RISMET OVERVIEW SM NM 2017 -...

RISMET_OVERVIEW SM_NM_2017

What is a Research? a. An innovative solution to a priority problem

- Focus on one priority problem…one strategic question

- If more questions --- should converge to the one strategic

question …. A pyramid of questions

b. A systematic process

1. Understanding previous research (review literature)

2. Developing a strategic research question and hypothesis

3. Empirically test the hypothesis

4. Publication of results


What is a Research? Balance in using time

a. Reading

b. Writing

c. Thinking

d. Acting

Balance in focus between

* Narrow focus

* Wide focus


Important preliminary questions 1. What is a proposal?

2. What is the purpose of a proposal?

3. Why have I chosen my particular topic?

4. Is my topic feasible and focused?

5. Do I need any kind of ethical permission?

6. What facilities will I need?

7. What kind of help from other people will I need?

8. What sort of research and methodology is most appropriate for my topic?


Why do research? 1) Validate intuition

2) Improve methods

3) Demands of the job

4) For publication


Choose a subject Based on an idea

Based on your experience

Based on your reading

Originality


Research philosophy


CE


Science and Research

NO SCIENCE WITHOUT RESEARCH

Research is the cornerstone of any science

It refers to the organized, structured, and purposeful

investigation

Aimed at discovering, interpreting, and revising

human knowledge on different aspects of the natural

/social/human world by someone first hand

Structured attempt at gaining knowledge


What is Research?

“Research is to see what everybody else has seen, and

to think what nobody else has thought”

Albert Szent-Gyorgyi; Hungarian physiologist who won the Nobel Prize in

Physiology or Medicine in 1937

Going beyond personal experience, thoughts, feelings

and opinions


Research

• There are many practical reasons why a researcher has

chosen to engage in research and, in many cases, they

may have already decided upon their methodology –

qualitative (such as case studies or focus groups),

quantitative (such as a mail or telephone survey), or a

combination of both.

• However, as a researcher reviews the philosophical

literature, they quickly appreciate that choosing a

research methodology, that is, the how of research,

involves something much deeper than practicalities

– it necessitates a philosophical solution to „Why

research?‟


• When undertaking research of this nature, it is important

to consider different research paradigms and matters

of ontology and epistemology.

• These parameters describe perceptions, beliefs,

assumptions and the nature of reality and truth

(knowledge of that reality), they can influence the way

in which the research is undertaken, from design through

to conclusions.

• It is therefore important to understand and discuss these

aspects, and to ensure that researcher biases are

understood, exposed, and minimized.

Why we need Research Philosophy?


Ontology

Blaikie (1993) describes the root definition of ontology as

‘the science or study of being’ and develops this

description for the social sciences to encompass ‘claims

about what exists, what it looks like, what units make

it up and how these units interact with each other’.

In short, ontology describes our view (whether claims or

assumptions) on the nature of reality, and specifically, is

this an objective reality that really exists, or only a

subjective reality, created in our minds.


Epistemiology

• Epistemology considers views about the most

appropriate ways of enquiring into the nature of the

world (Easterby-Smith, Thorpe and Jackson, 2008) and

‘what is knowledge and what are the sources and

limits of knowledge’.

• Epistemology is concerned with the nature and scope

of knowledge, such as the relationships between truth,

belief, perception and theories of justification.

Eriksson and Kovalainen, 2008 G&C Merriam Co, 1913


• Chia (2002) describes epistemology as ‘how and what it is

possible to know’ and the need to reflect on methods and

standards through which reliable and verifiable knowledge

is produced

• Hatch and Cunliffe (2006) summarize epistemology as

‘knowing how you can know’ and expand this by asking

how is knowledge generated, what criteria discriminate

good knowledge from bad knowledge, and how should

reality be represented or described.

Epistemiology


When you are doing research

• The choice of techniques also depends on your

willingness to accept the assumptions underlying each

set of tools.

• Researchers who use quantitative tools, techniques that

emphasize measuring and counting, are called

positivists.

• Those who prefer the qualitative tools of observation,

questioning, and description are called naturalists

(phenomenological)


When you are doing research

• Positivists and naturalists differ in their assumptions

about what is important to study, what can be known,

what research tools and designs are appropriate, and

what standards should be used to judge the quality of

the research.

• Taken together, these assumptions are termed research

paradigms or research philosophies.


Cavaye, 1996; Darke et al., 1998; Hussey and Hussey, 1997; Leedy and Ormrod, 2001; Miles and Huberman, 1994; Powell, 1997

?many choices


Implementation stage


To make us aware and practice of the way of science

in doing research

Be serious and committed when doing scientific

research

The underlying reasons / justification especially when

choosing and applying research method/s and not others

To enjoy the freedom in choosing & designing research

methods / to admit the limitation

To make a good social scientists – Attitude &

Commitment

Why Do We Need to Know About The

Philosophy of Research Methods?


Question must be answer

• As suggested by Remenyi et al. (1998), there are

several major questions that require significant

consideration by researchers such as „How to

research?‟ and „What to research?‟

• But central to the researcher‟s answers is their

perspective on „Why research?‟


Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

Interpretivism Positivistic

Inductive Deductive

Holistic Particularistic

Subjective centered Objective centered

Process oriented Outcome oriented

Anthropological worldview Natural science worldview

Relative lack of control Attempted control of variables

Dynamic reality assumed Static reality assumed

Discovery orientated Verification orientated

Exploratory / Understanding Confirmatory/ Explanatory


Positivism

Realism

Interpretivism

Experiment

Survey

Case study

Grounded theory

Etnography

Action research

Deductive

Inductive

Cross sectional

Longitudinal

Research philosophy

Research approach

Research strategy

Time horizon

Data collection methods

Sampling Secondary data

Observation Interviews

Questioners


Partington. (Cranfield School of Management), (2008), Research Strategies Overview (unpublished Teaching Material), UK.


Scientific Method

a method of research in which a problem is identified, relevant data are gathered, a hypothesis is formulated from these data, and the hypothesis is empirically tested


Critical Thinking

• The ability to draw accurate conclusions about issues when there are no clear-cut answers by analyzing, synthesizing and evaluating facts, informed opinions and observations

• the careful attainment and interpretation of information to reach a valid conclusion.

• Creative problem solving requires critical thinking to arrive at solutions to problems that are created independently rather than explicitly taught by others


Systematical thinking

• a management discipline that concerns an understanding of a system by examining the linkages and interactions between the components that comprise the entirety of that defined system

• Evidence base-practice: Integrating the best-available, systematically-reviewed, scientific evidence with professional expertise and patient or client information to make decisions that

• optimally improve outcomes


Cabang Keilmuan Gizi 1. Gizi Seluler (kimia analitik, kimia organik,

biokimia, biologi sel, imunologi, dll)

2. Organ khusus (anatomi, fisiologi, patologi, genetika, dll)

3. Pangan (tehnologi pangan, toksiologi, dll)

4. Masyarakat (epidemiologi, demografi, antropologi, dll)


Cabang Keilmuan Gizi 1) Ilmu gizi yang berkaitan dengan kesehatan

perorangan Gizi klinik (clinical nutrition) Menitikberatkan pada kuratif daripada preventif dan

promotif 2) Ilmu gizi yang berkaitan dengan kesehatan

masyarakat Gizi masyarakat Menitikberatkan pada pencegahan (preventif) dan

peningkatan (promotif) Berkaitan dengan gangguan gizi pada kelompok

masyarakat


Perkembangan Ilmu Gizi sejalan dengan perkembangan ilmu biokimia, pangan, kesokteran, dan kesehatan


Perkembangan Ilmu Gizi – masalah kesehatan dan penyakit

Hipotesis Barker (the thrifty Phenotype model)

Nutrigenomik – Nutrigenetik

Gut Mikrobiota dan Gut Hormon - Penyakit


FOKUS PENELITIAN DI JURUSAN GIZI FK UB

PENCEGAHAN DAN PENGENDALIAN METABOLIK SYNDROME


POHON PENELITIAN – FK UB 1. Penyakit Autoimmun

2. Penyakit Infeksi

3. Manajemen Kesehatan

4. Herbal Medicine

5. Steam Cell

6. Penyakit Degeratif dan Metabolik

7. Tumbuh kembang dan reproduksi

8. Emergency Medicine

9. Keperawatan


RISMET OVERVIEW SM NM 2017 -...

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