SCIENCE TUSYEN 1.

FORM 1. Chapter 3. MATTER

Chapter 4. DIVERSITY OF RESOURCES ON EARTH

SCIENCE TUSYEN 3.

FORM 1. Chapter 5. AIR AROUND US

SCIENCE TUSYEN. SCIENCE TUSYEN. FORM 1. CHAPTER 6. FORM 1. CHAPTER 6.

SOURCES AND FORMS SOURCES AND FORMS OF ENERGYOF ENERGY

CHAPTER 7. HEAT AND ITS TRANSFERSCIENCE TUSYEN FORM 1

ENERGYENERGY

POTENTIAL POTENTIAL ENERGY ENERGY

CHEMICAL CHEMICAL ENERGYENERGY

KINETIC KINETIC ENERGYENERGY

HEAT HEAT ENERGYENERGY

LIGHT LIGHT ENERGYENERGY

SOUND SOUND ENERGYENERGY

ELECTRIVAL ELECTRIVAL ENERGY ENERGY

NUCLEAR NUCLEAR ENERGYENERGY

MECHANICAL MECHANICAL ENERGY ENERGY

VARIOUS FORMS OF ENERGY VARIOUS FORMS OF ENERGY

OXYGEN IN AIR

CARBON DIOXIDE IN AIR

ANIMALS AND HUMANS

GREEN PLANTS

CARCASSES FOSSIL FUELS METALS

RUSTINGPHOTOSYNTHESIS

RESPIRATION

DECOMPOSITION

COMBUSTION

SOURCES OF ENERGY ON EARTHSOURCES OF ENERGY ON EARTH

RENEWABLERENEWABLE NON RENEWABLENON RENEWABLE

WINDWIND

SOLARSOLAR

WAVESWAVES

BIOMASSBIOMASS

HYDROHYDRO

GEO THERMALGEO THERMAL

NUCLEARNUCLEAR COALCOAL

PETROLEUMPETROLEUM

NATURAL GASNATURAL GAS

FOSSIL FUELSFOSSIL FUELS

EXAMPLES OF ENERGY CONVERTEREXAMPLES OF ENERGY CONVERTERENERGY ENERGY

CONVERTERCONVERTERENERGY CONVERSIONENERGY CONVERSION

RADIORADIO Electrical energy sound energyElectrical energy sound energy

TELEVISIONTELEVISION Electrical energy light energy sound Electrical energy light energy sound energyenergy

GAS STOVEGAS STOVE Chemical energy heat energy light energy Chemical energy heat energy light energy

ELECTRIC FANELECTRIC FAN Electrical energy kinetic energyElectrical energy kinetic energy

BICYCLE BICYCLE DYNAMODYNAMO

Kinetic energy electrical energy light Kinetic energy electrical energy light energyenergy

ELECTRIC IRONELECTRIC IRON Electrical energy heat energyElectrical energy heat energy

HAIR-DRYERHAIR-DRYER Electrical energy kinetic energy heat Electrical energy kinetic energy heat energy sound energyenergy sound energy

ELECTRIC RICE ELECTRIC RICE COOKERCOOKER

Electrical energy heat energyElectrical energy heat energy

LIGHT BULBLIGHT BULB Electrical energy heat energy light Electrical energy heat energy light energyenergy

THE PRINCIPLE OF ENERGY CONSERVATIONTHE PRINCIPLE OF ENERGY CONSERVATION

~ Energy cannot be ~ Energy cannot be created orcreated ordestroyeddestroyed

~ Energy can only be~ Energy can only beconverted from oneconverted from oneform to anotherform to another

ENERGY IS CONSERVEDENERGY IS CONSERVEDAmount of energy Amount of energyAmount of energy Amount of energybefore conversion after conversionbefore conversion after conversion

LIGHT ENERGYLIGHT ENERGY(from the sun)(from the sun)

CHEMICAL ENERGYCHEMICAL ENERGY(in food)(in food)PHOTOSYNTHESISPHOTOSYNTHESIS

HEAT ENERGY + HEAT ENERGY + WATER + CARBONWATER + CARBON

DIOXIDEDIOXIDE

CHEMICAL ENERGYCHEMICAL ENERGY(in food)(in food)

RESPIRATIONRESPIRATION

PROCESSES AND ENERGY CONSERVATIONPROCESSES AND ENERGY CONSERVATION

COMPARISON BETWEEN COMPARISON BETWEEN CONDUCTION, CONVECTION AND RADIATION CONDUCTION, CONVECTION AND RADIATION

CONDUCTIONCONDUCTION CONVECTIONCONVECTION RADIATIONRADIATION

~ Transferred by ~ Transferred by particles that vibrateparticles that vibrateand collide with otherand collide with otherparticlesparticles

~ Occurs in solids,~ Occurs in solids,liquids and gases butliquids and gases butmost effective inmost effective insolidssolids

~ Does not occur in~ Does not occur ina vacuuma vacuum

~ rapid process~ rapid process

~ Transferred by ~ Transferred by particles that moveparticles that moveand form a and form a convectional currentconvectional current

~ Occurs in fluids ~ Occurs in fluids Like liquids and gasesLike liquids and gasesmost effective most effective

~ Does not occur in~ Does not occur ina vacuuma vacuum

~ slow process~ slow process

~ Radiated by a hot ~ Radiated by a hot body to surroundingbody to surrounding

~ Occurs without any ~ Occurs without any mediummedium

~ Can occur in~ Can occur ina vacuuma vacuum

~ rapid process (light~ rapid process (lightSpeed)Speed)

USAGE OF THE PRINCIPLE OF HEAT USAGE OF THE PRINCIPLE OF HEAT TRANSFER IN SOLVING PROBLEMSTRANSFER IN SOLVING PROBLEMS

COLD ROOM COLD ROOM Air heater and heatingAir heater and heatingsystem ~ apply principle system ~ apply principle of convection, fixed at lower of convection, fixed at lower Section. Hot air which producedSection. Hot air which producedmoves up while the cold air moves up while the cold air moves down moves down

HOT ROOMHOT ROOM1. the ventilation system of a1. the ventilation system of abuilding ~ hot air rises out building ~ hot air rises out through upper section (air holes) through upper section (air holes) 2. air conditioner ~ apply 2. air conditioner ~ apply principle of convection, fixed at principle of convection, fixed at upper section upper section

CAR’S RADIATORCAR’S RADIATOR~ to remove heat~ to remove heatproduced in engineproduced in engineby convection by convection through water in through water in the radiator the radiator

THERMOS FLASKTHERMOS FLASK~ vacuum space prevent~ vacuum space preventheat loss by conduction heat loss by conduction and convectionand convection~ silver layered prevent~ silver layered preventheat loss by radiationheat loss by radiation

TO WARM BODYTO WARM BODY~ fire – to warm our ~ fire – to warm our bodies prevent heatbodies prevent heattransfer by radiationtransfer by radiationfrom our body tofrom our body tosurrounding surrounding

METHODS OF HEAT TRANSFERMETHODS OF HEAT TRANSFER

CONDUCTION:CONDUCTION:~ Heat transfer through~ Heat transfer throughsolidsolid from a high temperature from a high temperatureto a low temperatureto a low temperature

CONVECTION:CONVECTION:~ Heat transfer in a ~ Heat transfer in a fluidfluid from from A hot to a less hot areaA hot to a less hot area

Examples of good Examples of good conductors areconductors aremetal.metal.

CopperCopperAluminiumAluminiumIronIron decreasedecrease

RADIATION:RADIATION:~ Heat transfer from a ~ Heat transfer from a heat source to its heat source to its surroundings without thesurroundings without the need of medium need of medium ((air or vacuumair or vacuum))

~ Hot fluid (less ~ Hot fluid (less dense) move updense) move up~ Cold fluid (more~ Cold fluid (moredense) move downdense) move down

~ Can be absorbed or reflected~ Can be absorbed or reflected~ travel at speed of light ~ travel at speed of light

CONDUCTORSCONDUCTORS INSULATORSINSULATORSANDAND

Materials that conductMaterials that conductheat easilyheat easily

Materials that do not Materials that do not Conduct heat easilyConduct heat easily

Examples:Examples:Metals ~ copper, ironMetals ~ copper, ironmercury, aluminiummercury, aluminium

Examples:Examples:Wood, plastic, rubber,Wood, plastic, rubber,

water and airwater and air

Applications:Applications:~ cooking utensils~ cooking utensils~ radiator coil in vehicle~ radiator coil in vehicle~ mercury – thermometer~ mercury – thermometer~ wire gauze (steel)~ wire gauze (steel)~ heating coil – electric kettle~ heating coil – electric kettle~ soldering iron – made of ~ soldering iron – made of coppercopper~ Davy safety light~ Davy safety light

ApplicationsApplications~ handles of cooking utensils~ handles of cooking utensils~ polystyrene – food containers~ polystyrene – food containers~ fibreglass –refrigerators~ fibreglass –refrigerators~ sawdust – prevent ice melt~ sawdust – prevent ice melt~ fur clothing – keep body warm~ fur clothing – keep body warm~ blanket – keep body warm~ blanket – keep body warm~ igloo ~ igloo ~ sleeping bag ~ sleeping bag

NATURAL APPLICATION OF NATURAL APPLICATION OF THE PRINCIPLE OF CONVECTION THE PRINCIPLE OF CONVECTION

LAND BREEZELAND BREEZE SEA BREEZESEA BREEZE

~ at night, land cools faster~ at night, land cools fasterthan seathan sea~ hot air from the sea rises ~ hot air from the sea rises and it is replaced by cold airand it is replaced by cold airfrom the landfrom the land

~ during day time, land heats~ during day time, land heatsup faster than seaup faster than sea~ hot air from the land rises ~ hot air from the land rises and it is replaced by cold airand it is replaced by cold airfrom the seafrom the sea

NATURAL APPLICATION OFNATURAL APPLICATION OFTHE PRINCIPLE OF RADIATIONTHE PRINCIPLE OF RADIATION

Earth and sun separated by vacuum. Heat from sun is transferredEarth and sun separated by vacuum. Heat from sun is transferredTo earth by radiation without the need of medium To earth by radiation without the need of medium

ABSORPTIONABSORPTION RADIATIONRADIATIONANDAND

All materials can absorb and radiateAll materials can absorb and radiate

DEPENDS ON:DEPENDS ON:1. surrounding temperature1. surrounding temperature ~ object that has higher temperature than its surrounding, ~ object that has higher temperature than its surrounding, radiates heatradiates heat~ object that has lower temperature than its surrounding, ~ object that has lower temperature than its surrounding, absorbs heatabsorbs heat2. nature of its surface2. nature of its surface~ dark and dull – best for absorbing heat~ dark and dull – best for absorbing heat~ bright and shiny – best for reflecting heat~ bright and shiny – best for reflecting heat

NATURE OF SURFACENATURE OF SURFACE HEAT ABSORPTIONHEAT ABSORPTION HEAT RADIATIONHEAT RADIATIONDULLDULL GOODGOOD GOODGOOD

SHINYSHINY BADBAD BADBADBRIGHTBRIGHT BADBAD BADBADDARKDARK GOODGOOD GOODGOOD