River Valley civilizationsimages.schoolinsites.com/.../Documents/River_Valley_civilizations.pdf ·...
Transcript of River Valley civilizationsimages.schoolinsites.com/.../Documents/River_Valley_civilizations.pdf ·...
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River Valley Civilizations
NileTigris and Euphrates
Yangtze and Huang He Indus and Ganges
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Tigris and Euphrates Rivers 2500 BC
• Part of Mesopotamia or Fertile Crescent • Means “Land between the Rivers “
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Sumerians Arrived on the Scene
• Built irrigation ditches to supply water to their fields and allowed them to produce surplus crops
• Set up trading network trading grain, cloth and crafted tools
• Created city-statesled by priests
• Practiced religion of many gods (polytheism)
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Sumerian Culture
• Developed arithmetic and geometry and a number system of base 60
• Architectural innovations included the development of arches,
columns, ramps and pyramid structures called ziggurats
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Sumerian Culture
• Developed system of writing called cuneiform
• Created first empire in the region
• Developed bronze tools and weapons
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Nile River
• The Nile river flooded annually like clock work
• The flooding brought fresh silt to the fields and deltas of the Nile river valley
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Egyptians 3200 BC• Utilized a system of ditches to irrigate their crops from
the Nile river, growing wheat and barley• Egypt consisted of two kingdoms, the Upper and the
Lower Kingdoms• Egyptian pharaohs ruled as gods in a governmentsystem where the god-kings were all-powerful • The system of authority was based on religious authority and called a theocracy
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Egyptian Culture • Pharaohs and Egyptian culture believed the king ruled after death• They built immense structures, the Pyramids, as the final resting places of
the Pharaohs• Egyptian religion was polytheistic and believed in an after-life • Pharaohs were mummified for their next life • Wealth and splendor of Egyptian culture created beautiful works of art made of gold, silver,ivory, glass and precious stones • Egyptian culture allowed for division of labor that created many artisans and specialized workers • Egyptians developed a system of writing called pictographs that evolved into the more familiar Egyptian hieroglyphics • Egyptians even developed a type of paper called papyrus
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Egyptian Science and Technology
• Developed a calendar the kept track of the Nile flood times
• Developed a system of writing numbers • An elaborate system of doctors and medicine• Developed water craft used to trade up and down the Nile river
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Indian Sub-continent Indus and Ganges Rivers
• Made up a large fertile flood plain the Northern India and present day Pakistan
• Seasonal monsoon rains brought predictable floods to the river systems
• Annual floods brought rich deposits of soil over a wide area
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Farming Begins Along These Rivers
• Early cultures used the water resources of the two rivers to irrigate their fields and produce crop surpluses
• 2500 BC first cities emerge in this region
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Harappa Culture
• Developed written language • Division of labor within the culture• Ruled as a theocracy• Conducted thriving trade
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China Yangtze and Huang He River
Systems • First civilization of China developed along
these rivers• Growing rice and wheat • First settlement 2000 BC• Developed flood control and irrigation projects
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Xi and Shang Dynasties • Developed first civilizations in China’s river
valley settlements• Developed Chinese culture and started division
of labor • Spiritual or religious beliefs were closely related to family • Developed writing • Developed art and architecture