River Rejuvenation by Adopting Continuous Stream Storage ... › writereaddata › fileupload ›...
Transcript of River Rejuvenation by Adopting Continuous Stream Storage ... › writereaddata › fileupload ›...
River Rejuvenation by Adopting Continuous Stream Storage Approach
in Mula-Mutha Basin using Geospatial & Simulation Tools
ByDr R K Suryawanshi
Prof. Emeritus, COEP, Pune
Ph 9879200630
Study Objectives
• Rejuvenation of urban rivers
•Maintain continuous environmental flows
•Maintain minimum storages in streams
•Maintain water quality
•Maintain the present water uses
• Ensure continuous Ground Water recharge
Study Basin
Basin Parameters
Basin Project
Catchment
Area
(��匝)
Gross
Storage
(��惣)
Mutha
Panshet 120 303
Warasgaon 130 374
Temghar 38 108
Khadak’sla 218 86
Mula Mulshi 244 654
Pavana Pavana 114 305
Approach
• Use of existing storages for stream rejuvenation
• Development of continuous stream storages
along the streams• Identification of storage locations and
potentials (ARC-GIS, HEC-RAS)• Development of simulation model for
integrated operation of existing reservoirs for various water uses (RIBASIM)
• Model simulation for stream rejuvenation with continuous stream storages with
environmental flows and its effect on other water demands
Identified Stream Storage parametersCSS PARAMETERS
River CSS IDCSS Location
(Long- Lat)
River Bed Level
( RL-m)
Max Area
at FRL
(��匝)
Max Capacity at FRL (Mcm)
Mutha
MT 173°49'38.916"E
18°29'15.732"N536 1.49 4.67
MT 273°51'31.614"E
18°31'34.116"N532 0.87 3.36
Mula
ML 173°45'9.896"E
18°34'38.576"N541 4.93 13.78
ML PWN73°51'52.752"E
18°34'53.962"N 538 8.99 42.13
Pavana
PWN 173°38'54.868"E
18°41'49.189"N557 3.93 13.08
PWN 273°43'57.991"E
18°38'32.655"N552 5.09 15.62
PWN 373°46'28.034"E
18°37'45.106"N545 2.62 3.04
PWN 473°47'51.905"E
18°36'15.615"N541 1.98 5.65
Mula-
MuthaML MT
73°54'1.434"E
18°32'30.657"N525 2.12 3.61
Total 32.02 104.94
Simulation Model
Basin Projects
Catchment
Area
(��匝)
Gross
Storage
(��惣)
Mutha
Panshet 120 303
Warasgaon 130 374
Temghar 38 108
Khadak’sla 218 86
Mula Mulshi 244 654
Pavana Pavana 114 305
Total 864 1830
Simulatiom Model- Reservoir operation
Simulation Results-Demand Management Table: Simulation results: Irrigation performance
Scenario
s
ParametersIrrigation (Mcm)
Khadakwasla PavanaIrr.
Eff.(%)
CSS Env flow ( Τ�惣 �) Avg Demand Avg Shortage Avg Demand Avg Shortage
I 30 No - 776.12 106.52 69.58 4.34II 30 Yes 2 776.12 143.80 69.58 13.72III 35 Yes 2 665.24 82.62 59.64 11.13IV 40 Yes 2 582.09 50.71 52.18 7.30V 45 Yes 2 517.41 36.92 46.39 5.86VI 50 Yes 2 465.67 26.61 41.75 5.13
0.00
200.00
400.00
600.00
800.00
1000.00
Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6
Av
g D
em
an
d a
nd
Sh
ort
ag
e
(Mcm
)
Khadakwasla: IrrigationAvg Demand
Avg Shortage
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4 Case 5 Case 6Av
g D
em
an
d a
nd
Sh
ort
ag
e
(Mcm
)
Pavana : IrrigationAvg Demand
Avg Shortage
Figure: Simulation results: Irrigation performance
Conclusions• Continuous Stream Storages (CSS)filled with minimum environmental flows is easily
implementable approach for stream rejuvenation.
• Rivers with upstream storages can be rejuvenated without much impact on the other
water demands
• Upstream storages need to release environmental flows
• For Mula-Mutha basin urban streams in Pune can be rejuvenated using environmental
flows from existing storages.
• Slight increase in irrigation efficiency (10%) or by changing the present cropping pattern
substantial water can be saved which is useful for stream rejuvenation.
• With CSS , no productive land submergence , continuous ground water recharge, very
cost effective solution for river rejuvenation for all rivers in the country.
Thank You
Rejuvenating River Yamuna by Assessment and
Implementation of Environmental Flows
Anupma Sharma, Vishal Singh, Sharad K. Jain, Manohar Arora,
Pradeep Kumar, Rajesh Singh, Ajay Ahirwar, Shailendra K. Kumre
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HYDROLOGY, ROORKEE
Special Session -1 on Rejuvenation of River Ganga – from Planning to Action
Introduction
▪ Flow is the major driver of biodiversity in rivers.
▪ River flow regime, ranging from low flows to high flows,
significantly affects the river ecosystem.
▪ For various water demands, water is stored and diverted
through various structures built on rivers that change the
flow regime and reduce flow in the downstream reaches --
degradation in the services that society gets from rivers.
▪ Need to decide the extent of changes we want in our rivers
and how much of the natural regime we would like to
maintain.
E-flows
▪ Environmental flows are the quantity, timing, andquality of water flows required to sustainfreshwater and estuarine ecosystems and thehuman livelihoods and wellbeing that depend onthese ecosystems (Brisbane Declaration 2007).
▪ Emerging science of e-flows aims to ensure abalance between the use and the protection ofnatural water resources for people by analyzingdata from hydrological, hydraulics, social,environmental, biological, and other relevantsectors.
❑ Modified flow regime
❑ Dry river segments during non-monsoon
❑ Water quality degradation
❑ Encroachment and dumping of waste
Yamuna River – Issues & Challenges
▪ Construction of diversion structures such as Hathnikundbarrage, Wazirabad barrage, Okhla barrage, etc. -- hasmodified the flow regime -- river water abstracted at differentlocations for varied uses including irrigation water supply tocanal commands and domestic water supply for Delhi.
▪ Lack of regulation in the groundwater abstraction -- hasdepleted the water table -- dry river segments are commonlyobserved between Hathnikund and Wazirabad barrage in non-monsoon period.
▪ Wastewater inflow in river Yamuna through various drains --has aggravated the water quality problems -- adverselyaffected biodiversity and aquatic ecosystem.
▪ Encroachment and dumping of municipal and constructionwaste on the flood plains -- impeded river flow and impairednatural ability to rejuvenate itself.
Yamuna River – Issues & Challenges
Need for Maintenance of E-flow
• Environmental flow is essential for Yamuna to regain the
characteristics of a healthy living river system.
• Hon'ble NGT has given directions for maintenance of requisite e-
flow in River Yamuna downstream of barrage at Hathnikund and at
Okhla, so that there is enough fresh water flowing in the river till
Agra for restoration of ecological functions of the river.
• Hon'ble Supreme Court has directed that a minimum flow of 10
cumec (353 cusec) must be allowed to flow through river Yamuna.
• As per the report 'Action Plan of the Monitoring Committee for
Rejuvenation of River Yamuna’, the release of 10 cumecs of waterin lean months is completely insufficient to sustain the flow in theriver as 10 cumecs of water released from Hathnikund barrage
evaporates or percolates into the ground as it flows downstream.
Major Features of Study Reach
between Hathnikund & Okhla Barrage
Study area selected from
Hathnikund to Okhla
barrage in Upper Yamuna
River Basin.
Hathnikund barrage was
commissioned in 2002 to
regulate the flow of Yamuna
for irrigation in Haryana and
Uttar Pradesh through
Western Yamuna Canal
and Eastern Yamuna
Canal, and, municipal water
supply to Delhi.
Points of water abstraction and additions in Yamuna river(modified from CPCB, 2006)
Discharge observed by CWCat Kalanaur, Karnal, Mawi,Baghpat, Palla and DelhiRailway Bridge in studyreach.
Percentage of waterabstraction
• Irrigation water supply 94%• Domestic water supply 4%• Industrial & other uses 2%
Field Investigations in Delhi Segment• Field surveys conducted in June 2019 show DO values were non-
detectable in river stretch below Wazirabad barrage.
• DO value in Yamuna at Dahesara village was 10.3 mg/l. Fishermen
informed that the river contains fish of size 15-20 cm and during
monsoon they get bigger fish .
Downstream of Wazirabad Barrage
Nazafgarh drain joining Yamuna
near Signature Bridge, Delhi
Waste water coming from drain
in Sonia Vihar
Keystone Species and Fish Biodiversity
• Observations in other rivers have indicated that reduceddischarge alters the micro and macro habitat charactersfavouring the increase of non-indigenous species.
• Besides meagre flows in non-monsoon season, thestudy reach receives heavy load of domestic andindustrial wastes.
• All these factors have impacted the fisheries in the riveras reflected by decline in fish catch, a discernible shiftin fish species composition and an increasing presenceof invasive fish species.
• Systematic information on the diversity, communitystructure, impact of habitat alteration and ecologicalintegrity assessment for the Yamuna river is lacking.
Methodology for Assessment of E-flows
The methodology involves development ofan integrated modeling framework (i.e.hydrological & hydrodynamic) along with:
➢ Field-based survey of cross-sections
➢Water quality parameters
➢Aquatic species suitability informationunder different flow conditions
Phase I
Phase II
Phase III
Assessment of E-flow Releases• 1D steady flow simulation performed using HEC-RAS (5.0.7 ver).
• Accuracy of various DEMs -- SRTM 30 m, SRTM 90 m, ASTER30 m, CARTOSAT 30 m and ALOS DEM 12.5 m was checked
against available surveyed river cross-sections in study reach.
• SRTEM DEM with 30 m spatial resolution compared well withsurveyed cross sections and adopted in this study.
• Manning’s n varies from 0.012 to 0.045. The u/s BCs wereestimated using Hathnikund barrage inflow-outflow data forcorresponding dry, normal and wet years, while for d/s BCs,water level and normal depth were used.
• Average seasonal inflow for different climatic conditions i.e.Monsoon period, Lean period and Non-Monsoon/ Non-Leanperiod for corresponding dependable years was computed.Similarly, average seasonal outflow for identified years werecalculated.
Average Seasonal Flows
SN Season
Inflow at Hathnikund QAve (cumec)
Dry Year
(2009)
Normal Year
(2017)
Wet Year
(2013)
I Monsoon (June, July, Aug, Sep) 320 531 973
II Lean (Dec, Jan, Feb, Mar) 77 51 164
IIINon-Monsoon/Non Lean (Apr, May,
Oct, Nov)372 402 678
Season Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10
Monsoon (June,
July, Aug, Sep)140 232 325 417 510 603 695 788 880 973
Lean (Dec, Jan, Feb,
Mar)5 22 40 58 75 93 111 129 146 164
Non-Monsoon/Non
Lean (Apr, May, Oct,
Nov)
18 91 165 238 311 385 458 531 605 678
Values for HEC-RAS model upper BCs deri┗ed from dry to ┘et years’ ┗alues
HEC-RAS
Model
Setup –Cross
Sections
Geometry
Cross Section Profile
Geometry
Flood Depth
Map
Main Window
HEC-RAS
Model
Setup – 1D
Flow
Analysis
Depth, m Velocity, m/s WSE, m
HEC-RAS Output
(Selected Events – 28
June - 5 July 2018 )
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0 50 100 150 200
Dep
th (
m)
Discharge (cumec)
Palla
(Lean)
Discharge vs Depth
Habitat requirement of important fishes of Yamuna River(Source: Wildlife Institute of India)
Fish species River sector Reason for species selection Size range
Depth & velocity use#
Chaguniuschagunio
Yamuna Nagar Native Riverine fish, Sensitive
to pollution, Economically important fish
20-25 cm
40-50 cm;
0.1-0.2 m/sec
Raiamas bola Yamuna Nagar Native Riverine fish, Sensitive
to pollution, Economically important fish
30-35 cm
70-100 cm;
0.2-0.3 m/sec
Banganadero Yamuna Nagar & Panipat
Native Riverine fish, Minor carp, Economically important fish
25-30 cm
50-100 cm;
0.2-0.3 m/sec
Cirrhinus reba Yamuna Nagar & Panipat
Native Riverine fish, Minor carp, Economically important fish
20-25 cm
50-80cm;
0.1-0.2 m/sec
Labeo bata Yamuna Nagar & Panipat
Native Riverine fish, Minor carp, Economically important fish
25-30 cm
50-100 cm;
0.1-0.2 m/sec
Cirrhinusmrigala
Yamuna Nagar & Panipat
Indian major carp, Economically important fish
30-40 cm
100-120 cm;
0.2-0.3 m/sec
Keystone Species and Fish Biodiversity
#Depth velocity use are based on observation in other river basins such as Ramganga & Ganga,
however, this needs to be evaluated for Yamuna river field sites.
Flow requirement of important fish for Yamuna River
Fish
species
Depth &
velocity
Requirement
Min. Discharge Required (cumec)
Kalanur Mawi Bhagpat Palla DRB
Raiamas
bala
70-100 cm;
0.2-0.3 m/sec
25 10 10 20 40
Bangana
dero
50-100 cm;
0.2-0.3 m/sec
15 10 10 15 30
Labio
bata
50-100 cm;
0.1-0.2 m/sec
15 10 10 15 30
Summary ▪ Establishing e-flows entails striking a balance between social and
economic preferences and our knowledge and understanding aboutthe requirements for protection of ecological functioning of the riverfor sustainable water resource utilization.
▪ Present study utilizes integrated hydrologic and hydrodynamicmodeling approach for assessing the e-flows in 3 phases.
▪ In Phase I, the HEC-RAS 1D hydraulic model has been used todevelop plots of depth vs discharge and estimate e-flow requirementfor important fish species of Yamuna river.
▪ Minimum discharge required varies from 10 to 40 cumec for the sitesKalanaur, Mawi, Bhagpat, Palla and Delhi Railway Bridge. Thesevalues are preliminary in nature since some parameters for habitatrequirement of fish species are based on observations in other riverbasins and need to be evaluated for Yamuna river.
▪ Under Phase II, flows generated using SWAT would be incorporatedinto HEC-RAS, with high resolution data, to generate e-flows withupdated parameters for habitat requirement.
Acknowledgments
The R&D study is sponsored under the Namami
Gange Program of National Mission for Clean
Ganga, DoWR, RD&GR, Ministry of Jal Shakti, GoI.
Hydro-meteorological data for the study was
provided by Yamuna Basin Organization, CWC, New
Delhi. Information on aquatic biota was provided by
Dr. J.A. Johnson, Wildlife Institute of India,
Dehradun.
THANKS!
Nodal Organization:
International Commission on Irrigation and
Drainage (ICID)
Er. B. A. Chivate, Director (Tech), ICID, New Delhi
Er. A. B. Pandya Secretary General ICID New Delhi
Welcome to Panel
Discussion (PD-11)
ICID established in 1950 is a leading scientific, technical
and not-for-profit scientific international organization.
Network of professionals spread across more than a
hundred countries, has facilitated sharing of experiences
and transfer of water management technology for over
six decades.
Dedicated to enhance the world wide supply of food and
fibre for all people and believes that food security at
various levels: global, national, local and household, and
provision of assured livelihood starts with stable
agriculture production.
Encourages public private partnership in development
and management of water resources.
Prime Minister Mr. Jawahar Lal Nehru and the then President Dr. A.N. Khosla at the French National Committee Pavilion (1951)
The Central Office building inaugurated byVice President Dr. Zakir Hussain (10 January 1966)
Agenda 2030 provides opportunity to ICID
to revisit its vision and mission
Agriculture cannot be made solely dependent on rains as it amounts to gambling with the nature.
- Kauṭilya’sArthshastra, 371 BC
Sr
No
Sector Water Demand in Km3 (or BCM)
Standing Sub-
Committee of
MOWR
NCIWRD
2010 2025 2050 2010 2025 2050
Low High Low High Low High
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1 Irrigation 688 910 1072 543 557 561 611 628 807
2 Drinking
Water56 73 102 42 43 55 62 90 111
3 Industry 12 23 63 37 37 67 67 81 81
4 Energy 5 15 130 18 19 31 33 63 70
5 Other 52 72 80 54 54 70 70 111 111
6 TOTAL 813 1093 1447 694 710 784 843 973 1180
State Major &
Medium
projects
Minor projects Total
Surface Ground
Uttar Pradesh 12.1 1.2 16.3 29.7
Bihar 5.2 1.5 4.1 10.8
Madhya Pradesh 4.9 2.1 9.2 16.2
Andhra Pradesh 5.0 2.3 3.9 11.2
Maharashtra 4.1 1.2 3.6 8.9
Others 27.2 9.0 27.0 63.1
All-India 58.5 17.3 64.1 139.9
State Completed Under
Construction
Total
Maharashtra 1676 145 1821Madhya
Pradesh
899 7 906
Gujarat 598 68 666Andhra
Pradesh
283 51 334
All-India 4711 390 5101
It is estimated that there is a gap of about 15%
in the irrigation potential created and utilized.
Full utilization of the created facilities has been
identified as an important strategy.
Irrigation -State subject but
Central Government of India had taken many
efforts considering the importance of water. To
manage and get maximum benefits from the
created irrigation potential efforts are being
made at various levels.
Command Area Development (CAD) concept.
The update and revised National Water Policy
framed in year 20123
WUAs Formation
National Water Mission- One of the goal is to
improve the efficiency of water use at least by
20%.
Some of the Strategies included under the goal
are as follows:
Promotion of water efficient techniques and
technologies.
Incentive through award for water conservation
& efficient use of water.
Farmers Participatory Action Research
Programme (FPARP)
Initiation of 5000 Farmers as partners in
FPARP throughout the country with the help of
Agricultural Universities/ ICAR institutes/
Engineering colleges/ WALMIs etc. for
demonstrating the technologies available on
shelf to the farmers for increasing the
productivity and profitability of agriculture
through generating synergy among water, crop,
agronomic practices, soil nutrients, crop variety
and implements etc.
It is very difficult in agriculture field to control
the water pump manually. One has to visit in
fields to switch ON and OFF.
In worldwide, where electricity is the main
problem, villagers frequently don’t have the electricity. In that situation, Solar Energy is
used to give the power to water pumps.
New technologies related to several aspects of
crop management
Focused in facilitating the increase of net
income to farmers
Drones and Satellites can be effectively used to
manage specific crops
At present, remote sensing technologies
(including images and vegetation indices
obtained by drones and satellites) have begun
to be widely used.
Figure 3: (a) and (b) Droning D-820, Open Source equipment developed by
Droning to carry out the photogrammetric work; (c) and (d) initial design based on
Droning D-650
ICID is a unique platform for the exchange of
knowledge and information related to agricultural
water management. ICID organizes International
Congresses on Irrigation and Drainage, and World
Irrigation Forum, Regional Conferences, Micro
Irrigation Congresses, International Drainage
Workshops, Symposia and Workshops, Seminar
and Special Sessions, etc. to address and discuss
issues of global/regional importance.
World Irrigation and Drainage Prize – Instituted to
recognize the contributions made by an individual or an institution in the field of Irrigation and Drainage that have far reaching and wide impacts.
WatSave Awards - Presented to promote and encourage the best technological applications or projects which have been successful in saving water.
Best Paper Award - Instituted to recognise the outstanding paper contributed to ‘Irrigation and Drainage’, the Journal of ICID.
World Heritage Irrigation Structures – Instituted to recognize the structure with more than 100 years old
World Water System Heritage (WSH) – Aims at identifying and preserving the people-centredwater management systems.
Best Performing National Committee – Instituted to recognize the contributions made by an individual or an institution in the field of Irrigation and
Drainage that have far reaching and wide impacts.
Best Performing Workbody - Presented to promote and encourage the best technological applications or projects which have been successful in saving water.
Recognizing the need to encourage
innovations in irrigation and drainage, ICID
instituted WatSave Annual Award(s) in 1997
and are presented each year to recognize
outstanding contributions to water conservation
or water saving in agriculture.
The WatSave Awards are given in four
categories: (i) Technology (ii) Innovative Water
Management (iii) Young Professionals; and
(iv) Farmer.
Promoting and encouraging the best
technological applications or projects which
have been successful in saving water and/or
recovering waste waters/low quality waters.
From Year 2000 to 2019 (19) Awards
Innovation promoting non-technological interventions
and/ or innovative land and water management/
techniques for increasing the availability of water for
different uses;
Promoting research that leads to substantial savings
in water applications or uses; or Promoting
development of new policies/approaches for water
saving leading to cost effective and beneficial use of
water.
From Year 1998 to 2019(22) Awards
Recognizing young professionals (below 40
years) contributing in original research and
innovative water saving techniques leading
towards sustainability.
From Year 1999 to 2019 (13)Awards
It is presented to farmer or farmer(s) who has
successfully developed or implemented water-
efficient farming techniques in the farms as well
as the community. (From year 2009 to 2019 6
Awards)
During last 22 years the WatSave Awards are
confirmed to number of innovative ideas under
above mentioned categories, details can be
seen at
https://www.icid.org/watsave_past.html#Techno
logy
Title of the Winning Contribution
Name of the Winner(s) Contribution
1 2 3
Innovative waterManagement Award:Trangie-Nevertire RenewalAn IrrigationInfrastructureModernisation SuccessStory
Mr. James Winter and Mr.Tony Quigley (Australia)
Transfer/sale of water to the
Australian Government in return
for funding to totally modernize
the irrigation infrastructure of the
Trangie-Nevertire Co-operative
Ltd both off and on farm
Technology Awards:Water and salt regulationscheme under mulcheddrip irrigation for cotton inarid regions
Mr. TIAN Fuqiang (China) Mulched Drip Irrigation (MDI), a
surface drip irrigation method
combined with film of both saving
water and labour and increasing
crop yieldsYoung Professional'sAward: Applications ofconstant flow rate controlvalve in water saving
Mr. Ali Mahdavi Mazdeh;
Mr. Mohammad Bijankhan;
Mrs. Narges Mehri; Mr.
Hadi Ramezani Etedali and
Mrs. Fatemeh Tayebi (Iran)
MCOP includes a float-spring
blockage system inserted into an
ordinary orifice that maintains a
quasi-constant flow by being
insensitive to both upstream and
downstream pressure fluctuations.Farmers Award: Mr. Karan Jeet Singh
Chatha (India)Water Conservation by use ofSprinkler & Drip Technologies inPaddy Crop
Title of the Winning Contribution
Name of the Winner(s) Contribution
1 2 3
Innovative water ManagementAward:Trangie-Nevertire Renewal AnIrrigation InfrastructureModernisation Success Story
Mr. James Winter and Mr. TonyQuigley (Australia)
Transfer/sale of water to the Australian
Government in return for funding to
totally modernize the irrigation
infrastructure of the Trangie-Nevertire
Co-operative Ltd both off and on farm
Technology Awards:Water and salt regulationscheme under mulched dripirrigation for cotton in aridregions
Mr. TIAN Fuqiang (China) Mulched Drip Irrigation (MDI), a
surface drip irrigation method
combined with film of both saving
water and labour and increasing crop
yieldsYoung Professional's Award:Applications of constant flowrate control valve in watersaving
Mr. Ali Mahdavi Mazdeh; Mr.
Mohammad Bijankhan; Mrs.
Narges Mehri; Mr. Hadi
Ramezani Etedali and Mrs.
Fatemeh Tayebi (Iran)
MCOP includes a float-spring blockage
system inserted into an ordinary orifice
that maintains a quasi-constant flow by
being insensitive to both upstream and
downstream pressure fluctuations.Farmers Award: Mr. Karan Jeet Singh Chatha
(India)Water Conservation by use of Sprinkler& Drip Technologies in Paddy Crop
The innovation: Secondary salinization induced
by improper irrigation is recognized as a crucial
threat to agriculture, especially in arid and semi-
arid areas.
Secondary salinization is typically caused by
flood irrigation;
Utilizing micro-irrigation techniques also leads to
increases in salinization, but in this case
secondary salinization is caused by insufficient
leaching due to inadequate watering as
demonstrated.
* Mulched Drip Irrigation (MDI), a recently-
introduced micro-irrigation approach incorporating
surface drip irrigation methods combined with film-
mulching techniques, has the advantages of both
saving water and labor and increasing crop yields.
.
* Institutional reforms for implementing
action plans prepared on the basis of bestpractices in water management.
* Technical and financial support to for
implementing action plans prepared on thebasis of best practices in water management.
* Sharing of success stories of best
practices in water management.
* Recognising and Awarding best
practices in water management.
Thank you
A Water Secure World Free of
Poverty and Hunger
Achieved Through
Sustainable Rural Development
ICID Vision 2030
Challenges in the Implementation of E-flows in Ganga Basin
By
Bhopal Singh, Chief Engineer, UGBO, CWC, Lucknow
Mrs Deepti Verma, AEE, UGBO, CWC, Lucknow
6th IWW- Session: Rejuvenation of the River Ganga – from Planning to Action (SS1)
27th September, 2019
Outline
• Policy and Prevailing provisions on River conservation and Maintenance of Environmental Flows in Rivers in India
• Provision of E-flows in Ganga River
• Challenges and SOPs for Implementation of E-flows in Ganga River
Need For River Conservation in India
➢The river system in India have so far beenexploited for various human uses withoutlooking at requirement of its own ecosystem.
➢These exploitations(sometime excessive)coupled with pollution ingress have led todegradation of many rivers/river stretches inthe country (about 351 river stretches in 275rivers are polluted—CPCB, 2018)
➢Flow discharges of certain magnitude, timing,frequency and duration are needed to sustainholistic flow regime for river dependent eco-systems primarily to ensure the health of theaquatic life in rivers and also to sustainvarious goods and services being otherwiseprovided by the rivers
➢This aspect has been duly recognized inNational Water Policy (2002, 2012).
River Conservation Policy and Provisions in India
❑ The river conservation and protection are covered underEnvironment Protection Act, 1986 (amended in Sep, 2006) whichmandates prior environmental clearance for implementation of anyprojects from Central Govt./State level Environment ImpactAssessment Authority as the case may be.
❑ The environmental management plan is an integral partof planning of any water resources development project.
❑ The river conservation activities are broadly looked afterby National River Conservation Directorate, MoJS.However, this office concentrate mainly on the waterquality aspects of the river.
❑ For Ganga river basin, NMCG (under DOWR,RD&GR) hasbeen entrusted the task of river conservation/protectionvide notification dated October, 2016.
E-flows Policy and Provisions in India
❖ An Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) for River Valley and HydroelectricProjects, constituted by the Ministry of Environment, Forest andClimate Change (MoEF&CC) examine the study reports andrecommends the required environmental flows in the affected riverreach
❖ Earlier, EAC used to recommend, 20% of average lean season discharge(4 leanest months) in 90% dependable year to be released asenvironment flow. However now, E-flows are required to be assessedscientifically as per requirement of aquatic biota in the affected riverreach in all season and provided.
❖ Cumulative Impact Assessment Studies carried out for some of theimportant basins, are also referred while recommending the requisitee-flows.
❖ Some of the river reaches/sub-basins are declared eco sensitive zonebarring any developmental project
❖ As such the current policy and practices duly emphasize on assessmentand provision of requisite environmental flows in the affected riverreach by any human intervention.
Provision of E-flows in Ganga River
Vide Gazette Notification dated 9th October, 2018, the Government of India
has notified the minimum environmental flows for River Ganga that has to be
maintained at various locations on the river.
(A)E-flow Norms for Projects in Upper Ganga Basin up to Haridwar
SN Season Months
Percentage of Monthly Average Flow
observed during each of preceding 10-
daily period
1 Dry November to March 20
2 Lean October, April and May 25
3 High Flow June to September 30
(B) E-flow Norms for Projects in Main Ganga Stem from Haridwar to Unnao
SNLocation of
Barrage
Minimum flow releases
Immediately d/s of
Barrages (In Cumecs)
Non-Monsoon
(October to May)
Minimum flow releases immediately
downstream of barrages
(In Cumecs)
Monsoon
(June to September)
1Bhimgoda
(Haridwar)36 57
2 Bijnor 24 48
3 Narora 24 48
4 Kanpur 24 48
SN Name of the Project Owner Agency
1. Maneri Bhali Stage-I UJVNL
2. Maneri Bhali Stage –II UJVNL
3. Tehri Dam THDC
4. Koteshwar Dam THDC
5. Vishnuprayag HEP JPVL
6. Srinagar GVK
7. Pashulok Barrage/ Chilla HEP UJVNL
8. Bhimgoda Barrage UP. Irrigation
9. Bijnor Barrage UP. Irrigation
10 Narora Barrage UP Irrigation
11 Kanpur Barrage UP Irrigation
The Central Water Commission (CWC) has been entrusted the
responsibility for supervision, monitoring, regulation of flows
and reporting of compliance to NMCG. Monitoring status
report is to be submitted on quarterly basis.
The monitoring of projects for implementation of mandated E-
flows has been commenced w.e.f. 1st January, 2019. Currently
following projects are being monitored.
Implementation of E-flows in Ganga River
MONITORING AND COMPLIANCE PROTOCOL
• A Standard Operating Procedures for monitoring andimplementation of environmental flows in river Gangahas been evolved based discussions during reviewmeetings.
• Efforts have been made to keep the SOPs simple and easyto implement while keeping intact the sprit of GovtOrder.
Monitoring Interval
• The data of inflows, diversions, downstream releases andchanges in storage to be monitored on hourly basis.
• The flow data of each project shall be transmitted to E-flow Web Portal/ CWC on real time basis (preferably onhourly basis)
• Till installation of automatic data acquisition andtransmission, the hourly flow data for the entireprevious day shall be transmitted by project authoritiesto CWC on daily basis by 11am.
No. CWC/UGBO/EF/SOP1
MoJS
DoWR,RD&GR
Central Water Commission
Upper Ganga Basin Organization
IMPLEMENTATION OF MINIMUM ENVIREMENTAL FLOWS IN
RIVER GANGA (Up to UNNAO)
Suggested Standard Operating Procedures
September, 2019
SOPs for Projects in Upper Ganga River Basin up to Haridwar
(i) Dry and lean Period
• Flows during lean and dry periods are mainly contributed by base flows and snow melt and are quite steady.
• As there are not much day to day variations in inflows during this period, e-flow targets may be defined on 10 daily period.
• For the ease of monitoring and compliance, the e-flow targets for given ten daily period may be assessed based on the inflows during previous ten daily period.
Sl No Season Months Mandated E-flows
1 Dry November to March
20 % of average inflows observed during each of preceding 10-daily period
For example, required E-flows during December 11-20 ten daily period shall be 20 % of
average inflows observed during 1-10 December ten daily period.
2 Lean October, April and May
25 %of average inflows observed during each of preceding 10-daily period
For example, required E-flows during March 11-20 ten daily period shall be 25 %of average
inflows observed during 1-10 March ten daily period.
• To account the diurnal variability in the inflows, the e-flow release rate (discharge) during the
day may vary within 20 percent range of target e-flow rate for the day. However, the flow
volume released during day shall not be less than the targeted daily volume of e-flow
release.
SOPs for Projects in Upper Ganga River Basin up to Haridwar
(ii)During June to September ( Monsoon Period)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 3 7 11 15 19 23 27 31 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 3 7 11 15 19 23 27 31
Flo
ws
in C
um
ecs
Day ( June-Oct)
Flows at Joshimath
2012 2013
2014 2015
2016 2017
Min 10 per. Mov. Avg. (Min)
Lot of variability in
flows during flood
period and setting
targets to E-flows is a
big challenge
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1 6 11162126 1 6 1116212631 5 1015202530 4 9 14192429 4 9 14192429
Flo
ws
in C
um
ecs
Day (Jun-Oct)
Flows of Ganga at Karnprayag
2012 2013
2014 2015
2016 2017
2018 Lower
10 per. Mov. Avg. (Lower)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1 6 11162126 1 6 1116212631 5 1015202530 4 9 14192429 4 9 14192429
Flo
ws
in C
um
ecs
Day (Jun-Oct)
Flows of Ganga at Rudraprayag
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
1 6 11162126 1 6 1116212631 5 1015202530 4 9 14192429 4 9 14192429
Flo
ws
in C
um
ecs
Day(Jun-Oct)
Flows of Ganga at Devprayag
2012 2013
2014 20152016 2017
2018 Min
10 per. Mov. Avg. (Min)
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1 6 11 16 21 26 1 6 11 16 21 26 31 5 10 15 20 25 30 4 9 14 19 24 29 4 9 14 19 24 29
Flo
ws
in C
um
ecs
Day (Jun-Oct)
Flows of Ganga at Rishikesh
2012 2013
2014 2015
2016 2017
Lower 10 per. Mov. Avg. (Lower)
Flows at any location can be split into two parts:
Baseline flows, Baseline flows may be defined as
the lower envelope of flows observed during past
years say last 5 years. These baseline flows
normally follow the seasonal trend, being highest in
the month July or August. This component of flows
are normally stable and predictable.
Flood fluxes which is the component of variable flows
resulted from high rainfall in the catchment. The flood fluxes
last for few days and are stochastic in nature. Their
occurrence is random and is difficult to predict.
Suggested E-flow Norms For Monsoon Season (from June to September)
Looking at the characteristics of flows during monsoon period, the E-flows may constitute of two components, one based on baseline flows and other based on flood fluxes.
(a) E-flow Component based on Baseline Flows
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1 7 13 19 25 31 6 12 18 24 30 6 12 18 24 30 5 11 17 23 29 4 10 16 22 28 4 10 16 22 28
Dis
cha
rge
in
Cu
me
c
Day
Baseline Flows of Alaknada at Joshimath
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Aug Sep OctMay Jun Jul
10 daily Period 10 Daily Average of
Moving average
(Cumecs)
Baseline E-flows
(Cumecs)
Jun-I (Jun 1-10) 110 33
Jun-II (Jun11-20) 153 46
Jun-III(Jun21-30) 198 60
Jul-I(Jul1-10) 286 86
Jul-II(Jul11-20) 287 86
Jul-III(Jul21-31) 251 75
Aug-I (Aug1-10) 244 73
Aug-II (Aug11-
20)
245 73
Aug-III (Aug21-
31)
193 58
Sep-I(Sep1-10) 130 39
Sep-II (Sep 11-20) 83 25
Sep-III (Sep21-30) 56 17
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1 6 1116212631 5 1015202530 5 1015202530 4 9 14192429 3 8 13182328 3 8 13182328
Flo
ws
in C
um
ecs
Day
Baseline Flows of Ganga at Rishikesh
2013 2014
2015 2016
2017 Min
10 per. Mov. Avg. (Min)
Ma Jun Jul Au Sep Oct
10 daily Period 10 Daily
Average of
Moving
average
(Cumecs)
Baseline E-flows
(Cumecs)
Jun-I (Jun 1-10) 406 122
Jun-II (Jun11-20) 431 129
Jun-III(Jun21-30) 453 136
Jul-I(Jul1-10) 582 174
Jul-II(Jul11-20) 718 215
Jul-III(Jul21-31) 1220 366
Aug-I (Aug1-10) 1563 469
Aug-II (Aug11-20) 1767 530
Aug-III (Aug21-31) 1294 388
Sep-I(Sep1-10) 721 216
Sep-II (Sep 11-20) 503 151
Sep-III (Sep21-30) 405 122
Suggested E-flow Norms For Monsoon Season (from June to September)
(b) Flood Fluxes E-flows
As flood fluxes are stochastic in nature, e-flows corresponding to floodfluxes may be released any time during the month preferably at thetime of high flood wave(s). The project authorities shall be at libertyto release the E-flows corresponding to flood fluxes at any timeduring the month. However, the quantum of flood fluxes e-flowcomponent should be adequate so as to meet overall target of e-flows ( 30 percent of gross inflows during the month includingbaseline e-flows).
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23 26 29
Flo
ws
in C
um
ecs
Day (Jun-Sep)
Typical E-flows Releases During Monsoon at Joshimath
Gross Inflows Baseline E-flows Flood Fluxes E-flows Gross E-flows
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23 26 29
Flo
ws
in C
um
ecs
Day (Jun-Sep)
Typical E-flow Releases at Rishikesh During Monsoon
Gross Flows Baseline E-flows Flood Fluxes E-flows Gross E-flows
Projects in stretch of main stem of River Ganga from Haridwar, Uttarakhand to Unnao, Uttar
Pradesh
Sl NoLocation of
Barrage
Minimum flow releases
Immediately downstream of barrages
(In Cumecs)
Non-Monsoon
(October to May )
Minimum flow releases immediately
downstream of barrages
(In Cumecs)
Monsoon
(June to September)
1Bhimgoda
(Haridwar)36 57
2 Bijnor 24 48
3 Narora 24 48
4 Kanpur 24 48
Issues in the implementation of e-flows in ganga river
• Seamless data flow on real time from each project to web portal/CWC
• Many of the existing projects were not planned and accounted for therecent e-flow norms and adhering to these norms may impact theircommercial interest and meeting their water demands.
• Initiating requisite measures like revising PPA, improving water useefficiency etc by project authorities
Current Focus Areas by CWC
➢Development of Data Framework for Assessment of E-flows. Preparationof Habitat Atlas for all major rivers in the country
➢ Standardise the methodology(ies) for assessment of E-flows fordifferent hydro-climatic regions in the country including model/softwarerequirement
➢Framework for integrated basin planning and management for optimaland sustainable allocation/utilization of limited water resources of abasin duly safeguarding the river ecology
➢Evolve a mechanism for assessing quantitatively the socio-economicbenefits/impacts of E-flows/ river eco services
➢Strategy for implementing E-flows