Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning1 What is Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning? Basic Concepts and...

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Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning 1 What is Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning? Basic Concepts and Terminology Session 1 World Bank Institute

Transcript of Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning1 What is Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning? Basic Concepts and...

Page 1: Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning1 What is Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning? Basic Concepts and Terminology Session 1 World Bank Institute.

Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning 1

What is Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning?

Basic Concepts and Terminology

Session 1 World Bank Institute

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Urban Vulnerability Factors

Large concentration of people, physical and financial assets

Continuous inflow of people attracted by socio-economic opportunities for jobs and income generation

Large number of urban poor in unsafe living conditions

Located in coastal areas exposed to hydro-meteorologicalhazards and in geologically active zones

Differential vulnerability due to differences in economic base,political institutions and management capacity

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Recorded disaster events and world urban population (1950–2006)Data Sources: EM-DAT, CRED database, www.emdat.net; United Nations,

2005

Urbanization and Disasters

Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning

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Small Shocks Large Shocks

Exposure to risk Individuals and small groups Communities, city regions, cities, global

Systems at risk Individual health and livelihoods, subcomponents of critical infrastructure, local economic or ecological systems

Social stability, critical infrastructure, urban economies, ecosystem

Frequency of hazard event

High (everyday) Low (episodic)

Associated loss High aggregate loss Large loss from individual event

Type of hazard Localized hazard events such as flooding or small fire outbreaks or irresponsible driving

Widespread hazard events such as severe earthquakes or major release of toxic chemicals

High and Low Probability Events

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Unregulated Development Settlements in hazard-prone areas Unsafe, sub-standard building and infrastructure

construction Lack of open spaces

Unplanned urban growth Lack of or inadequate planning and poor plan

implementation

Inadequate Governance Ineffective enforcement mechanisms Environmental Mismanagement Unsustainable land use practices

Social Destitution

Urbanization and Disaster Risk

Risk Sensitive Land Use Planning

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Nearly 1 billion people live in urban slums, and predicted to grow to 2 billion by 2030

Inadequate and insecure living conditions that generate hazards

Home to many people with few resources and thus, high vulnerability

Have fewer assets, supporting institutions, and opportunities

Proliferation of Urban Slums

Result of poverty, limited access to affordable land, lack of political will, bad policy and inadequate planning

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New Risk: Climate Change

Rising global temperatures, changes in weather patterns and sea levels

Increased number of extreme weather events such as tropical cyclones, flooding and heat waves

Migration from rural to urban areas

Cities contribute to global warming through carbon emissions

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Land Use: Creates and Solves Problems

Human activity changes the land natural state

Land use affects physical, social and economic development of the community

Socio-economic conditions of the community influence land use

Land use decisions change the communities’ vulnerability and disaster risk

Reduces or mitigates existing risk Can create new vulnerabilities

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Involves management of natural as well as built environment

Proactive and on-going exercise to regulate use

and development of land

Minimizes damage to physical and institutional assets, environmental capital, and human life

Primarily a government function pursued at the

local rather than national level

Land Use Planning

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Land Use Planning and Risk Reduction

Effective tool for incorporating disaster risk reduction into urban development processes

Risk reduction-driven land use planning is able to: Promote sustainable urban growth with no new risks Identify and mitigate risks embedded in existing land use Modify and reduce vulnerabilities of people and places Reduce human losses and increase ability to recover Reduce the economic, social and environmental costs of

disasters

Pursued at local level (ideal level), which allows to: Address environmental issues in detail Regulate land use patterns at individual parcel level Enforce safe construction practices at project level Coordinate community-based early warning systems and

provide support

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Pre-disaster period: reduce vulnerability and increase resilience by undertaking mitigation and preparedness

Disaster period: facilitate emergency response and relief operations

Post-disaster period: reconstruct in a more sustainable manner, and link response and reconstruction to pre-disaster development goals

Land Use Planning and Disaster Phases

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Land Use Planning: Institutional Aspects 1

Institutional arrangements for land use planning: Take the form of optional or a mandatory function

Involve a single institution or multiple organizations with related functions

Permit multi-stakeholder participation by involving various levels of government, private sector, non-governmental bodies, and community organizations

Delegate land use planning powers to local government units

Expand the scope of land use planning to include aspects of disaster risk management

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Direct intervention Land use regulation Investment in land

or infrastructure

Indirect intervention Planning mandates Regulatory mandates

Incentives and information overlays Financial assistance Technical assistance, education and training, information

Land Use Planning: Institutional Aspects 2

Role of central and state governments in influencing local land use and development takes the form of:

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Land Use Planning: Legal Aspects

Based on the level of decentralization, local governments are empowered to exercise Planning power

To gain community agreement on a land use plan Educate, persuade, coordinate, encourage participation and consensus,

Regulatory power To direct and manage community development Zoning, subdivision regulations, building codes, design standards, urban growth boundaries, wetland and floodplain regulations

Spending power To control public expenditures Capital improvement programs and budgets

Taxing power To support community programs Special taxing districts, open-space uses

Acquisition power To gain public control over lands Eminent domain, purchase development rights, conservation easements

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Land Use Management

Design based / Structural(Ensure safe construction)

Location based(Limit development in hazardous areas)

Regulatory Non-regulatory

Building codes Retrofit standards Hazard resistance standards Standalone Ordinances

Public information Training programs Low cost loans & subsidies Investment to induce development in non-hazardous areas

Zoning & microzoning Subdivision regulations Buyouts Eminent domain Taxation

Regulatory

Land Use Management Approaches

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Land Use Planning(Scale/level of intervention)

Systemic / Strategic

Site-specific

Land Use Planning Approaches

Considers the planning area as a system Links environmental management and development processes

Individual project level Localized in spatial coverage

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Comprehensive Plan Land classification Land use design Verbal policy Land use management

Separate, stand-alone disaster risk reduction plan General policy vs. specific actions Specific location vs. community-wide Special hazards vs. all hazards

Types of Plan

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Low public interest in natural hazards Pressure for local economic development Lack of political will Difficulty of operating programs in an intergovernmental

setting Deficiencies in management capacity Lack of budgetary allocations for proactive measures Emphasis on relief and reconstruction activities Weak link between existing laws governing DRR and

LUP functions Gap between scientific and technological advancements

and policies

Barriers to Risk-sensitive Land Use Planning