Riparian N Buffering - Landscape Logic · 2012. 6. 25. · 92007-2009 for whole of farm •...
Transcript of Riparian N Buffering - Landscape Logic · 2012. 6. 25. · 92007-2009 for whole of farm •...
Riparian N BufferingSub-Project 4.4 of Landscape Logic CERF
Philip Smethurst , Kevin Petrone and Craig BaillieSoil and Water Scientist3rd September 2008
CSIRO. Riparian N Buffering
Spot the Problem
CSIRO. Riparian N Buffering
Stream-Side Forest Buffer Option - Examples
Albany, WA
Yan Yan Gurt Catchment, Vic. (R. Reid, pers. comm.)
Pet River, TasPet River, Tas
South island, NZ
CSIRO. Riparian N Buffering
Farmer and NRM Manager PerspectivesMotivating Factors• Provision of shelterbelts for stock protection• Time and cost of stock losses and management of gullies• Aesthetics and property value• Certification of farm products for environmental standards• Carbon and other greenhouse gas credits• Soil conservation• Water quality for stock and human contact• Native habitat
Discouraging Factors• Reduced area of productive farmland• Cost of buffer establishment and maintenance• Code of forest practice • Lack of plantation management knowledge and experience• Uncertain level of water quality improvement
CSIRO. Riparian N Buffering
Landscape Logic ‘Riparian N Buffering’ Objectives
• Validate a nitrogen model of riparian buffering effects,
• Test its applicability in at least one other riparian buffering situation, e.g. Pet catchment,
• Demonstrate how this knowledge can be incorporated into a largercatchment modelling framework like E2 to predict riparian buffering effects on down-stream N concentrations,
• Use modelling scenarios to predict the effects of various riparian management scenarios, e.g. contrasting widths, trees vs grass, solid wood regimes vs biomass or no harvesting, crash grazing vszero stock access,
• Assist Landscape Logic to apply this modelling framework to other focus catchments, and
• Advise Bayesian network development and NRM regions directly in relation to water quality as affected by riparian management.
P4.1 and 5
P4.1
P2
CSIRO. Riparian N Buffering
Other Project Objectives
• Develop guidelines for establishing stream-side buffers of forest plantations for protecting stream water quality and producing wood in catchments that will remain predominantly agricultural.
• Quantify impacts on water quality and stream flow.
• Examine institutional and economic obstacles to stream-side buffer plantations.
• Develop acceptable methods for their management, including harvesting.
• Develop models to predict stream flow effects at a headwater catchment scale.
• Assess financial aspects at the farm scale.
CSIRO. Riparian N Buffering
Collaborators
• Chris and Giuliana White (graziers) – desire for environmental improvement and a farm-forestry enterprise
• Private Forests Tasmania – assistance with farm forestry
• Forest Practices Authority, Tasmania – interest in code improvement
• CRC for Forestry – stream-side forestry impacts on water quality
• CSIRO Agricultural Sustainability Initiative – trees in agro-ecosystems
• Dr Dan Neary, USFS – visiting scientist for 7 months; harvesting focus
• Landscape Logic CERF hub – N buffering
• DPI Victoria – equipment and collaboration on pasture N dynamics
• Univ. Nat. Res. Appl. Life Sci, Vienna – hill-slope N modelling
• CSIRO Water for a Healthy Country Flagship – water quality and flow
CSIRO. Riparian N Buffering
Study Catchment: Willow Bend Farm, Forsters Rivulet
44
4
&V
4
3
A
B
CD
Ea
bF
cG
Hc
1
2
3
Property BoundaryProposed PlantationStreamside PlantingNative Forest
Access TrackDrainage Line
3 Class 3 Stream
4 Class 4 Stream
Ford
&V House
Arterial RoadAccess RoadVehicular Track
Willow Bend Farm, Wattle GroveProposed operations: Stream plantings & Plantations
N
0 100 200 300 Meters
Scale 1 : 7 500
Red squares indicate monitoring sites. Note that stream B will not receive the streamside riparian treatment and therefore remain as a control for stream C, which will be treated in 2008. A maximum of 15% of streamside plantings will occur in 2007, and the rest in 2008. The block plantings a, b and c will probably not proceed.
B
CSIRO. Riparian N Buffering
Catchment DEM and plantation location
Plantation buffer: 5% of catchment area
CSIRO. Riparian N Buffering
Study Catchment: Willow Bend Farm, Forsters RivuletTreated Catchment 11.2 ha 38% native forest 62% pasture
Control Catchment 4.0 ha 1% native forest 99% pasture
CSIRO. Riparian N Buffering
Willow Bend Farm: 2007 Plantation Buffers
CSIRO. Riparian N Buffering
HYDRUS-CW2D Modelling:Hypothetical riparian buffer N dynamics simulated
Z
X
Organic N(solid and
liquid phase)
NH4(solution phase)
NO2(solution phase)
NO3(solution phase)
N2 NxOx
NH3/NH4UreaNO3
NH3/4
Mineralisation Nitrification
Denitrification
Leaching
Uptake
Fixation in lightening + fertilisers
Decomposition
Foliar Uptake
Nitrification
Harvesting
Fire
Erosion
Immobilisation ReductionReduction
NH4(exchange surfaces)
NH4(non-
exchangeable)
Fixation by microbes
Important Capabilities:• Denitrification• Other organic C, N and P pools• Rooting depth• N uptake• Rainfall, runoff, groundwater, and seepage• Spatial and temporal flexibility
CSIRO. Riparian N Buffering
HYDRUS Modelling:Hysterisis simulated using HYDRUS
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
Flow
Conc
entra
tion
Type A3
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0.1 1 10 100 10000
2
4
6
8
10
12
QConc
CSIRO. Riparian N Buffering
E2-RNM Modelling
Within Sub-Catchments:- Functional Units- Rainfall-Runoff - Constituents- Filters
Flow routing via nodes
Bottom-of-Catchment:- Observations?- Tuning of Above Parameters
RNM
CSIRO. Riparian N Buffering
Progress
Staffing (Smethurst, Petrone, Baillie, Almeida, Bruce)HYDRUS and E2 models sourced + some trainingBuffer establishment on-track
2008 for small temporally and spatially controlled catchments2007-2009 for whole of farm
• Equipment and materialsWeirsLoggersSensors (turbidity, DO, pH, EC and temperature)Stream samplers
• Hydrological calibrations• Soil water monitoring and sampling
LabsDEMWeather station
Spot-sampling 2007-2008• Measurements and modelling 2008-2012• Harvesting and economics studies still needed
CSIRO. Riparian N Buffering
Willowbend Treatment August 2007
CSIRO. Riparian N Buffering
Willowbend Treatment August 2008
CSIRO. Riparian N Buffering
Study Catchment: Willow Bend Farm, Forsters Rivulet
Port CygnetHuon River
44
4
&V
4
3
A
B
CD
Ea
bF
cG
Hc
1
2
3
Spot Sampling Sites
CSIRO. Riparian N Buffering
Day after 30th June 2007
20 40 60 80 100 120
Tota
l N u
nfilt
ered
(mg/
L)
0.1
1
10
100
Median, 25-75% (n = 6)WB4CWB4(T)WB3Bottom of Catchment
Spot Sampling Program 2007: Pre-treatment calibration
WB4C = Willow Bend Class 4 Stream Control (continued stock access; no buffer) WB4(T) = Willow Bend Class 4 Stream Treated (riparian forestry buffer 2008)WB3 = Willow Bend Class 3 Stream (bottom of farm)Others = Class 3 and 4 streams comparable with WB4
Also MeasuredTotal P, DRPNO3, NO2, NH4, DONCa, Mg, K, NapH, EC, temperature, turbidity, TSSDOE. coli
Slightly disturbed lowlandriver trigger value
CSIRO. Riparian N Buffering
Willowbend 4 Treatment - EC & Rainfall
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.025
/05/20
081/0
6/200
88/0
6/200
815
/06/20
0822
/06/20
0829
/06/20
086/0
7/200
813
/07/20
0820
/07/20
0827
/07/20
083/0
8/200
810
/08/20
08
EC (m
S.cm
-1) /
Rai
nfal
l (m
m)
CSIRO. Riparian N Buffering
Carbon and Nitrogen DynamicsTreatment
05
1015202530354045
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.5 5.5 8.0 10.0
May 7 11:00 20:00
C (m
g/L) PC
DOC*
Control
0
5
10
15
20
25
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.5 5.5 8.0 10.0
May 7 11:00 20:00
C (m
g/L) PC
DOC*
Treatment
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
11.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.5 5.5 8.0 10.0
May 7 11:00 20:00
N (m
g/L)
PN
DON
NO3
NH4
Control
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.5 5.5 8.0 10.0
May 7 11:00 20:00
N (m
g/L)
PN
DON
NO3
NH4
CSIRO. Riparian N Buffering
Treatment
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.035
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.5 5.5 8.0 10.0
May 7 11:00 20:00
P (m
g/L)
PPDOPSRP
Control
0.0000.010
0.020
0.0300.040
0.0500.060
0.070
0.080
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.5 5.5 8.0 10.0
May 7 11:00 20:00
P (m
g/L)
PPDOP
SRP
Phosphorus Dynamics
CSIRO. Riparian N Buffering
Outputs
From the Project 1. Technical Report “Summary of Australian codes of forest practice as they pertain to managing
commercial plantations in stream-side buffers on cleared agricultural land” CRC Forestry Technical Report No. 178 May 2008
Link: http://www.crcforestry.com.au/publications/downloads/TR178-Smethurst-FORPRINT.pdf
2. Workshop Proceedings “Novel Approaches to Rehabilitating Streamside Reserves. 1. The overseas experience and experimental catchments in Tasmania” FPA/CRC Forestry Workshop 24th July 2008
3. Farm forestry newsletter article (in press)
Other Information4. Brochure “A web of trees – reconnecting the landscape and the community – the Yan Yan Gurt
creek story”Link: http://www.plantations2020.com.au/assets/acrobat/Web_of_trees_72.pdf
5. Report “Production Forestry in Riparian Zones: Examples from Brazil, USA, Germany, and Australia”
Link: http://www.gottsteintrust.org/html/reports/catalog.htm#psmethurst
Contact UsPhone: 1300 363 400 or +61 3 9545 2176
Email: [email protected] Web: www.csiro.au
Thank you
Sustainable Ecosystems DivisionAgricultural Sustainability Initiative Portfolio and Water for a Healthy Country Flagship
Philip SmethurstSoil and Water Scientist
Phone: 03 6226 7953Email: [email protected]: http://www.csiro.au/org/CSE.html
CSIRO. Riparian N Buffering
Stream Flow
In Tasmania:
• Evidence suggests no significant difference between forest and pasture
• Which is contrary to summaries of international data
• High variability due to other factors
• Hence, plantation buffer impacts cannot be predicted with confidence
(TasLUCas Report by Brown et al 2006: http://www.clw.csiro.au/publications/science/2006/sr54-06.pdf)