Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning1 What is Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning? Basic Concepts and...
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Transcript of Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning1 What is Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning? Basic Concepts and...
Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning 1
What is Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning?
Basic Concepts and Terminology
Session 1 World Bank Institute
Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning 2
Urban Vulnerability Factors
Large concentration of people, physical and financial assets
Continuous inflow of people attracted by socio-economic opportunities for jobs and income generation
Large number of urban poor in unsafe living conditions
Located in coastal areas exposed to hydro-meteorologicalhazards and in geologically active zones
Differential vulnerability due to differences in economic base,political institutions and management capacity
Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning 3
Recorded disaster events and world urban population (1950–2006)Data Sources: EM-DAT, CRED database, www.emdat.net; United Nations,
2005
Urbanization and Disasters
Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning
Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning 4
Small Shocks Large Shocks
Exposure to risk Individuals and small groups Communities, city regions, cities, global
Systems at risk Individual health and livelihoods, subcomponents of critical infrastructure, local economic or ecological systems
Social stability, critical infrastructure, urban economies, ecosystem
Frequency of hazard event
High (everyday) Low (episodic)
Associated loss High aggregate loss Large loss from individual event
Type of hazard Localized hazard events such as flooding or small fire outbreaks or irresponsible driving
Widespread hazard events such as severe earthquakes or major release of toxic chemicals
High and Low Probability Events
Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning 5
Unregulated Development Settlements in hazard-prone areas Unsafe, sub-standard building and infrastructure
construction Lack of open spaces
Unplanned urban growth Lack of or inadequate planning and poor plan
implementation
Inadequate Governance Ineffective enforcement mechanisms Environmental Mismanagement Unsustainable land use practices
Social Destitution
Urbanization and Disaster Risk
Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning
Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning 6
Nearly 1 billion people live in urban slums, and predicted to grow to 2 billion by 2030
Inadequate and insecure living conditions that generate hazards
Home to many people with few resources and thus, high vulnerability
Have fewer assets, supporting institutions, and opportunities
Proliferation of Urban Slums
Result of poverty, limited access to affordable land, lack of political will, bad policy and inadequate planning
Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning 7
New Risk: Climate Change
Rising global temperatures, changes in weather patterns and sea levels
Increased number of extreme weather events such as tropical cyclones, flooding and heat waves
Migration from rural to urban areas
Cities contribute to global warming through carbon emissions
Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning 8
Land Use: Creates and Solves Problems
Human activity changes the land natural state
Land use affects physical, social and economic development of the community
Socio-economic conditions of the community influence land use
Land use decisions change the communities’ vulnerability and disaster risk
Reduces or mitigates existing risk Can create new vulnerabilities
Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning 9
Involves management of natural as well as built environment
Proactive and on-going exercise to regulate use
and development of land
Minimizes damage to physical and institutional assets, environmental capital, and human life
Primarily a government function pursued at the
local rather than national level
Land Use Planning
Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning 10
Land Use Planning and Risk Reduction
Effective tool for incorporating disaster risk reduction into urban development processes
Risk reduction-driven land use planning is able to: Promote sustainable urban growth with no new risks Identify and mitigate risks embedded in existing land use Modify and reduce vulnerabilities of people and places Reduce human losses and increase ability to recover Reduce the economic, social and environmental costs of
disasters
Pursued at local level (ideal level), which allows to: Address environmental issues in detail Regulate land use patterns at individual parcel level Enforce safe construction practices at project level Coordinate community-based early warning systems and
provide support
Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning 11
Pre-disaster period: reduce vulnerability and increase resilience by undertaking mitigation and preparedness
Disaster period: facilitate emergency response and relief operations
Post-disaster period: reconstruct in a more sustainable manner, and link response and reconstruction to pre-disaster development goals
Land Use Planning and Disaster Phases
Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning 12
Land Use Planning: Institutional Aspects 1
Institutional arrangements for land use planning: Take the form of optional or a mandatory function
Involve a single institution or multiple organizations with related functions
Permit multi-stakeholder participation by involving various levels of government, private sector, non-governmental bodies, and community organizations
Delegate land use planning powers to local government units
Expand the scope of land use planning to include aspects of disaster risk management
Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning 13
Direct intervention Land use regulation Investment in land
or infrastructure
Indirect intervention Planning mandates Regulatory mandates
Incentives and information overlays Financial assistance Technical assistance, education and training, information
Land Use Planning: Institutional Aspects 2
Role of central and state governments in influencing local land use and development takes the form of:
Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning 14
Land Use Planning: Legal Aspects
Based on the level of decentralization, local governments are empowered to exercise Planning power
To gain community agreement on a land use plan Educate, persuade, coordinate, encourage participation and consensus,
Regulatory power To direct and manage community development Zoning, subdivision regulations, building codes, design standards, urban growth boundaries, wetland and floodplain regulations
Spending power To control public expenditures Capital improvement programs and budgets
Taxing power To support community programs Special taxing districts, open-space uses
Acquisition power To gain public control over lands Eminent domain, purchase development rights, conservation easements
Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning 15
Land Use Management
Design based / Structural(Ensure safe construction)
Location based(Limit development in hazardous areas)
Regulatory Non-regulatory
Building codes Retrofit standards Hazard resistance standards Standalone Ordinances
Public information Training programs Low cost loans & subsidies Investment to induce development in non-hazardous areas
Zoning & microzoning Subdivision regulations Buyouts Eminent domain Taxation
Regulatory
Land Use Management Approaches
Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning 16
Land Use Planning(Scale/level of intervention)
Systemic / Strategic
Site-specific
Land Use Planning Approaches
Considers the planning area as a system Links environmental management and development processes
Individual project level Localized in spatial coverage
Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning 17
Comprehensive Plan Land classification Land use design Verbal policy Land use management
Separate, stand-alone disaster risk reduction plan General policy vs. specific actions Specific location vs. community-wide Special hazards vs. all hazards
Types of Plan
Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning 18
Low public interest in natural hazards Pressure for local economic development Lack of political will Difficulty of operating programs in an intergovernmental
setting Deficiencies in management capacity Lack of budgetary allocations for proactive measures Emphasis on relief and reconstruction activities Weak link between existing laws governing DRR and
LUP functions Gap between scientific and technological advancements
and policies
Barriers to Risk-sensitive Land Use Planning