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The Riverhead Foundation: Using necropsies to further awareness of marine conservation issues
Thomas Pratt
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● Mission: “to preserve and protect our marine environment through rescue and rehabilitation, research and education.”
● New York State’s only marine mammal and sea turtle rescue and research program.
● Works with cetaceans (whales, dolphins, porpoises), pinnipeds (seals) and sea turtles.
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ObjectivesMy objectives in this internship with the Riverhead Foundation were to:
1) Observe direct impacts on sea turtles and know how to prevent it.
2) Observe sex ratios, cause of death, and human impact through necropsies.
3) Gain more insight and knowledge about sea turtle anatomy.
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Sea turtles7 species:1. Green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas)2. Loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta)3. Leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys
coriacea)4. Olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys
olivacea)5. Kemp’s ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys
kempii)6. Flatback sea turtle (Natador depressus)7. Hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys
imbracata)
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Sea turtles7 species:1. Green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas)2. Loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta)3. Leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys
coriacea)4. Olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys
olivacea)5. Kemp’s ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys
kempii)6. Flatback sea turtle (Natador depressus)7. Hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys
imbracata)
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Sea turtle diet● jellyfish/salps
● Seagrasses and algae
● crustaceans● molluscs● gastropods● sponges
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Sea turtle habitats
● pelagic sargassum● coral reefs● mangroves● seagrass beds
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When are they found in our area?● Leatherback sea turtles are found in
New York waters all year round; other species are mostly found during the warmer months in the summer for foraging.
● Kemp’s ridley sea turtles are found cold-stunned during the winter from October to March.
(Wallace et al. 2013)
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Threats to sea turtles
Human impacts on marine ecosystems have threatened many species that are vulnerable to extinction (Davenport 1997, Halpern et al. 2008, Janzen 1994).● bycatch● fisheries (longlines, gillnets, boat
strikes)● marine pollution and debris● habitat degradation● global climate change
wwf.panda.org
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Importance of NGOsNGOs help address conservation issues such as fisheries management, scientific modeling, human impacts, and scientific information and education.
Examples: Greenpeace, Ocean Conservancy, the Marine Conservation Society, and the Worldwide Fund for Nature.
(Groom et al. 2006, Sutherland et al. 2004)
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Method of a necropsy
(Wyneken and Witherington 2001)
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Findings
Species
Boat/prop
strike
Nematodes/GI tract
inflammation
Broken
bones/missing
appendages Hemorrhages
No
significant
findings Plastic
Dermochelys coriacea 1 0 1 1 1 1
Caretta caretta 3 0 1 0 3 0
Chelonia mydas 0 2 0 1 4 0
Lepidochelys kempii 1 2 0 0 17 0
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Boat/propeller strike
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Species Male Female Unknown Total number
Dermochelys coriacea 2 1 0 3
Caretta caretta 1 4 1 6
Chelonia mydas 1 6 0 7
Lepidochelys kempii 4 16 0 20
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There were 55.6% kemps ridley sea turtles identified represented in the yellow (20), 19.4% green sea turtles represented in the green (7), 16.7% loggerhead sea turtles represented in red (6), and 8.3% leatherback sea turtles represented in blue (3).
Figure 3- Percentage of species
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http://www.riverheadfoundation.org/pubfiles/annualreports/2013Report.pdf
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http://www.riverheadfoundation.org/pubfiles/annualreports/2013Report.pdf
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ImplementationsEndangered Species Act (ESA): 6 populations of sea turtles are threatened; 10 endangered.All listed under CITES appendix I
In the NYS area:Loggerhead- threatenedLeatherback- endangeredGreen- endangeredKemp’s ridley- endangered
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What can be done?● TEDs: Turtle Excluder Devices● Circle hooks● Reduce beach lighting● Reduce environmental contamination
www.nmfs.noaa.gov
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Current sea turtle research
1. Bycatch identification and management2. Sea turtle diet/GI tract analysis3. Nesting habitat4. Marine pollution and debris
www.nmfs.noaa.gov
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ReferencesDavenport, J. (1997). Temperature and the life-history strategies of sea turtles. Journal of thermal biology, 22(6), pp. 479-488.
Groom, M. J., Meffe, G. K., & Carroll, C. R. (2006). Principles of conservation biology (pp. 174-251). Sunderland: Sinauer Associates.
Halpern, B. S., Walbridge, S., Selkoe, K. A., Kappel, C. V., Micheli, F., D'Agrosa, C., ... & Watson, R. (2008). A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems. Science, 319(5865), pp. 948-952.
Janzen, F. J. (1994). Climate change and temperature-dependent sex determination in reptiles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,91(16), pp. 7487-7490.
Lewison, R. L., Freeman, S. A., & Crowder, L. B. (2004). Quantifying the effects of fisheries on threatened species: the impact of pelagic longlines on loggerhead and leatherback sea turtles. Ecology letters, 7(3), pp. 221-231.
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ReferencesDiGiovanni Jr., R., Durham, K., DePerte, A., Ferina, D. The Riverhead Foundation for Marine Research and Preservation Annual Report. (2013). Web. 21 August 2014. <http://www.riverheadfoundation.org/pubfiles/annualreports/2013Report.pdf>
Sutherland, W. J., Pullin, A. S., Dolman, P. M., & Knight, T. M. (2004). The need for evidence-based conservation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 19(6), pp. 305-308.
Wallace, B.P., Tiwari, M. & Girondot, M. 2013. Dermochelys coriacea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on 06 August 2014.
Wolke, R. E., & George, A. (1981). Sea turtle necropsy manual. US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Panama City Laboratory, pp 1-20.
Wyneken, J., & Witherington, D. (2001). The anatomy of sea turtles (p. 172). Southeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, US Department of Commerce. pp. 1-52.
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Any questions?