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![Page 1: RMM Systems, LLC By Sam Rietta RMM Systems, LLC is a manufacturer's representative firm focused on providing value added sales solutions by providing.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032517/56649c875503460f9493f252/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
RMM Systems, LLCBy Sam Rietta
RMM Systems, LLC is a manufacturer's representative firm focused
on providing value added sales solutions by providing customer service, technical support and application assistance to our customers, design engineering firms and specification authorities.
It is our goal to provide a high degree of professionalism to complement the image and objectives of the leading manufacturer's of electrical equipment we represent.
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Have you ever lost a motor?
• Caused a loss of production?
• After a storm?
• Same motor over and over again?
• While you were away from the plant?
• Something happened on the power company side.
• Didn’t know why?
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Why Do Motors Fail?
Common Causes of Motor Failures
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Costs Associated with Motor Failures
• Equipment downtime $$$$
• Loss of production
• Collateral equipment damage
• Equipment replacement
• Work in process damage
• Overtime for repair crews
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Motor Windings Breakdown
• Thermal
• Mechanical
• Environmental
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Thermal Breakdown
• Rule of thumb:A 10o C temperature rise above rated
temperature will half the life of a motor
• Motor operating temperature is based on:• 40o C ambient temperature
• Class B Insulation limit is 130o C
• Class F Insulation limit is 155o C
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Thermal Breakdown Causes:
• Overload
• Voltage Variations
• Single Phasing
• Short Cycle
• Lightning and Surges
• Improper Ventilation
• Dirt & Dust Accumulation
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Mechanical Breakdown Causes:
• Bearing failure resulting in rotor or stator rubbing insulation off
• Vibration
• Improper Alignment
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Bearing Failure Causes
• Improper lubrication
• Excessive belt tension
• Mis-alignment
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Environmental Breakdown Causes:
• Moisture / Water
• Corrosion/ Chemicals
• Rodents & Insects
• Age
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Causes of Motor Failures
Mechanical44%
Overcurrent30%
Single Phasing
14%
Other12%
44 % of all motors failures are due to overloads and single-phasing.
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Why Motors Fail...
* Based on 9,000 failure events researched by the Electric Motor Manual which was written by Robert Lawrie in conjunction with the staff at Electric
Construction and Maintenance Magazine.
Rotor Failures5%Failures
Bearing
13%
Contaminants19%
Overload30%
Misc9%
Single Phasing14%Old Age
10%
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Number One Motor Failure… Overload!
Overload 30%
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Overloads
“ It is practically impossible to burn out a motor from overload when it is protected by properly sized and maintained motor protection devices”.
William P. Maples, P.E.
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Motor ProtectionDevice % FLA
Overloads 115%Fuses (Dual Element) 125%-225%Fuses (Fast Acting) 400%a
Circuit Breakers 400%b
MCP 800%-1700%
NEC 430-32,52A 300% FLA for non time delay fuses exceeding 601 ampsB 300% FLA for inverse time circuit breakers for motor FLA exceeding 100 amps
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Motor Service Factor
Motor service factor of 1.15 means that the temperature rise of a motor will not exceed design temperature even if the motor is carrying a continuous overload of 15%
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U.L and IEC Test Procedures
• U.L. 508 Determines test procedures for motor starters.
• U.L. Short Circuit test procedures– Starter door cannot be blown open– Contacts must not disintegrate– Overload burnout is allowed with breaker tests.
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Short Circuit Protection of Motor Controllers
Motor ControllerHP Rating
Test Short CircuitCurrent Available
1 HP or less and 300V or less 1,000 A
50 HP or less 5,000 A
Greater than 50 HP to 200 HP 10,000 A
201 HP to 400 HP 18,000 A
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IEC Standards
• IEC Publication 947 “Low Voltage Switchgear and Control”
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IEC Levels of Motor Starter Protection
• Type 1 Protection.
– No discharge of parts beyond the enclosure is allowed
– Damage to the contactor and overload relay is acceptable
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IEC Levels of Motor Starter Protection
• Type 2 Protection.
– No damage is allowed to either the contactor or overload relay
– Light contact welding is allowed, but must be easily separable
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Voltage
• Voltage Variations
• Phase imbalance
• Phase loss (Single Phasing)
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Voltage Variation
Nema Standards states that motors shall operate successfully at rated load under the following conditions:
• +/- 10% variation of rated voltage at rated frequency
• Any voltage drop below 10% will reduce starting torque which can be
serious because starting times may increase beyond allowable limits.
• Winding failure from extreme voltage variations are identical to those of
overloads because the input current is uniformily excessive.
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Low Voltage… Cause
• Demand for power is greater than the supply
• Long cable runs
• Overloaded transformers
• Distribution system
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Low Voltage… Effect
• Reduced efficiency
• Reduced life expectancy
• Increased temperatures
• Increased current
• Lower torque
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High Voltage… Definition
Operating a motor above 110% of nameplate voltage
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High Voltage… Cause
• Poor line regulation
• Incorrect transformer tap
• Utility demand down
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High Voltage… Effect
• Reduced efficiency
• Reduced power factor
• Increased power consumption
• Increased current
• Increased temperature
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Voltage Unbalance
Percent voltage unbalance
= 100 x Maximum voltage deviation from average voltage
average voltage
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Voltage Unbalance
example:
Assume voltages to a motor are 228 V to Phase A, 220V to Phase B and 236 V to Phase C. The average voltage is 228 V. The voltage unbalance is as follows:
Voltage imbalance = 236-228 x 100 = 3.5% 228
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Effect of Voltage
Unbalance on Motor Longevity
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Effects of Voltage UnbalanceHorsepower Derating
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Another Rule of Thumb………….
A 3.5% voltage unbalance will cause a 25% temperature rise.
An increase in temperature rise in the phase with the highest current is 2 times the square of the voltage imbalance
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Causes of Voltage Unbalance:
• Unequal loading of a three phase system• Unequal tap settings on transformers• Loose connections in the power system• Damaged starter contacts• Open delta transformer systems• Storms (wind, fallen trees, lightning)• Poor regulation by utility
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Example of heat rise due to voltage variations
50 HP Motor
Heat rise 60oC
Ambient Temperature 40oC
8% Unbalance Effect: 76oC(8x8=64 x 2= 128% x 60oC= 76oC)
176oC
Result: Motor Failure
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14% of All Motor Failures - Single Phasing
Single Phasing14%
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Secondary Single Phasing
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Secondary Single Phasing
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Causes of Secondary Single Phasing
• Damaged motor starter contact
• Burned open overload relay
• Damaged switch or circuit breaker
• Blown fuse
• Open cable or bus on transformer secondary
• Open motor winding
• Open transformer winding
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Primary Single Phasing
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Primary Single Phasing
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Causes of Primary Single Phasing
• Open line on primary– Storm (wind, ice, fallen trees, lightning)
– Vehicle striking utility pole
– Construction mishaps
• Blown Primary fuse• Open contact on utility contactor or re-closer• Open winding on transformer
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In conclusion:
• Motors will last a long time if operated within their design parameters. ( Voltage, current & temperature)
• Identify the cause of your motor failure• When replacing motors also consider
changing overloads and motor start contacts• For critical motors incorporate the latest
motor monitoring products.
RMMRMM Systems Systems
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Thank you!
From
RMMRMM SystemsSystems