Beyond the individual factors within and between them have

transactional and reciprocal influence on each other

Biological› Genes and heritability› Neurotransmitters› Temperament› Good physical health

Psychological

Genes and Heritability Specific genetic marker have only

been linked to some mental disorders.

chemicals that convey communication between neurons

naturally regulated by breaking down in the spaces between cells or through reuptake into transmitting cells.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=haNoq8UbSychttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ThsT8HOeOtQ

provides the foundation for personality. qualities that are biologically driven, are observed from

infancy, and are moderately stable across the life span and in different contexts involves activity level, intensity,attention span, quality of mood (irritability or explosiveness), , adaptability, flexibility,, and rhythmicity (the regularity of sleep-wake cycles, eating, and elimination). To a certain degree, a child’s temperament will elicit behaviors from caregivers that will crystallize these traits, which will increase the likelihood that these behavior patterns will endure over time.temperamental sensitivity

behavioral inhibition

Including perinatal health Maternal behaviors

during pregnancy

Mental disorders usually emerge early in life

After 30-44, mental disorders level off

Self-Efficacy/Self-Esteem Coping Strategies rigid belief systems and certain cognitive

distortions puts people at risk for mental disorders.

Avoidance copingRumination

Family-functioning-Parent-child relationship-Parent psychopathology-Parent-partner relationship-Structure

Single-parentLarge family (more than 3

children)Rapid childbearing

-Trauma and loss

poverty, unemployment, community

disorganization, availability of drugs, the presence of adults

involved in crime, overcrowding, community violence, racial prejudice

a multidimensional concept the availability of a network of people

on whom a person can rely in times of need

different types of social support: emotional, financial, informational, or enacted support

can provide risk or protective influences

The importance of children’s perception of being safe as school and having supportive teachers, those who convey caring and regard for their students with high expectations for children’s scholastic ability

Other key protective characteristics:› appropriate and effective classroom management

practices; › concerned school personnel; › the availability of pro-social after-school activities› efforts to engage families in their children’s education

Schools can also present risk:

› nondemanding curriculum, › ineffective leadership,› poor relationships among school

personnel and with parents

overarching social, political, legal, economic, and value patterns

Protective› Social policies

› have a two-to-three fold likelihood of having a mental disorder

similar prevalence rates of mental disorder than white mainstream population, but some minorities, however, especially African-Americans, are overrepresented among certain subgroups that are vulnerable to mental disorders, including people who are homeless, incarcerated, or in the foster care system.

Perceived discrimination has a strong association with measures of stress and mental health

underserved with regard to their numbers› Stigma› Health care system› fragmented organization of mental health services in the U.S., › providers’ lack of awareness of cultural issues, bias, or inability to speak

the client’s language,› client’s fear and mistrust of treatment› shortage of research on treatment

outcome for the major mental disorders for people from different ethnic groups

› Few models of culturally sensitive services have been tested

1) specialty mental health sector (mental hospitals, residential treatment facilities, psychiatric units of general hospitals, and specialized community agencies and programs

2) the general medical and primary care sector 3) the human services sector, which is made up of

social welfare (housing, transportation, and employment), criminal justice, educational, religious, and charitable services.

4) The voluntary support network, including self-help groups and organizations devoted to education, communication, and support.

Median – 10 years People are vulnerable

to future episodes or disorder becoming entrenched