Inhibition of RNA binding to hepatitis C virus RNA-dependent RNA ...
RNA PowerPoint
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RNARNA
Ribonucleic AcidRibonucleic Acid
Structure of RNAStructure of RNA
Single strandedSingle stranded Ribose SugarRibose Sugar 5 carbon sugar5 carbon sugar Phosphate groupPhosphate group Adenine, Uracil, Cytosine, GuanineAdenine, Uracil, Cytosine, Guanine
Types of RNATypes of RNA
Three main typesThree main types Messenger RNAMessenger RNA (mRNA) – transfers (mRNA) – transfers
DNA code to ribosomes for translation.DNA code to ribosomes for translation. Transfer RNATransfer RNA (tRNA) – brings amino (tRNA) – brings amino
acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis.acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis. Ribosomal RNARibosomal RNA (rRNA) – Ribosomes are (rRNA) – Ribosomes are
made of rRNA and protein.made of rRNA and protein.
TranscriptionTranscription
RNA molecules are produced by copying part RNA molecules are produced by copying part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into of the nucleotide sequence of DNA into complementary sequence in RNA, a process complementary sequence in RNA, a process called called transcriptiontranscription..
During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands. RNA DNA and separates the DNA strands. RNA polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template from which nucleotides are template from which nucleotides are assembled into a strand of mRNA.assembled into a strand of mRNA.
mRNAmRNA
How Does it Work?How Does it Work?
RNA Polymerase looks for a region on RNA Polymerase looks for a region on the DNA known as a promoter, where it the DNA known as a promoter, where it binds and begins transcription.binds and begins transcription.
RNA strands are then edited. Some RNA strands are then edited. Some parts are removed (parts are removed (intronsintrons) - which are ) - which are not expressed – and other that are left not expressed – and other that are left are called exons or expressed genes.are called exons or expressed genes.
The Genetic CodeThe Genetic Code
This is the language of mRNA.This is the language of mRNA. Based on the 4 bases of mRNA.Based on the 4 bases of mRNA. ““Words” are 3 RNA sequences called Words” are 3 RNA sequences called
codonscodons.. The strand aaacguucgccc would be The strand aaacguucgccc would be
separated as aaa-cgu-ucg-ccc the amino separated as aaa-cgu-ucg-ccc the amino acids would then be Lysine – Arginine – acids would then be Lysine – Arginine – Serine - ProlineSerine - Proline
Genetic CodesGenetic Codes
TranslationTranslation
During translation, the cell uses information During translation, the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins.from messenger RNA to produce proteins.
A – Transcription occurs in nucleus.A – Transcription occurs in nucleus. B – mRNA moves to the cytoplasm then to the B – mRNA moves to the cytoplasm then to the
ribosomes. tRNA “read” the mRNA and obtain ribosomes. tRNA “read” the mRNA and obtain the amino acid coded for.the amino acid coded for.
C – Ribosomes attach amino acids together C – Ribosomes attach amino acids together forming a polypeptide chain.forming a polypeptide chain.
D – Polypeptide chain keeps growing until a D – Polypeptide chain keeps growing until a stop codon is reached.stop codon is reached.
Translation to ProteinTranslation to Protein
TranslationTranslation
MutationsMutations
Gene mutations result from changes in a Gene mutations result from changes in a single gene. Chromosomal mutations single gene. Chromosomal mutations involve changes whole chromosomes.involve changes whole chromosomes.
Gene MutationGene Mutation
Point MutationPoint Mutation – Affect one nucleotide – Affect one nucleotide thus occurring at a single point on the thus occurring at a single point on the gene. Usually one nucleotide is gene. Usually one nucleotide is substitutedsubstituted for another nucleotide. for another nucleotide.
Frameshift MutationFrameshift Mutation – – InsertingInserting an extra an extra nucleotide or nucleotide or deletingdeleting a nucleotide a nucleotide causes the entire code to “shift”. causes the entire code to “shift”.
Gene MutationGene Mutation
Chromosomal MutationsChromosomal Mutations
DeletionDeletion – Part of a chromosome is deleted – Part of a chromosome is deleted DuplicationDuplication – part of a chromosome is – part of a chromosome is
duplicatedduplicated InversionInversion – chromosome twists and inverts the – chromosome twists and inverts the
code.code. TranslocationTranslocation – Genetic information is traded – Genetic information is traded
between nonhomologous chromosomes.between nonhomologous chromosomes.
Chromosomal MutationsChromosomal Mutations
MutationsMutations
More MutationsMore Mutations
Gene RegulationGene Regulation
In simple cells (prokaryotic) lac genes In simple cells (prokaryotic) lac genes which are controlled by stimuli, turn which are controlled by stimuli, turn genes on and off.genes on and off.
In complex cells (eukaryotic) this process In complex cells (eukaryotic) this process is not as simple. Promoter sequences is not as simple. Promoter sequences regulate gene operation. regulate gene operation.
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