RAILWAY CONSTRUCTIONfischersz/Education/Road and railway construction/Road... · Bitumen...
Transcript of ROAD AND RAILWAY CONSTRUCTIONfischersz/Education/Road and railway construction/Road... · Bitumen...
ROAD AND RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION
MSC COURSE
2016/2017 AUTUMN SEMESTER
BITUMENS
SZÉCHENYI ISTVÁN UNIVERSITY Dr. Péter FÜLEKI assistant professor
Paving grade bitumens
Paving grade bitumens
Bitumen
SELF-EXPERIENCE!
Paving grade bitumens
Bitumen
Asphalt (cement) - US English
Bitumen - British English (outside of US) (plural Bitumens or Bitumina)
• Black
• Sticky
• Highly viscous fluid
Tar – distilled from coal
• Earlier used, but it has health risk
• Not used anymore in road construction
Crude bitumen – naturally occurred bitumen (Trinidad and Tobago, France, Venezuela, Los Angeles)
Paving grade bitumens
Basic definitions
Sample – small amount of bitumen prepared for tests
Specimen – in the standards determined amount of
asphalt mixtures prepared for tests
Neat or pure sample – unaged bitumen sample
Aged sample – bitumen after RTFOT or PAV aging
process
Paving grade bitumens
Bitumen
• First usage about BC 5000
• Egyptians, Persians, Romans
• 14th and 15th century was used for tarring
ships (waterproof material)
• John Loudon McAdam (UK around 1820)
• Waterproofing
Paving grade bitumens
Origin and production of bitumen
• Organic material with colloidal structure
• Components of asphalt are classified into four classes of compounds:
• Saturated hydrocarbons
• Naphtene aromatics
• Polar aromatics
• Asphaltenes
• Distilled from crude oil
• Basically a by-product (main product is fuel)
• Its quality depends on quality of crude oil
• Naturally asphalt lakes
Paving grade bitumens
Production of bitumen
Paving grade bitumens
Products from crude oil
• Distillation
• Different molecular groups precipitate on different temperatures
• The most viscous fluid at the end is BITUMEN
Paving grade bitumens
Natural asphalt lakes
Paving grade bitumens
Viscosity
Viscosity
• inner friction
• inner resistance to gradual deformation
by shear stress or tensile stress
Viscosity of bitumen
• depends on temperature
• reversible process
Paving grade bitumens
Viscosity of bitumen
Bitumen behaviour at different temperatures: At low temperature: elastic or solid At moderate temperature: viscoelastic At high temperature: viscous (fluid) Significance of these properties:
• Pumping viscosity (1000-2000 mm2/sec)
• Mixing viscosity (100-300 mm2/sec)
• Spraying viscosity (50-100 mm2/sec)
• Compaction viscosity (over the temperature belongs to 1000 mm2/sec)
Paving grade bitumens
Viscosity of bitumen
Kin
em
ati
c v
isc
os
ity
Temperature
Pumping
Mixing
Spraying
Paving grade bitumens
Quality requirements of bitumens
(EN 12591)
Parameter Measure Test
method
Requirements
20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220
Needle
penetration 0,1 mm EN 1426 20 – 30 35 – 50 50 – 70
70 –
100
160 –
220
Softening
point R&B °C EN 1427 55 – 63 50 – 58 46 - 54 43 – 51 35 - 43
Resistance
against
stiffening
RTFOT
EN
12607-1
Changing of
weight after
RTFOT, ±
m/m% 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,8 1,0
Penetration
after
RTFOT, min.
% of
original
PEN
55 53 50 46 37
Paving grade bitumens
Quality requirements of bitumens
Parameter Measure Test
method
Requirements
20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220
Softening
point R&B
after RTFOT,
min.
°C EN 1427 57 52 48 45 37
Softening
point rising
after RTFOT,
max.
°C EN 1427 8 8 9 9 11
Flash point,
min. °C EN 22592 240 240 230 230 220
Solvability,
min. m/m% EN 12592 99,0 99,0 99,0 99,0 99,0
Kinematic
viscosity at
135°C, min.
mm2/s EN 12595 530 370 295 230 135
Fraas
breaking
point, max.
°C EN 12593 - -5 -8 -10 -15
Paving grade bitumens
Test of bitumen – Needle penetration
• Conditioning at 25°C (Time period depends on bitumen’s type)
• Let the needle penetrate into the sample for 5 seconds
• Read the value of penetration in 0,1 mm units
Paving grade bitumens
Quality requirements of bitumens
Parameter Measure Test
method
Requirements
20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220
Needle
penetration 0,1 mm EN 1426 20 – 30 35 – 50 50 – 70
70 –
100
160 –
220
Softening
point R&B °C EN 1427 55 – 63 50 – 58 46 - 54 43 – 51 35 - 43
Resistance
against
stiffening
RTFOT
EN
12607-1
Changing of
weight after
RTFOT, ±
m/m% 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,8 1,0
Penetration
after
RTFOT, min.
% of
original
PEN
55 53 50 46 37
Paving grade bitumens
Test of bitumen – Softening point
Ring&Ball
In this test the softening point is determined as being the temperature at which a sample of bitumen, subjected to a progressive increase of temperature and to the weight of a steel sphere, reach a consistence that leads to its flow through a ring of steel, until obtain a specific deformation (25 mm).
Paving grade bitumens
Quality requirements of bitumens
Parameter Measure Test
method
Requirements
20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220
Needle
penetration 0,1 mm EN 1426 20 – 30 35 – 50 50 – 70
70 –
100
160 –
220
Softening
point R&B °C EN 1427 55 – 63 50 – 58 46 - 54 43 – 51 35 - 43
Resistance
against
stiffening
RTFOT
EN
12607-1
Changing of
weight after
RTFOT, ±
m/m% 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,8 1,0
Penetration
after
RTFOT, min.
% of
original
PEN
55 53 50 46 37
Paving grade bitumens
Test of bitumen – Rolling thin film oven
tester (RTFOT)
1. Determination of the initial characteristics of the pure bitumen.
2. Ageing of the bitumen in the oven.
3. Determination of the characteristics of the aged bitumen.
4. Comparison with the initial characteristics of the bitumen to evaluate the ageing.
Simulating thermalschock during production of asphalt mixtures.
• 163°C
• 4000 cm3/min hot
air blowing
• 15 rotation/min.
• 75 minutes
• 35g
sample/storage
Paving grade bitumens
Quality requirements of bitumens
Parameter Measure Test
method
Requirements
20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220
Needle
penetration 0,1 mm EN 1426 20 – 30 35 – 50 50 – 70
70 –
100
160 –
220
Softening
point R&B °C EN 1427 55 – 63 50 – 58 46 - 54 43 – 51 35 - 43
Resistance
against
stiffening
RTFOT
EN
12607-1
Changing of
weight after
RTFOT, ±
m/m% 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,8 1,0
Penetration
after
RTFOT, min.
% of
original
PEN
55 53 50 46 37
Paving grade bitumens
Quality requirements of bitumens
Parameter Measure Test
method
Requirements
20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220
Softening
point R&B
after RTFOT,
min.
°C EN 1427 57 52 48 45 37
Softening
point rising
after RTFOT,
max.
°C EN 1427 8 8 9 9 11
Flash point,
min. °C EN 22592 240 240 230 230 220
Solvability,
min. m/m% EN 12592 99,0 99,0 99,0 99,0 99,0
Kinematic
viscosity at
135°C, min.
mm2/s EN 12595 530 370 295 230 135
Fraas
breaking
point, max.
°C EN 12593 - -5 -8 -10 -15
Paving grade bitumens
Test of bitumen – Kinematic viscosity
• At 135°C
Paving grade bitumens
Quality requirements of bitumens
Parameter Measure Test
method
Requirements
20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220
Softening
point R&B
after RTFOT,
min.
°C EN 1427 57 52 48 45 37
Softening
point rising
after RTFOT,
max.
°C EN 1427 8 8 9 9 11
Flash point,
min. °C EN 22592 240 240 230 230 220
Solvability,
min. m/m% EN 12592 99,0 99,0 99,0 99,0 99,0
Kinematic
viscosity at
135°C, min.
mm2/s EN 12595 530 370 295 230 135
Fraas
breaking
point, max.
°C EN 12593 - -5 -8 -10 -15
Paving grade bitumens
Test of bitumen – Fraass breaking point
• Searching to the first
cracking (on the
bitumen sample)
belongs temperature
Paving grade bitumens
Quality requirements of bitumens
Parameter Measure Test
method
Requirements
20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220
Softening
point R&B
after RTFOT,
min.
°C EN 1427 57 52 48 45 37
Softening
point rising
after RTFOT,
max.
°C EN 1427 8 8 9 9 11
Flash point,
min. °C EN 22592 240 240 230 230 220
Solvability,
min. m/m% EN 12592 99,0 99,0 99,0 99,0 99,0
Kinematic
viscosity at
135°C, min.
mm2/s EN 12595 530 370 295 230 135
Fraas
breaking
point, max.
°C EN 12593 - -5 -8 -10 -15
Paving grade bitumens
Modified bitumens
mB – modified bitumen
PmB – polymer modified bitumen
PmB-A – with elastomer modified bitumen
more elastic behaviour
PmB-B – with plastomer modified bitumen
more plastic behaviour
CrmB (GmB) – Crumb rubber modified bitumen
more elastic behaviour
Modified bitumens
Modified bitumens
Most common used modifiers:
• Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers
(EVA, 3-7 m/m%)
• Styrene butadiene rubber copolymers
(SBR, 2-4 m/m%)
• Ethylene-propylene terpolymer
(EPDM, 3-5 m/m%)
• Styrol butadiene styrol copolymers
(SBS, 2-5 m/m%)
Modified bitumens
Modified bitumens
Principal functions of modifiers :
• Improve deformation resistance of bitumen,
• Improve behaviour at low temperature range,
• Improve adhesive and cohesion properties
• Increasing the plastic temperature range
(between softening point R&B and Fraass breaking
point)
IMPROVING BITUMEN’S PERFORMANCE!
Modified bitumens
Quality requirements of mBs (EN 14023)
Parameter Measure Test method Requirements
10/40-65 25/55-65 45/80-60
Needle
penetration 0,1 mm EN 1426 10 – 40 25 – 55 45 - 80
Softening point
R&B, min. °C EN 1427 65 65 60
Cohesive
energy at 5°C,
min.
J/cm2 EN 13589
EN 13703 - - 2
Cohesive
energy at 10°C,
min.
J/cm2 EN 13589
EN 13703 2 2 -
Resistance
against
stiffening
RTFOT
EN 12607-1
Modified bitumens
Test of mBs – Cohesive energy (force
ductility)
• Stretching sample with measure of stretching force
• Energy calculated from the measured force between 20 cm and 40 cm
Modified bitumens
Quality requirements of mBs (EN 14023)
Parameter Measure Test method Requirements
10/40-65 25/55-65 45/80-60
Changing of
weight after
RTFOT, ±
m/m% 0,3 0,5 0,5
Penetration after
RTFOT
% of original
PEN EN 1426 50 50 50
Softening point
rising after
RTFOT, max.
°C EN 1427 8 8 10
Fraass breaking
point, max. °C EN 12593 -10 -12 -18
Elastic recovery at
25°C, min. % EN 13398 60 80 80
Storage stability,
softening point
difference, max.
°C EN 13399
EN 1427 5 5 5
Flash point, min. °C EN ISO 2592 250 250 250
Modified bitumens
Test of mBs – Elastic recovery
• Stretching sample for 20 cm
• Cutting in the middle
• Elastic recovery for 30 min
• Measure of distance between the sample pieces
Modified bitumens
Quality requirements of mBs (EN 14023)
Parameter Measure Test method Requirements
10/40-65 25/55-65 45/80-60
Changing of
weight after
RTFOT, ±
m/m% 0,3 0,5 0,5
Penetration after
RTFOT
% of original
PEN EN 1426 50 50 50
Softening point
rising after
RTFOT, max.
°C EN 1427 8 8 10
Fraass breaking
point, max. °C EN 12593 -10 -12 -18
Elastic recovery at
25°C, min. % EN 13398 60 80 80
Storage stability,
softening point
difference, max.
°C EN 13399
EN 1427 5 5 5
Flash point, min. °C EN ISO 2592 250 250 250
Modified bitumens
Test of mBs – Storage stability
• Fill samples into 3 tubes
• Conditioning for 3 days at 180˘C
• Reclaim cold samples from the tubes
• „A” case homogeneous
• „B” case inhomogeneous (modifiers are settled down in the tube)
Modified bitumens
Bitumens
What is known about B 50/70?
What is known about PmB 25/55-65?
Almost everything
Modified bitumens
Quality requirements of mBs (EN 14023)
Parameter Measure Test method Requirements
10/40-65 25/55-65 45/80-60
Needle
penetration 0,1 mm EN 1426 10 – 40 25 – 55 45 - 80
Softening point
R&B, min. °C EN 1427 65 65 60
Cohesive
energy at 5°C,
min.
J/cm2 EN 13589
EN 13703 - - 2
Cohesive
energy at 10°C,
min.
J/cm2 EN 13589
EN 13703 2 2 -
Resistance
against
stiffening
RTFOT
EN 12607-1
Modified bitumens
Quality requirements of mBs (EN 14023)
Parameter Measure Test method Requirements
10/40-65 25/55-65 45/80-60
Changing of
weight after
RTFOT, ±
m/m% 0,3 0,5 0,5
Penetration after
RTFOT
% of original
PEN EN 1426 50 50 50
Softening point
rising after
RTFOT, max.
°C EN 1427 8 8 10
Fraass breaking
point, max. °C EN 12593 -10 -12 -18
Elastic recovery at
25°C, min. % EN 13398 60 80 80
Storage stability,
softening point
difference, max.
°C EN 13399
EN 1427 5 5 5
Flash point, min. °C EN ISO 2592 250 250 250
Modified bitumens
Bitumen aging method
RTFOT for simulating
thermal shock during
production of asphalt
mixture
PAV - Pressure aging
vessel
PAV for simulating all
of effect during lifetime
of pavement under
pressure
Bitumens aging
Bitumens
Thank you for your attention!