Rivier College CS575: Advanced LANs Gigabit Ethernet
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Transcript of Rivier College CS575: Advanced LANs Gigabit Ethernet
CS575 Gigabit Ethernet 1
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Rivier CollegeCS575: Advanced LANs
Gigabit Ethernet
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2Gigabit EthernetCS575
Overview
0 What is Gigabit Ethernet?0 Why Gigabit Ethernet0 Physical Layer Technologies0 Functional Elements of Gigabit Ethernet Technology0 Performance Issues0 Gigabit Ethernet Migration and Application Environments0 Vendor Implementation Examples
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What is Gigabit Ethernet?
0 An extension to 10 Mbps and 100 Mbps IEEE 802.3 Ethernet0 Offering 1000 megabits per second data rate0 An emerging IEEE 802.3z Ethernet standard0 The first draft of the standard was produced by IEEE in January
19970 The final standard was approved in June 19980 Can be implemented in either hubs (repeaters) or switches0 The hub is a shared medium technology (medium access control
such as CSMA/CD is needed) and the switch is a dedicated medium technology (no medium access controls are needed)
0 Allows half-duplex (HDX) and full-duplex (FDX) operation at speeds of 1000 Mbps (2000 Mbps effective throughput for FDX)
0 Expected to be deployed initially as a backbone network as well as for high speed server connections
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What is Gigabit Ethernet? (concluded)
0 Evolutionary high speed network using existing standards and proven technology
0 Compatible with existing Ethernet- Unchanged Ethernet MAC Layer (CSMA/CD) protocol - Unchanged Ethernet frame format and frame size (both
maximum and minimum)0 Support existing star-wired topology0 Support existing Ethernet applications
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Why Gigabit Ethernet?
0 Faster and more power computers continues to grow0 The need for gigabit LAN backbone to interconnect faster LANs
such as Fast Ethernet0 Growing number of complex, time critical, and bandwidth intensive
applications such large image file transfers0 Capability to support new applications and data types such as voice
and video0 Easy migration to higher performance levels (from wide installation
base of Ethernet/Fast Ethernet) without disruption (compare to ATM or other technologies)
0 Low cost of ownership including both purchasing cost and support cost
0 Internetworking and network design flexibility
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Applications Driving Network Growth
Source: Gigabit Ethernet Alliance
Application Data Types/Size Network TrafficImplication
Network Need
Scientific Modeling,Engineering
Data Files 100's of megabytes to
gigabytes
Large files increasebandwidth required
Higher bandwidth fordesktops, servers, andbackbone
Publications, Medical DataTransfer
Data Files 100's of megabytes to
gigabytes
Large files increasebandwidth required
Higher bandwidth fordesktops, servers, andbackbone
Internet/Intranet Data files now Audio now Video is emerging High transaction rate Large files, 1 MB to
100 MB
Large files increasebandwidth required
Low transmissionlatency
High volume of datastreams
Higher bandwidth forservers, and backbone
Low latency
Data Warehousing,Network Backup
Data Files Gigabytes to terabytes
Large files increasebandwidth required
Transmitted duringfixed time period
Higher bandwidth forservers, and backbone
Low latency
Desktop VideoConferencing, InteractiveWhiteboarding
Constant data stream 1.5 to 3.5 Mbps at the
desktop
Class of servicereservation
High volume of datastreams
Higher bandwidth forservers, and backbone
Low latency Predictable latency
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Physical Layer Technology
0 The Physical Layer technology for Gigabit Ethernet is mainly based on the ANSI X3T11 standards for Fibre Channel
0 Since Fibre Channel technology has been in use for for several years, the IEEE 802.3z standards committee decided to adopt this technology to reduce development time and risk for the Gigabit Ethernet standard
0 Four physical media types are defined for Gigabit Ethernet- Single mode fiber- Multimode fiber- Shielded twisted pair cable (STP)- Unshielded twisted pair (UTP-5) cable
0 Two Physical Layer standards- 1000BASE-X (IEEE 802.3z)- 1000BASE-T (IEEE 802.3ab)
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Physical Layer Technology (continued)
0 1000BASE-X is based on Fibre Channel Physical Layer standard- Three media types included in 1000BASE-X
=1000BASE-SX: Short wavelength (850 nm) laser on multimode fiber
=1000BASE-LX: Long wavelength (1300 nm) laser on single mode and multimode fiber
=1000BASE-CX: Short haul copper “twinax” STP- 1000BASE-SX is targeted at lowest cost multimode fiber runs
in horizontal and shorter backbone applications- 1000BASE-LX is targeted at longer multimode building fiber
backbones and single mode campus backbones- 1000BASE-CX is used for interconnection of equipment within
a short distance (25 m) in a computer room- Based on Fibre channel’s 8B/10B encoding (25% overhead)- 1.25 Gbps wire speed to achieve 1 Gbps data rate
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Physical Layer Technology (continued)
Cable Type Distance
Single-mode Fiber (9 micron) 5000 m using 1300 nm laser (LX)Multimode Fiber (62.5 micron) 275 m using 850 nm laser (SX)
550 m using 1300 nm laser (LX)Multimode Fiber (50 micron) 550 m using 850 nm laser (SX)
550 m using 1300 nm laser (LX)Short-haul Copper 25 m
1000BASE-X Cable Type and Distances
Source: Gigabit Ethernet Alliance
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Physical Layer Technology (continued)
0 1000BASE-T Standard- A standard (IEEE 802.3ab) for Gigabit Ethernet over 4 pairs of
Category 5 UTP for distance up to 100 meters- Based on the specifications of ANSI/TIA/EIA-568A (1995)- No need to replace existing Category 5 cabling (conforming to
1995 ANSI/TIA/EIA-568A standards) to use 1000BASE-T- Any link supporting 100BASE-TX should support 1000BASE-T- Installed cabling should be tested for return loss (echo), caused
by impedance mismatches (typically the fault of of poor connectors) and far-end crosstalk (signal leakage from adjoining wire pairs at the far end of the transmitter creates electrical noise)
- Uses a symbol rate of 125 Mbaud- uses a more sophisticated 4-dimensional, 5-level Pulse
Amplitude Modulation (4D-PAM5) coding scheme
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Physical Layer Technology (concluded)
- 4-levels to achieve 2 bits per symbol and the fifth level for Trellis Froward Error Correction coding
- Supports FDX on each pair of Category 5 UTP
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Functional Elements of Gigabit Ethernet Technology
Media Access Control (MAC)Full duplex/ Half duplex
Gigabit Media Independent Interface (GMII)
1000BASE-X 8B/10B Encoder/Decoder
1000BASE-T Encoder/Decoder
1000BASE-T UTP
Category 5Tranceiver
1000BASE-CX Shielded Balanced
CopperTranceiver
1000BASE-SX SWL
Fiber OpticTranceiver
1000BASE-LX LWL
Fiber OpticTranceiver
100 m25 m50 u MMF - 550 m62.5 u MMF - 220 - 275m
9 u SMF - 5km50 u MMF - 550 m
62.5 u MMF - 500 m802.3ab
physical layer802.3z physical layer
Ethernet Upper Layers
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Performance Issues
0 Limitations of shared medium (HDX) Gigabit Ethernet- Without modification to the Ethernet MAC layer protocol, the
maximum network diameter/size of Gigabit Ethernet is limited to about 20 m
- To keep the maximum network diameter/size of Gigabit Ethernet to 200 m (same as Fast Ethernet), the minimum CSMA/CD carrier time and the Ethernet slot time have been extended to 512 bytes (should be 640 bytes)
- Packets smaller than 512 bytes have an extra carrier extension- If all traffic consisting of 64-byte frames, the effective
throughput would drop to 120 Mbps- The Gigabit Ethernet throughput would be between 300 - 400
Mbps for average frame size on most Ethernet in the 200- 500-byte range
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Performance Issues (continued)
0 Gigabit Ethernet switches must be used to extend network size0 Not appropriate for seamless integration of LAN, MAN, and WAN0 Doesn’t deliver the QoS guarantees needed by multimedia
applications0 Working on standards to provide Quality of Service (QoS) and
Class of Service (CoS) to IP traffic0 Use 802.1Q/p to provide priority information for frames in the
network0 Use 802.3x for flow control0 QoS support by switch vendors such as Foundry Networks
- Policy-based traffic classification on=Type of Service (ToS)=IP precedence mapping=Layer 2/3/4 defined traffic flow
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Performance Issues (continued)
- Queue management=Strict Priority (SP) Queue=Weighted Fair Queue (WFQ)=802.1p queue mapping
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16Gigabit EthernetCS575
Performance Issues (concluded)
Source: Stallings: Data and Computer Communications
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17Gigabit EthernetCS575
Gigabit Ethernet Migration and Application Environments
Fast Ethernet Switch to Switch Links
Source: Gigabit Ethernet Alliance
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18Gigabit EthernetCS575
Gigabit Ethernet Migration and Application Environments (continued)
Upgrading Switch to Switch Links
Source: Gigabit Ethernet Alliance
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19Gigabit EthernetCS575
Gigabit Ethernet Migration and Application Environments (continued)
Fast Ethernet Switch to Server Links
Source: Gigabit Ethernet Alliance
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20Gigabit EthernetCS575
Gigabit Ethernet Migration and Application Environments (continued)
Upgrading Switch to Server Links
Source: Gigabit Ethernet Alliance
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21Gigabit EthernetCS575
Gigabit Ethernet Migration and Application Environments (continued)
Switched Fast Ethernet Backbone
Source: Gigabit Ethernet Alliance
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22Gigabit EthernetCS575
Gigabit Ethernet Migration and Application Environments (continued)
Upgrading Switched Fast Ethernet Backbone
Source: Gigabit Ethernet Alliance
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23Gigabit EthernetCS575
Gigabit Ethernet Migration and Application Environments (continued)
Shared FDDI Backbone
Source: Gigabit Ethernet Alliance
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24Gigabit EthernetCS575
Gigabit Ethernet Migration and Application Environments (continued)
Upgrading Shared FDDI Backbone
Source: Gigabit Ethernet Alliance
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25Gigabit EthernetCS575
Gigabit Ethernet Migration and Application Environments (concluded)
Upgrading High-Performance Desktops
Source: Gigabit Ethernet Alliance
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26Gigabit EthernetCS575
Examples of Gigabit Ethernet Switches
Lucent P550 Cajun Switch Extreme BlackDimaond Gigabit Ethernet Switch
Foundry BigIron 4000 Gigabit Ethernet Switch
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27Gigabit EthernetCS575
Enterprise-Campus Network Example
Source: Foundry Networks
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28Gigabit EthernetCS575
Traditional Router and Hub Campus Intranet
Source: Cisco White Paper
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29Gigabit EthernetCS575
Traditional Campus Wide VLAN Design
Source: Cisco White Paper
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30Gigabit EthernetCS575
Campus Wide VLAN with Multilayer Switching
Source: Cisco White Paper
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31Gigabit EthernetCS575
Multilayer Model with Server Farm
Source: Cisco White Paper
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W. Stalling, Local and Metropolitan Area Networks, 6th edition, Prentice Hall, 2000, Chapter 7
References
W. Stalling, Data and Computer Communications, 6th edition, Prentice Hall, 2002, Chapters 13-14
A. Wu, Advanced Local Area Networks, Lectures & Slides, Rivier College, 2001.