Scientific Revolution

When Copernicus advanced his heliocentric theory (sun is the center of our universe), challenging the legitimacy of the geocentric theory and the authority of the Catholic Church, he also started the Scientific Revolution, paving the path for future scientists like Galileo and Newton, and laying the foundation of using observation, experimentation to unearth naturals laws that govern our physical world, an idea that inspired the Enlightenment philosophers such as Locke and Montesquieu to find similar natural laws for human affairs.

ANS: A) 1 B) 1 C) 3 D) 1

Scientific RevolutionA) What influence did the Scientific Revolution have on the Enlightenment in

Europe? (1) Natural laws were used to explain human affairs. (2) Economic growth was slowed by the lack of useable technology. (3) Scientific truths were used to justify absolute monarchies. (4) The emphasis on religious doctrine led to the rejection of scientific ideas. (Jan 17 Q18)

B) • Copernicus’ heliocentric model of the universe • Newton’s law of gravitation • Descartes’ belief in truth through reason This set of ideas from the Scientific Revolution gave Europeans a new way to (1) view humankind’s place in the universe (2) support the core beliefs of the church (3) authenticate historical facts (4) verify civil liberties(Jan 15 Q23)

C) One way in which the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment aresimilar is that both (1) led to increased power for royal families in Europe (2) sought to reconcile Christian beliefs and science (3) questioned traditional values and past practices (4) promoted nationalistic revolutions in eastern Europe(Aug 14 Q20)

D) New scientific knowledge and understandings that developed during theScientific Revolution were most often based on (1) observation and experimentation (2) church law and faith (3) superstition and ancient practices (4) geometric formulas and astrology(June 14 Q23)

Enlightenment

The ideas of the Enlightenment undermined the authority of the monarchy and the Church, and paved the way for the political revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries such as the French Revolution and Latin American revolutions. John Locke, one of the Enlightenment philosopher, based his belief on the social contract theory; whereas Rousseau said that people join into civil society via the social contract to achieve unity while preserving individual freedom. 

ANS: A) 3 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

Enlightenment

A) Which statement about the French and Latin American revolutions is accurate? (1) People in both regions were fighting for freedom from England. (2) Strong French monarchs led revolutions in Latin America. (3) Revolutions in both regions were based on the idea of natural rights. (4) The French Revolution was modeled after revolutions in Latin America.(Aug 16 Q23)

B) Which individual suggested the idea that if a government fails to protect its people’s natural rights of life, liberty, and property, the people have the right to overthrow it? (1) Karl Marx (2) John Locke (3) Thomas Hobbes (4) Niccolò Machiavelli

(Aug 15 Q21)

C) Why is the Enlightenment considered a turning point in world history? (1) The factory system was used to mass-produce goods. (2) Martin Luther broke away from the Roman Catholic Church. (3) Europeans changed their thinking about the role of government. (4) The Columbian exchange occurred. (Jan 14 Q20)

D) The idea that all people are born with the natural rights of life, liberty, andproperty is most directly associated with the writings of (1) Baron de Montesquieu (2) Thomas Hobbes (3) Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet (4) John Locke

(Jan 17 Q17)

Laissez-faire/Adam Smith

Adam Smith, a Scottish economist, was the most famous advocate of free market capitalism or laissez-faire. He used the metaphor of the invisible of hand of market in his book, The Wealth of Nations, to describe a functioning economy determined by demand and supply.

ANS: A) 3 B) 2 C) 2 D) 2

Laissez-faire/Adam SmithA) Capitalism is to private ownership as communism is to

(1) supply and demand (2) laissez-faire (3) state control (4) self-determination (Jan 17 Q21)

B) Adam Smith’s laissez-faire theories are most closely associated with (1) the separation of church and state (2) minimal government regulation of the economy (3) a command economy (4) high tariffs to protect domestic businesses(Jan 15 Q29)

C) Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations stressed the importance of (1) tradition (2) supply and demand (3) large corporations (4) government ownership(Aug 14 Q22)

D) Laissez-faire practices are most closely associated with a (1) traditional economy (2) market economy (3) command economy (4) mixed economy(June 14 Q28)

Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution was the transition from hand production at home to machine production in a large factory. It began in England because of her abundant natural resources such as coal, iron ores, navigable rivers, and good harbors. It led to a growing number of big cities, workers, middle class, but also increasing pollution and child labor.

ANS: A) 1 B) 2 C) 1 D) 2 E) 3

Industrial Revolution

A) Which geographic feature aided industrialization in Great Britain? (1) good harbors (2) large forests (3) highland climate (4) monsoon winds (Jan 17 Q20)

B) During the Industrial Revolution, locating factories near concentrations of natural resources and transportation routes most directly promoted (1) annexations and unequal treaties (2) migration and urbanization (3) legislative reforms and formation of unions (4) communal fields and the domestic system (Aug 16 Q25)

C) Which social change occurred during the Industrial Revolution? (1) growth of the working class (2) development of the extended family (3) expansion of privileges for the landed nobility (4) increased status for religious leaders(Aug 14 Q23)

D) Which geographic feature most aided England during the Industrial Revolution? (1) desert climate (2) natural harbors

(3) mountainous terrain (4) monsoon winds(Jan 14 Q23)

E) What was one reason the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain? (1) The government of Great Britain implemented a series of five-year plans. (2) Great Britain had alliances with most European countries. (3) Abundant natural resources were available in Great Britain. (4) The practice of serfdom in Great Britain provided an abundance of laborers.(Jan 15 Q28)

French Revolution

The causes of the French Revolution included the Enlightenment ideals, the Third Estate’s discontent, and a widespread crop failure. The Revolution began as an angry crowd storming the Bastilles, leading to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the Reign of Terror by Maximilian Robespierre and the Jacobins and the execution of King Louis XXI. It ended as Napoleon took power in 1799.

ANS: A) 1 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3

French Revolution

A) Maximilian Robespierre and the Jacobins are best known for (1) instituting the Reign of Terror (2) protecting freedom of religion (3) supporting the reign of King Louis XVI (4) sending French troops to fight in the American Revolution(June 12 Q23)

B) Belief in the ideas of the Enlightenment and discontent within the Third Estate were causes of the

(1) French Revolution (2) Counter Reformation (3) Industrial Revolution (4) Spanish Reconquista (Aug 12 Q22)

C) In the late 1700s, which situation in France is considered a cause of theother three? (1) meeting of the Estates General (2) unfair policies of taxation (3) execution of the king (4) storming of the Bastille(Jan 15 Q24)

D) Which of these events related to the French Revolution occurred first? (1) Napoleon became emperor of France. (2) The Declaration of the Rights of Man was issued. (3) Louis XVI called the Estates General into session. (4) The Committee of Public Safety led the Reign of Terror.(Aug 10 Q20)

Toussaint L’Ouverture/Haitian Revolution

He was the best-known leader of the Haitian Revolution. His military and political acumen saved the gains of the first Black insurrection in Latin America against the French colonists in November 1791. Haiti finally won its independence in 1804.

ANS A) 3 B) 4 C) 3 D) 1 E) 1

Toussaint L’OuvertureA) Toussaint L’Ouverture is most closely associated with leading the revolution

in (1) Mexico (2) Chile (3) Haiti (4) Venezuela (Jan 18 Q20)

B) Toussaint L’Ouverture, Simón Bolívar, and José de San Martín led independence movements in (1) the Middle East (2) South Asia (3) western Africa (4) Latin America (Aug 17 Q23)

C) Which statement about the French and Latin American revolutions is accurate? (1) People in both regions were fighting for freedom from England. (2) Strong French monarchs led revolutions in Latin America.(3) Revolutions in both regions were based on the idea of natural rights. (4) The French Revolution was modeled after revolutions in Latin America. (Aug 16 Q23)

D) The Haitian Revolution and the Sepoy Rebellion happened in response to (1) European colonial policies (2) indigenous ethnic rivalries (3) urban development (4) religious divisions (Jan 16 Q30)

E) Toussaint L’Ouverture and José de San Martín are leaders best known for (1) leading independence movements (2) supporting religious reforms (3) promoting civil disobedience (4) opposing democracy (Jun 15 Q24)

Napoleon Invasion of Russia

Napoleon led his Grand Army of 600,000 soldiers to invade Russia in 1812 but was defeated by the harsh Russian winter and scorched-earth tactics. It led to Napoleon first exile.

ANS: A) 4 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4

Napoleon Invasion of Russia

A) Which factor aided the Russians in defeating Napoleon’s troops? (1) naval blockades (2) telegraph systems (3) blitzkrieg tactics (4) harsh climatic conditions (Jan 18 Q23)

B) Which statement best describes a consequence of Napoleon’s failure to understand Russian geography? (1) Rough waters in the Baltic Sea destroyed his fleet. (2) A harsh winter cut off his army from needed supplies. (3) His armies could not cross the high Ural Mountains. (4) A long period of high temperatures and lack of water overcame his troops. (Jan 18 Q26)

C) What was one factor that caused Napoleon’s invasion of Russia and Hitler’s invasion of Russia to be unsuccessful? (1) poorly trained military forces (2) a lack of alliances (3) harsh winter climate

(4) mountainous terrain(Aug 12 Q49)

D) Which geographic condition contributed to the defeat of Napoleon’s troops during the invasion of Russia? (1) drought

(2) typhoons (3) severe flooding

(4) harsh winter (June 11 Q20)

Karl Marx/Marxism

Karl Marx and Fredrich Engels, the authors of Communist Manifesto, were two critics of capitalism. They argued that the bourgeoisie (factory owners) would exploit the proletariats (workers) so severely that eventually proletariats would rise and overthrow the ruling class to build a country where all means of production are owned by the society.

ANS: A) 2 B) 4 C) 1 D) 1

Karl Marx/Marxism. . .The bourgeoisie, during its rule of scarcely one hundred years, has created more massive and more colossal productive forces than have all preceding generations together. Subjection [control] of Nature’s forces to man, machinery, application of chemistry to industry and agriculture, steam navigation, railways, electric telegraphs, clearing of whole continents for cultivation, canalization [channeling] of rivers, whole populations conjured [brought up] out of the ground—what earlier century had even a presentiment [previous notion] that such productive forces slumbered in the lap of social labor? . . . — Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto

A) In this passage, Marx and Engels state that the bourgeoisie (1) implemented policies of ethnocentrism (2) expanded the manufacturing capacity (3) was controlled by natural forces (4) replaced railways with canals(Aug 16 Q26)

B) During the 1800s, the writings of Marx, Engels, and Dickens focused attention on the problems faced by (1) factory owners (2) investment bankers (3) farm laborers (4) industrial workers (Aug 13 Q25)

C) A key idea in the Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels is that workers should support the (1) overthrow of the capitalist system (2) establishment of labor unions (3) legislative regulation of wages and working conditions (4) technological changes in production methods (Aug 12 Q26)

D) What is a major belief associated with Marxism? (1) The proletariat would rise up and overthrow the bourgeoisie. (2) Religion should be more important than political forces. (3) Private ownership of property should be expanded. (4) Peasants would gain control of overseas markets. (Jan 12 Q26)

Sepoy Rebellion

The Sepoy Rebellion was a major, but ultimately unsuccessful, uprising in India in 1857–58 against British rule. It is considered India’s first war of independence and is often compared with Chinese Boxer Rebellion, Zulu resistance in Africa, and Haitian Revolution.

Ans: A) 4 B) 1 C) 1 D) 1

Sepoy RebellionA) A goal of the Sepoy Rebellion in India and of the Zulu Resistance in South

Africa was to (1) divide their country (2) establish theocratic governments (3) oppose nationalist movements (4) end foreign control(Jun 16 Q48)

B) The Haitian Revolution and the Sepoy Rebellion happened in response to (1) European colonial policies (2) indigenous ethnic rivalries (3) urban development (4) religious divisions(Jan 16 Q30)

C) A major goal of both the Sepoy Mutiny and the Boxer Rebellion was to (1) remove foreign influences (2) restore parliamentary government (3) improve access to civil service examinations (4) outlaw caste systems (Aug 11 Q28)

D) The Sepoy Rebellion is considered an important event in Indian history because it was one cause of the (1) independence movement in India (2) secession of Bangladesh from Pakistan (3) establishment of French colonies in India (4) creation of the Mughal Empire by Muslims(June 09 Q23)

Irish Potato Famine

During the Irish potato famine between 1845 and 1849, about one million people died and a million more emigrated from Ireland, causing the island's population to fall by between 20% and 25%

ANS: A) 3 B) 1 C) 2 D) 1

Irish Potato FamineA) Mass starvation in Ireland in the 1840s led directly to the

(1) formation of communes (2) granting of independence

(3) migration of people overseas (4) usage of petrochemical fertilizers

(Jan 14 Q24)

B) One way in which the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain in the 18th century and the potato blight in Ireland in the 19th century are similar is that they both led directly to (1) significant human migrations (2) more equitable distribution of wealth (3) growth in the number of subsistence farmers (4) rapid increases in food production(June 13 Q22)

C) The mass emigration of the Irish in the mid-19th century was primarily a result of (1) mandatory military service (2) famine (3) civil war

(4) farm mechanization(Jan 13 Q25)

D) Many critics believe that the policy of the British government during the Irish Famine (1) contributed to food shortages (2) ignored military concerns (3) discouraged emigration (4) led directly to civil war(Jan 10 Q25)

Meiji Restoration

After Commodore Perry visited Japan, forcing the Tokugawa Shogunate to open foreign trade in the Treaty of Kanagawa, Emperor Meiji won a civil war against the Shogunate and restored practical imperial rule in Japan. Meiji then began to modernize and westernize Japan and transformed the backward country into an industrial and colonial power

ANS: A) 4 B) 1 C) 2 D) 4 E) 2

Meiji RestorationA) One similarity between the rule of Peter the Great and the rule of Emperor

Meiji is that their governments (1) encouraged the people to convert to Christianity (2) supported isolationist policies (3) implemented democratic elections for legislative bodies (4) began to modernize by adopting Western technology(Jan 17 Q 49)

B) The terms of the Treaty of Nanjing and of the Treaty of Kanagawa demonstrate the (1) unequal relationships that characterized imperialism (2) humanitarian ideals that accompanied missionary activity (3) importance of technology in developing economies (4) changing roles of men and women associated with modernization(Jan 17 Q22)

C) Which action did Japanese leaders take directly following the visit of Commodore Perry in 1853? (1) They attacked the British navy. (2) They opened more ports to trade. (3) They increased the power of the shogun. (4) They allowed the importation of opium into Japan. (Aug 09 Q27)

D) In Japan, the Meiji Restoration and the post–World War II “economic miracle” can be described as periods of (1) political decentralization (2) revolutionary democratization (3) reactionary social change (4) innovative industrial development (Jan 10 Q41)

E) Which change is associated with Meiji Japan? (1) expansion of feudal political and social values (2) modernization of the economy and government (3) adoption of isolationist policies (4) abandoning plans for an overseas empire(Aug 12 Q27)

Berlin Conference

In 1884, as the scramble for territories in Africa led to conflicts among European powers, Germany Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, called upon thirteen other European nations to meet in Berlin and divided their claims in Africa such that by 1900, European states had colonized nearly 90 percent of African territory.

ANS: A) 4 B) 4 C) 1 D) 2

Berlin Conference

A) The Berlin Conference is most closely associated with the colonialization of (1) South Asia (2) East Asia (3) Latin America (4) Africa(Jan 15 Q30)

A) One major reason European countries engaged in imperialism in the late 19th century was to

(1) gain a better understanding of unknown territories (2) ease tensions with their rivals (3) develop treatments for diseases (4) obtain markets for their manufactured goods(Jan 14 Q25)

C) Some of the ethnic strife in Africa today can be traced back to the European division of Africa resulting from the (1) Treaty of Tordesillas (2) Congress of Vienna (3) Berlin Conference (4) Yalta Conference (Aug 15 Q49)

D) The Berlin Conference in 1884 was significant because it (1) promoted Belgium as a world power (2) established rules for the European division of Africa (3) called for a war against England (4) ensured ethnic harmony in the Middle East(Jan 12 Q27)

Zionism

A movement for the re-establishment of a Jewish nation in what is now Israel. It was established as a political organization in 1897 under Theodor Herzl, and later won British support in the Balfour Declaration of 1917.

ANS: A) 3 B) 4 C) 2 D) 4

ZionismA) The term Zionism can be defined as a form of

(1) nonalignment (2) collective security (3) nationalism (4) pacifism(Jan 17 Q 28)

B) • Bismarck uses “blood and iron” to unify Germany (1864–1870). • Theodor Herzl organizes Zionist efforts (1897). Which concept is most closely associated with these movements? (1) assimilation (2) modernization (3) conservatism (4) nationalism(Aug 16 Q 24)

C) What was the main goal of Zionism? (1) forming a representative government in China (2) establishing a Jewish homeland in the region of Palestine (3) improving the standard of living in developing countries (4) creating an international peacekeeping organization to solve global conflicts(Jan 16 Q 32)

D) • Pamphlet on the philosophy of Zionism • Balfour Declaration • Oslo Accords These documents are most closely associated with the

controversy over (1) efforts by the United Nations to restrict child slavery and indentured

servitude (2) production of oil by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

(OPEC) (3) trade agreements established by the World Trade Organization (WTO) (4) control of land in the Middle East by Palestinians and Jews (09 Aug Q50)

Boxer Rebellion

In 1900 anti-foreigner Chinese called Boxers attacked foreigners, seeking to expel them from China. The Boxers were crashed by combined foreign forces and led to foreign attempts to secure more financial and territorial controls.Ans: A) 1 B) 1 C)2 D)2

Boxer RebellionA) The primary goal of the Boxer Rebellion was to

(1) end foreign influence in China (2) introduce Marxism to East Asia (3) increase the importation of opium into China (4) reverse reforms enacted by Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen)(Jan 18 Q25)

B) A major goal of both the Sepoy Mutiny and the Boxer Rebellion was to (1) remove foreign influences (2) restore parliamentary government (3) improve access to civil service examinations (4) outlaw caste systems (Aug 11 Q28)

C) Opium War (1839–1842) Taiping Rebellion (1850–1864) Boxer Rebellion (1898–1901) This series of events is most closely associated with the (1) spread of communism to China and Korea (2) growing concerns about the influence of the West in China (3) alliance formed between Vietnam and China (4) increasing expansion of civil and political rights in China(Jan 14 Q48)

D) A goal of both the Boxer Rebellion in China and the Mau Mau movement in Kenya was to (1) promote laissez-faire capitalism (2) end foreign control (3) develop modern industries (4) create a totalitarian state (Aug 08 Q44)

World War I

World War I began in 1914, after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary Empire, and concluded when the Treaty of Versailles was signed in 1919. The war, the world’s first all-out war, was fought in the western and eastern fronts, employing the newest technology and weaponry. The war ended four empires, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Ottoman, but the severity of the Treaty of Versailles also paved the way for the rise of Hitler and Mussolini. ANS: A) 3 B) 4 C) 3 D) 3 E) 3 World War I

A) • Development of secret alliances • Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand • Stalemate along the trenches Which conflict is directly associated with these events? (1) Austro-Prussian War (2) Boer War (3) World War I (4) World War II(Jan 17 Q 27)

B) Which event sparked the outbreak of World War I? (1) attack on Pearl Harbor by Japan (2) Germany’s invasion of Poland (3) Bolshevik coup d’état in Russia (4) assassination of the Austrian Archduke(Aug 15 Q29)

C) During World War I, developments in military technology led to (1) an early victory by the Allied powers (2) the establishment of industrial capitalism (3) the use of poisonous gas and submarine attacks (4) an increase in ethnic tension in western Europe(Jun 15 Q29)

D) The establishment of the independent countries of Czechoslovakia, Hungary,and Yugoslavia was the result of (1) the Franco-Prussian War (2) the Berlin Conference (3) World War I (4) the Munich Pact(Jan 14 Q30)

E) Disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, creation of new nation-states in central Europe, and Germany’s loss of colonies were all consequences of (1) the Napoleonic Wars (2) the Franco-Prussian War (3) World War I (4) World War II(Aug 11 Q50)

Japanese Colonialism

With few natural resources, Japan was unable to expand further its industrial production during the Meiji era. It thus followed the footsteps of the European powers, militarized rapidly and won two vital wars against Russia and China, and became the foremost colonial power in Asia, taking over Korea, Taiwan, Manchuria, and other parts of China, culminating in its Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Policy during WWII.

ANS: A) 3 B) 2 C) 2 D) 3 Japanese Colonialism

A) • Japan fights China. (1894) • Japan defeats Russia. (1905) • Japan annexes Korea. (1910) These events reflect the growing power of Japan and its desire to (1) spread Shinto (2) acquire warm-water ports (3) obtain natural resources (4) suppress the Boxer Rebellion (Jan 17 Q 25)

B) During the 1930s, Japan’s policy of imperialism was primarily driven by (1) revenge for the bombing of its cities (2) the need for natural resources (3) a desire to retain its traditional values (4) a determination to spread Zen Buddhism(Jun 16 Q 30)

C) Japan expanded her empire in the 1930s and 1940s to include parts of

(1) eastern Europe and the Middle East (2) China and Southeast Asia (3) Turkey and the Soviet Union (4) Australia and India(Aug 15 Q 35)

D) “Japan Presses Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Policy on Southeast Asia”“Tokyo Is Firebombed” “Atom Bomb Dropped on Nagasaki” Which period of Japanese history is associated with these headlines?

(1) Tokugawa shogunate (2) Meiji Restoration (3) reign of Emperor Hirohito (4) Japan’s economic miracle (Aug 10 Q36)

Gandhi

Gandhi, the leader of the Indian Independence Movement in British ruled India, employed nonviolent civil disobedience tactics such as Salt March and Homespun Movement to achieve his objective.

ANS: A) 1 B) 2 C) 2 D) 4

Gandhi

A) Which description best fits the Salt March conducted by Mohandas Gandhi? (1) an act of civil disobedience against the British (2) a statement of support for dividing India (3) a protest against the Sepoy Mutiny (4) a rally for the British during World War II(Aug 16 Q 34)

B) The purpose of Mohandas Gandhi’s actions such as the Salt March and the textile boycott was to (1) begin a cycle of armed revolution (2) draw attention to critical issues (3) increase the strength of the military (4) resist the power of religious leaders(Aug 15 Q 34)

C) Mohandas Gandhi’s protests during India’s independence movement wereoften successful because of his application of (1) an appeasement policy (2) civil disobedience (3) traditional caste beliefs (4) divide-and-conquer principles(June 09 Q29)

D) The British reliance on India as a market for its manufactured goods causedMohandas Gandhi to (1) run for a seat in the British Parliament (2) lead the Sepoy Rebellion (3) support traditional caste divisions (4) refuse to buy British textiles(Aug 12 Q31)

Ataturk

Mustafa Kemal was the founder of the Republic of Turkey. As president, he initiated numerous political, economic, and cultural reforms with the ultimate aim of building a modern and secular nation-state. During his presidency, Turkish women also received equal civil and political rights

ANS: A) 2 B) 1 C) 4 D) 2

Ataturk

A) One way in which Emperor Meiji of Japan and Kemal Atatürk of Turkey are similar is that they both (1) crushed secessionist movements (2) worked to modernize their nations (3) conquered eastern neighboring territories (4) protested against economic sanctions(Jan 14 Q26)

B) Which leader is responsible for westernizing Turkey and creating a secular government?

(1) Kemal Atatürk (2) Saddam Hussein (3) Ayatollah Khomeini (4) Anwar Sadat (Aug 13 Q31)

B) Which reform is most closely associated with Turkish leader Kemal Atatürk? (1) implementation of Sharia law (2) introduction of Arabic script (3) establishment of a communist government (4) adoption of Western culture(June 12 Q30)

D)Which reform was included in Atatürk’s efforts to modernize Turkey? (1) reintroducing strict Islamic law (2) granting women the right to vote (3) adopting Arabic script (4) requiring men to wear a fez(June 11 Q26)

Stalin

After Lenin’s death, Joseph Stalin seized power and became the dictator of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic. In a series of farm collectivization, he seized land from farmers and Kulaks, causing millions of deaths in Ukraine alone. His five-year plans propelled the USSR to an industrialized nation, but at the cost of a drastic fall in consumer goods.

ANS: A) 4 B) 1 C) 1 D) 3 E) 1

Stalin

A) Which condition was a result of Joseph Stalin’s command economy? (1) Peasants were encouraged to sell surplus grain for personal profit. (2) The production of consumer goods increased. (3) National revenue increased allowing for greater individual spending. (4) The government controlled agriculture through collective farms.(Jun 15 Q 32)

B) Which goal did Joseph Stalin establish for the Soviet Union? (1) becoming an industrial power (2) creating a golden age of culture (3) instituting a parliamentary monarchy (4) easing tensions using détente(Jan 15 Q35)

C) Which statement about the Soviet economy under Joseph Stalin is accurate? (1) The Soviet Union increased its power by developing heavy industry. (2) The government reduced its role in planning industrial production. (3) Farmers were encouraged to compete in a free market economy. (4) A large selection of consumer goods became available in the Soviet Union.(June 14 Q34)

D) Forced famine in Ukraine (1932–1933) was a direct result of (1) Czar Nicholas’s involvement in World War I (2) Vladmir Lenin’s New Economic Policy (3) Joseph Stalin’s collectivization (4) Nikita Khrushchev’s removal from power(Jan 14 Q49)

E) The primary purpose of Joseph Stalin’s five-year plans was to (1) increase agricultural and industrial output (2) limit the wealth of the upper class (3) increase the production of consumer goods (4) limit immigration of ethnic minorities (Jan 16 Q29)

Ukrainian Famine

The man-made famine was planned by Joseph Stalin to eliminate a Ukrainian independence movement and in 1932 and 1933 it killed an officially estimated 7 million to 10 million people

ANS: A) 4 B) 2 C) 3 D) 2

Ukrainian FamineA) A comparison of the five-year plans of Joseph Stalin and of the Great Leap

Forward of Mao Zedong would show that both leaders (1) encouraged individual rights and freedoms (2) implemented some aspects of capitalism (3) supported the involvement of wealthy entrepreneurs in the economy (4) focused on increasing industrial and agricultural output (Jun 17 Q30)

B) Which of these events that occurred in the Soviet Union was a direct cause of the other three? (1) famine in Ukraine (2) implementation of five-year plans (3) establishment of collective farms (4) development of heavy industry (Jan 16 Q33)

C) Forced famine in Ukraine (1932–1933) was a direct result of (1) Czar Nicholas’s involvement in World War I (2) Vladmir Lenin’s New Economic Policy (3) Joseph Stalin’s collectivization (4) Nikita Khrushchev’s removal from power(Jan 14 Q49)

D) What was a major cause of the famines in Ukraine between 1929 and 1935? (1) war with Chechnya and Armenia

(2) forced collectivization by the government (3) lack of arable land in the region (4) movement of workers to Siberia (Aug 12 Q30)

Apartheid/Mandela

Apartheid was an official system of racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa between 1948 and 1991. African National Congress, under the leadership of Nelson Mandela, fought for decades against the white rule, and finally worked with the last white president, President De Klerk, to dismantle the apartheid system, earning equal voting right to white and black alike.

ANS: A) 3 B) 2 C) 3 D) 2 E) 3

Apartheid/Mandela

A) The organization of campaigns in South Africa against the policy of racial

separation and segregation are most closely associated with (1) Jomo Kenyatta (2) Cecil Rhodes (3) Nelson Mandela (4) Kwame Nkrumah(Jan 17 Q 33)

B) Nelson Mandela and Aung San Suu Kyi are closely associated with movements to (1) establish theocratic rule (2) guarantee rights and liberties (3) introduce socialistic economic principles (4) support military juntas(Aug 16 Q42)

C) One way in which Aung San Suu Kyi, Lech Walesa, and Nelson Mandela are similar is that they all (1) supported the use of violence to achieve goals (2) inspired revolutions against autocratic monarchs (3) led movements to end oppression of their people (4) based their actions on the teachings of Karl Marx(Jan 15 Q44)

D) F. W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela received the Nobel Peace Prize for their work to end the (1) foreign control of the diamond mines (2) discriminatory policy of apartheid (3) anarchy in Somalia (4) Boer War(Jan 13 Q38)

E) Which leader is most closely associated with Desmond Tutu and F. W. deKlerk?

(1) Jomo Kenyatta (2) Kwame Nkruhmah (3) Nelson Mandela (4) Jawaharlal Nehru (June 11 Q36)

Iron Curtain

The Iron Curtain was the name for the boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991.

ANS: A) 2 B) 2 C) 2

Iron CurtainA) Which areas were separated by the Iron Curtain?

(1) Europe from Asia (2) Eastern Europe from Western Europe (3) Iberian Peninsula from Northern Europe (4) Europe from the Middle East(Aug 17 Q34)

B) Use of the term Iron Curtain is meant to symbolize and highlight differences in (1) religious philosophy (2) political ideology (3) art and architecture (4) resources and climate (Jan 17 Q31)

C) What is the main idea of this cartoon? (1) The United Nations is usually successful in freeing nations from communist control. (2) Western nations are frustrated by the strength of communist control in Eastern Europe. (3) Nations of the West are willing to negotiate with the Soviet Union. (4) The Soviet Union will usually cooperate with the United Nations. (Aug 15 Q35)

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is a system of collective defense founded at the height of the Cold War; its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party, namely Soviet Union. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, NATO has been carrying crisis management and peace enforcement tasks

ANS: A) 2 B) 2 C) 4 D) 2

NATO

A) The Soviet Union’s response to the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was to create the (1) Marshall Plan (2) Warsaw Pact (3) Truman Doctrine (4) European Union(Jan 16 Q 36)

B) Since 1999, what has been the primary role of the North Atlantic TreatyOrganization (NATO) in world affairs? (1) conducting war crimes trials (2) protecting Western Europe from Soviet aggression (3) lowering tariffs between member nations (4) carrying out crisis management and peace enforcement tasks(Jan 14 Q40)

C) The Truman Doctrine and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)were United States responses to the (1) threat of the Nazis in the 1930s (2) fear of economic depression after World War I (3) concern about the partition of India in 1947 (4) communist threat after World War II(Aug 13 Q50)

D) In the post–World War II time period, the purpose of both the North AtlanticTreaty Organization (NATO) and the Warsaw Pact was to (1) discourage religious toleration (2) establish a military alliance (3) promote economic self-sufficiency (4) eliminate political corruption(Jan 12 Q35)

Green Revolution

A large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved by the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties beginning in the late 1960s.

ANS: A) 1 B) 2 C) 4

Green Revolution

A) The introduction of the Green Revolution in India was intended to (1) increase crop yields (2) preserve the rain forest (3) stop desertification (4) protect endangered species (Aug 17 Q41)

B) The 20th-century term Green Revolution refers to significant advancements made in the field of (1) electronic communication (2) food production (3) zero population growth (4) biological warfare (Jun 16 Q35)

C) Which revolution led to increases in global food production as a result of using genetically altered seeds and large amounts of chemical fertilizers and pesticides? (1) Cultural (2) Glorious (3) Scientific (4) Green (Jun 15 Q40)

Iranian Revolution

It refers to the overthrow of the Shah Reza Pahlavi, a leader who supported westernization and modernization reforms. The 1979 Iranian Revolution, supported by Ayatollah Khomeini, led to the first modern Islamic state employing Islamic fundamentalist principles.

Ans: A) 1 B) 4 C) 1 D) 3

Iranian Revolution

The rule of Kemal Atatürk and the rule of Shah Reza Pahlavi are similar because both leaders (1) promoted westernization and modernization (2) increased the power of the clergy (3) established communist policies (4) banned foreign investors (Aug 17 Q46)

One way in which Emperor Meiji, Kemal Atatürk, and Shah Reza Pahlavi are similar is that each supported a policy of (1) appeasement (2) détente (3) universal suffrage (4) westernization (Jun 17 Q36)

The government of Ayatollah Khomeini attempted to change Iranian society by (1) implementing Islamic fundamentalist principles (2) extending political equality to women (3) allying with communist bloc countries (4) adopting a western economic system (Jan 15 Q42)

Which statement about Shah Reza Pahlavi and the Iranian Revolution is an opinion rather than a fact? (1) Shah Reza Pahlavi was supported by major Western powers. (2) Members of the Islamic clergy opposed Shah Reza Pahlavi. (3) The primary cause for the revolution was the exile of Shah Reza Pahlavi’s critics. (4) Supporters of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini overthrew Shah Reza Pahlavi.(June 12 Q38)

Ho Chi Minh

Ho Chi Minh was a founder of Democratic Republic of Vietnam, and a leader of the farmers supported nationalistic movement. Ho led the Viet Minh, a communist guerrilla organization, to fight first against the occupying Japanese during the WWII, then afterwards, the French colonial power, and then the US supported South Vietnamese. He became the president of North Vietnam from 1954 until his death.

ANS: A) 2 B) 1 C) 3 D) 2

Ho Chi Minh

A) Ho Chi Minh and Jomo Kenyatta were leaders of movements that were attempting toachieve (1) nuclear disarmament (2) self-determination (3) pan-Africanism (4) collective security(Aug 14 Q32)

B) One way in which Miguel Hidalgo, Ho Chi Minh, and Jomo Kenyatta are similar is thatthey all were (1) leaders of independence movements (2) communist dictators (3) enlightened despots (4) advocates of liberation theology(June 13 Q47)

C) One way in which Toussaint L’Ouverture, Kwame Nkrumah, and Ho Chi Minh aresimilar is that each leader (1) opposed the role of the Roman Catholic Church in politics (2) established the first democratic government in his country (3) fought to free his country from European control (4) embraced the principles of civil disobedience(Jan 13 Q50)

D) One reason Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh, and Fidel Castro rose to power was that these leaders (1) promoted capitalism and democracy (2) gained the support of the peasants (3) represented the interests of rich landowners (4) wanted their countries to stress religious values (Jan 17 Q 32)

Chairman Mao

Mao was a Chinese communist. In a bitter civil war against the Nationalist Party, he led the farmers supported Red Army, in the famed Long March, retreating from the Yangtze region to western China. Mao eventually defeated the Nationalist Party and found the People’s Republic of China in 1949. In 1958, Mao launched the Great Leap Forward, resulting in the death of 15- 45 million deaths. In 1966, he initiated the Cultural Revolution that lasted until his death.

ANS: A) 4 B) 4 C) 3 D) 4 E) 2

Chairman Mao

A) The difficult, year-long journey made by Mao Zedong and his Communistfollowers in 1934 through China’s mountains, marshes, and rivers was called the (1) Cultural Revolution (2) Great Leap Forward (3) Boxer Rebellion (4) Long March(June 14 Q32)

B) The Long March is significant in Chinese history because it (1) ended Japanese occupation of China (2) reinforced the concept of the Mandate of Heaven (3) caused the Boxer Rebellion (4) established Mao Zedong as a revolutionary leader(Aug 13 Q33)

C) Which Chinese leader is most closely associated with leading the Great LeapForward and the Cultural Revolution? (1) Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen) (2) Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) (3) Mao Zedong (4) Deng Xiaoping(Jan 13 Q36)

D) What was an immediate result of the Great Leap Forward (1958)? (1) independence of Kenya from Great Britain (2) the breakup of the Soviet Union (3) the relocation of Bosnian refugees (4) increased famine in China (Aug 15 Q 38)

E) During its climb to power in the 1930s and 1940s, the Chinese Communist Party under Mao Zedong developed a strategy that focused on (1) taking over cities (2) building peasant support (3) sponsoring nonviolent protests (4) strengthening traditional Confucian values(Aug 16 Q35)

Deng Xiaoping/Modernization of China

After Chairman Mao’s death, Deng became China’s supreme leader, implemented a series ofreforms called the Four Modernizations and led China to become a global economic and political power. But he was also responsible for the Tiananmen Massacre in 1989.

ANS A) 1 B) 4 C) 2 D) 1

Deng Xiaoping/Modernization of ChinaA) Beginning in the late 1970s, one of Deng Xiaoping’s major goals for the

People’s Republic of China was to (1) encourage economic growth through modernization (2) support the practice of traditional religions (3) lessen control over the bureaucracy (4) protect the purity of revolutionary doctrine (Jan 17 Q34)

B) One way in which Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping are similar is that both (1) granted autonomy to satellite countries (2) promoted a multiparty political system (3) encouraged religious dissenters to seek freedom (4) incorporated capitalist ideas into communist societies (Aug 16 Q40)

C) Which action was taken by Deng Xiaoping to improve the economy of China? (1) discouraging foreign investment (2) encouraging some capitalist practices (3) organizing the Red Guard (4) practicing glasnost (Jun 15 Q39)

D) The economic policies of Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet Union and of Deng Xiaoping of China included (1) elements of capitalism (2) boycotts on foreign products (3) a one-child policy (4) a reliance on agricultural self-sufficiency (Jan 14 Q34)

Gorbachev

Soviet Union’s last leader who ruled from 1985 – 1991, Gorbachev implemented policies of Glasnot ( Openness) and Perestroika ( Restructuring) to gear the nation to a more market oriented direction and the end of the Cold War.

ANS: A) 4 B) 1 C) 1 D) 3

Gorbachev A) One way in which Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and Chinese leader Deng

Xiaoping are similar is that both (1) granted autonomy to satellite countries (2) promoted a multiparty political system (3) encouraged religious dissenters to seek freedom (4) incorporated capitalist ideas into communist societies (Aug 16 Q40)

B) The economic policies of Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet Union and of Deng Xiaoping of China included (1) elements of capitalism (2) boycotts on foreign products (3) a one-child policy (4) a reliance on agricultural self-sufficiency (Jan 14 Q34)

C) Mikhail Gorbachev contributed to the fall of communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe by (1) introducing the policies of perestroika and glasnost (2) violating nuclear arms agreements (3) invading Afghanistan (4) signing the Camp David Accords(Jan 09 Q34)

D) The goal of Mikhail Gorbachev’s policies of perestroika and glasnost was to (1) expand collectivization and communes (2) resume development of Soviet nuclear weapons (3) stimulate economic growth and political discussion (4) stop expansion of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) into Eastern Europe(Aug 09 Q38)

OPEC

The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a permanent, intergovernmental organization, with most member states from the Middle East, that influences the world price of oil and sets production levels.

ANS: A) 4 B) 4 C) 2 D) 1

OPEC

A) The main reason oil-producing states formed the Organization of PetroleumExporting Countries (OPEC) was to (1) promote foreign ownership of oil fields (2) lift economic sanctions and establish free trade (3) improve trade relations with the West (4) influence the price of oil and set production levels(June 14 Q39)

B) Which geographic region has the greatest number of members in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)? (1) South America (2) sub-Saharan Africa (3) Southeast Asia (4) Middle East(Jan 14 Q33)

C) The main reason that oil-producing states formed the Organization of thePetroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was to (1) allow foreign ownership in oil fields (2) influence the price of oil and set production levels (3) improve diplomatic relations with the West (4) lift economic sanctions and establish free trade(Aug 13 Q35)

D) “OPEC Meets to Discuss Production Restrictions” “European Union Threatens Sanctions Against Nonmembers”“China Granted Most Favored Nation Status by United States” These headlines illustrate the economic concept of (1) interdependence (2) imperialism(3) communism (4) self-sufficiency(Aug 16 Q 45)

EU, NAFTA, WTO

European Union (EU), North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA, and World Trade Organization (WTO) are all intergovernmental organizations that promote trade among nations and reduce existing trading barriers and tariff.

ANS: A) 3 B) 3 C) 1 D) 1

EU, NAFTA, WTO

A) The World Trade Organization (WTO), North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and European Union (EU) all share the primary goal of (1) promoting space exploration and maintaining satellites (2) increasing economic aid to developing nations (3) encouraging trade between countries and lowering trade barriers (4) developing regulations to preserve the environment (Jun 15 Q42)

B) One function of both the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)and the European Union (EU) is to (1) oppose economic integration (2) promote immigration (3) reduce economic barriers (4) eliminate unemployment(Jan 15 Q39)

C) The creation of the European Union (EU) and of the North American FreeTrade Agreement (NAFTA) were efforts to (1) attain economic benefits through regional organization (2) achieve world peace through military alliances (3) reduce resource depletion through economic planning (4) address environmental problems through coordinated research(Jan 14 Q38)

D) The creation of the European Union (EU) and of the North American FreeTrade Agreement (NAFTA) was intended to (1) benefit member nations through the reduction of tariffs (2) implement sustainable energy policies (3) institute a system of impartial courts (4) establish stronger regional military alliances(June 13 Q37)

Ethnic Conflicts/Cleansing

Since the beginning of the 20th century, there have been numerous ethnic conflicts between different ethnic or religious groups that have led to massacres, civil wars, or forced removal.

ANS: A) 1 B) 4 C) 1 D) 4 E) 4

Ethnic Conflicts/Cleansing

A) What was the main reason refugees fled Rwanda in the 1990s? (1) ethnic conflict (2) expansion of the Sahel (3) devastation from an earthquake (4) Cold War tensions(Jan 14 Q35)

D) • Tutsis and Hutus in Rwanda • Russians and Chechens in southwestern Russia • Tamils and Sinhalese in Sri Lanka In the 1990s, which situation characterized the relationship of the peoples listed for each of these regions? (1) cooperative political compromise (2) development of a shared economy (3) movement toward religious toleration (4) brutal civil conflict

(June 14 Q43)

E) One way in which the withdrawal of Belgian control in Rwanda and the fall of communism in Yugoslavia are similar is that they both led directly to (1) ethnic conflict (2) open multiparty elections (3) membership in the EU (European Union) (4) intervention by NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) ( Aug 16 Q 44)

F) The Armenian massacre (1910s) and the forced famine in Ukraine (1930s) are examples of (1) international terrorism (2) religious conflicts (3) guerrilla warfare (4) human rights violations (Jun 16 Q 27)

G) A study of Spain during the late 1400s, the Balkan States during the early1900s, Rwanda during the 1990s, and Central Asia today shows that (1) civil disobedience is an effective way to bring about change (2) people have been encouraged to question tradition (3) colonial rule has a lasting legacy (4) ethnic conflicts have been a recurring issue in history(Jan 08 Q50)

Rwanda Massacre

It was considered one of the most atrocious genocides after World War II; it was a mass slaughter of the Tutsi minority in Rwanda by members of the Hutu majority government. An estimated 500,000 to 1,000,000 Rwandans were killed during the 100-day period from 7 April to mid-July 1994, constituting as many as 70% of the Tutsi population.

ANS: A) 1 B) 2 C) 2 D) 4 Rwanda Massacre

A) One way in which the withdrawal of Belgian control in Rwanda and the fall of communism in Yugoslavia are similar is that they both led directly to (1) ethnic conflict (2) open multiparty elections (3) membership in the EU (European Union) (4) intervention by NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) (Aug 16 Q44)

B) One way in which the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire (1915) and the Tutsis in Rwanda (1994) are similar is that both groups (1) sought safe haven in the Soviet Union (2) suffered human rights violations (3) seceded to create an independent state (4) fled to escape a severe flood (Aug 15 Q50)

C) “India Partitioned at Independence” “Serbs Fuel Conflict in Kosovo” “Grievances Divide Hutu and Tutsi” Which conclusion do these headlines support? (1) Cultural diversity leads to stable societies. (2) Ethnic and religious differences have been sources of tension. (3) Economic cooperation can overcome political issues. (4) Gender differences are more powerful than differences in social status. (Jun 15 Q36)

D) Which country was the site of ethnic tensions and a civil war between the Hutu and Tutsi in the 1990s? (1) Sudan (2) Kenya (3) Tanzania (4) Rwanda (Jan 15 Q41)