RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEM IMPORTANCE, THREATS, PROTECTION, ENHANCEMENT, RESTORATION, AND MANAGEMENT (also a...
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Transcript of RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEM IMPORTANCE, THREATS, PROTECTION, ENHANCEMENT, RESTORATION, AND MANAGEMENT (also a...
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RIPARIAN ECOSYSTEM IMPORTANCE, THREATS,
PROTECTION, ENHANCEMENT,
RESTORATION, AND MANAGEMENT
(also a little detention, retention, infiltration, Rain Gardens, wetlands, watersheds, etc)
By Dave Derrick, with liberal help from Drs. Rich Fischer & Chester Martin, ERDC-EL, Ron Redman with AR Natural Resources Commission, & other sources, steal what ya can, always give credit!
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What are Riparian Areas?What are Riparian Areas?
PHOTO BY FISCHER
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Is There a Universally Accepted Definition of Riparian?
Riparian (ri per' e n) adj. [ < L. riparius < ripa, a bank < IE. reipa, a steep edge] 1. of, adjacent to, or living on, the bank of a river or, sometimes, of a lake or pond, etc.
Root for such words as:
River
Rip-rap
Bank swallow (Riparia riparia)
Brush rabbit (Sylvilagus bachmani riparius)
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From Fischer
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Terminology describing vegetation adjacent to streams and rivers
Riparian floodplains Riparian zones Riparian areas Riparian wetlands River margins Riverine bands Riverine floodplains Riverfront hardwoods Buffer strips Streamside vegetation Riparian Prairie Floodplain forests
Riparian gallery forests Riparian swamps Riparian woodlands Riparian ecosystems Riparian forest stands Hardwood stringers Swamp forest Bottomland hardwoods Cottonwood bottomlands Streamside zones Riparian Corridors Riparian Buffer Strips
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GREAT RIPARIAN HERE, BUT RARE IN
MANY AREAS, KASKASKIA RIVER, IL
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PHOTO FROM FISCHER“Crazy” river has kept folks back a little
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Maumee River, Toledo, OH Where is
the floodplain?
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EPA research shows that when a watershed exceeds 10%
impervious cover then some species will start to disappear from the streams & rivers.
Exactly what is 10% impervious cover?
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This is way more than 10%
IN THE AIR-CHICAGO TO BUFFALO PIX BY DERRICK 6/15/2009
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10% impervious cover can be large
single family dwellings on 1 acre
lots !!!
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This is getting close to 10% impervious cover
IN THE AIR-CHICAGO TO BUFFALO PIX BY DERRICK 6/15/2009
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Riparian Vegetationintercepts sediment, pesticides, herbicides,
and other materials in surface runoff
FROM FISCHER
Good for pollinators & insect production
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Trimming or removal of vegetation can cause:
Increased water temperature through
loss of shading
Increased surface runoff
Sedimentation
Reduced infiltration
Altered stream flow
Unstable streambanksPix by Derrick, Atlanta, GA area
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Riparian VegetationEffects on Streams
Provides litter and small & large woody debris important to aquatic organisms, insect production,
shade, microhabitats, cover, etc.
FROM FISCHER
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Buffer Requirements FUNCTION RIPARIAN
BUFFER WIDTH Water quality 5 to 30 m Wildlife 30 to 500 m Insect production 10 to 30 m Flood attenuation 20 to 150 m Detrital input 3 to 10 m Stream stabilization 10 to 20 m
From Dr. Craig Johnson, Utah State University
These are not absolutes, widths can possibly change with additional knowledge from continued research.
Note: It is possible that several functions can be accomplished within the same space.
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Cover
Riparian areas offer in proximity all three critical resources for wildlife
Water
Food
FROM FISCHER
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Over 70% of all terrestrial wildlife
species use riparian corridors
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treestrees
shrubsshrubs
HerbaceousHerbaceoussubshrubssubshrubs
ComplexityComplexityLayersLayersSpecies in layersSpecies in layersCompetitionCompetitionDetrital componentsDetrital components
TypesTypes VerticalVerticalHorizontalHorizontal
Riparian zones provide Riparian zones provide essential horizontal and essential horizontal and vertical habitatvertical habitatcomplexitycomplexity
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A study on the Apalachicola River in FL. showed that 64 species of fish used
the riparian area when the river was
on the flood!!
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Comparison of a single cage of juvenile salmon reared in intertidal river habitat below floodplain (left) and a single cage of fish reared in ephemeral floodplain habitats (right) after 54 days in respective
habitats (Jeffres et al. 2008).
From Dr. Rich Fischer
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Research showed that 24 species
of fish (10,843
individuals) inhabited the 12 ag ditches
studied!!
Native minnows
dominated, but during one flood
event, sunfish, perch, & bass were found!!
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Winery in foreground is enrolled in the “Fish Friendly Farming” program, Russian River Watershed, CA
This vinyard uses no chemicals & 100% solar powered
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Regional Trends of Riparian Losses
Region Northern floodplain forests Arizona New Mexico California Sacramento Valley, CA Mississippi Delta Southern Bottomland Hardwoods
Percent Loss
70%
90-95%
90%
95-96%
98%
82-85%
80-90%
From Fischer
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Slide 25
Easement Programs Emergency Watershed Protection Program
(Floodplain Easements) Farm and Ranch Lands Protection Program Grassland Reserve Program Healthy Forests Reserve Program Wetlands Reserve Program
Courtesy John Whitney, DC, NRCS
USDA-NRCS Programs & Information for Soil Conservation
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Stream trampled by cattle, disturbed sediment easily dislodged by flow. Haw Cr. MO. 4-6-2011-Derrick
Stream trampled by cattle, disturbed sediment easily dislodged by flow. Haw Cr. MO. 4-6-2011-Derrick
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Overgrazed, note very short grass, horses in background
Feces will be washed directly into the stream
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From Ron Redman
Beats that hot wormy water from the stream in summer
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Impacts of roads
From Rich Fischer
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Collector trough
Bar ditchdrainage Road surface
drainage boundary
Cut slopedrainage boundary
From Turton
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Road Erosion Summary Graph of 5 Erosion StudiesRoad Erosion Summary Graph of 5 Erosion Studies
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Bread White Rock C White RockTO
Bluff Stillwater OK
To
ns/m
i/yr
From Turton
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Improvements to ditches ???, vertical sides
of ditch do not revegetate,
Lancaster, NY
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Better functioning ditch just uphill
from the last slide shown, Elton Creek
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Stormwater
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www.itreetools.org/design.php
Visit http://value.m.davey.com on your smart phone today for a mobile i-tree design app.
i-Tree Design (beta) allows anyone to make a simple estimation of the benefits individual trees provide. With
inputs of location, species, tree size and condition, the program will calculate the benefits that trees provide
related to greenhouse gas mitigation, air quality improvements and storm water interception. Benefits will be calculated in monetary amounts!!! Trees effects
on building energy use can be evaluated.
There are several tools at the www.itreetools.org site. Click on the applications button.
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title
Landscape Architect and Specifier News Nov 2006, pg. 188
Green ruffs {roofs} are catching on!!!
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Twin parking lots & the Rain Garden
dave derrick
Mini case study: 4 of 6
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Looks even better in summer!!
dave derrickMini case study: 6 of 6
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The Role of Development on Stormwater
Manipulation of predevelopment hydrologic cycle Impervious surface causes more runoff, pollutant
laden
Evapotranspiration
40%
Runoff 10%
Deep Infiltration 25%
Shallow Infiltration
25%
Increasing the impervious
surface cover changes the
hydrologic flows
Forested System
From Virginia Collins, ESF, Syracuse
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THE
END