RIGGING OVERVIEW Updated Aug 7, 2013. Highline Overview 1.Highline Types 2.Components of the...
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![Page 1: RIGGING OVERVIEW Updated Aug 7, 2013. Highline Overview 1.Highline Types 2.Components of the Kootenay Highline System 3.Highline Setup 4.Operation.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033019/56649e155503460f94aff473/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
RIGGING
OVERVIEW
Updated Aug 7, 2013
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Highline Overview
1. Highline Types
2. Components of the Kootenay Highline System 3. Highline Setup
4. Operation
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Highline Types
Horizontal Highline
Sloping Highline
Drooping Highline
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Highline SetupMessenger Line
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Components of the Kootenay Highline System
Anchors Pre-tension Back-tieKootenay PulleyTrack-lines Tag-linesReeving-lineRaising SystemsLowering systems Tag line HangersHigh Points
Tensioning System
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Components of the Kootenay Highline System
Anchors
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Components of the Kootenay Highline System
Anchors
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Components of the Kootenay Highline System
Pre-tensioned Back-tie
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Anchor Systems
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Components of the Kootenay Highline System
Kootenay Pulley
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Components of the Kootenay Highline System
Track-lines
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Components of the Kootenay Highline System
Tag-lines
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Components of the Kootenay Highline System
Reeving-line
English Reeve
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Components of the Kootenay Highline System
Norwegian Reeving-lines
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Components of the Kootenay Highline SystemEnglish Reeving-lines
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Components of the Kootenay Highline System
Raising and Lowering Systems
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Components of the Kootenay Highline System
Tag line Hangers (Festoons)
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Components of the Kootenay Highline System
High Points
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Components of the Kootenay Highline System
Tensioning System
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Components of the Kootenay Highline System
Tensioning System
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Components of the Kootenay Highline System
Tensioning System
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Highline Setup
Safety Issues
Messenger Line
Pre-tensioning
Tensioning
Using Mechanical advantage systems
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Highline Setup
Safety Issues
PPE
Edge safety
Pay attention
Listen
No horsing around
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Highline Setup
Pre-tensioning
6:1
Places initial tension in the system
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Highline Setup
Tensioning
18:1 Rule – 1/2” Rope
12:1 Rule – 7/16” Rope
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Highline SetupUsing Mechanical
Advantage
Systems
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Operation
Commands
Lowering
Raising
Reeving
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HIGHLINE RESCUE HIGHLINE RESCUE SYSTEMSSYSTEMS
HIGHLINE RESCUE HIGHLINE RESCUE SYSTEMSSYSTEMS
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Components of a highline rescue team
• Lowering belay system
• Raising belay system
• Reversing the system
• Tensioning the system
Highline Rescue System Overview
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HIGHLINE RESCUE HIGHLINE RESCUE TEAMTEAM
HIGHLINE RESCUE HIGHLINE RESCUE TEAMTEAM
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HIGHLINE RESCUE TEAMHIGHLINE RESCUE TEAM
• Team Leader
• Safety Officer
• Edge Tender
• Control/Operations
• Static Anchor Team
• Tag Line Team
• Reeving Line Team
• Medical/Attendant
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Team Leader
• Identify highline location
• Briefing and outlining objectives
• Identify anchors with squad leaders
• Give assignments
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SAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICER
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• Rescue situations rapidly change. The effective Safety Officer must be able to forecast potential safety issues.
SAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICER
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• The Safety Officer is responsible for monitoring and assessing the safety aspects of all team operations, door-to-door.
SAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICER
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• A team Safety Officer should be assigned to every rescue
mission and training event.
SAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICER
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• Any member of the team can call a STOP to an operation if a safety concern is detected
SAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICER
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1. Scene Safety
– Establishes, and marks a minimum 6’ safety zone at the edge
– All personnel must be on a tether beyond this safety zone
SAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICER
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1. Scene Safety
– Determine if the rigging location is safe
• Loose rocks• Unstable overhang• Awareness
environmental safety issues– Poison Oak– Hornet’s nest– Requirements for
Personal Floatation Devices
SAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICER
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1. Scene Safety
– Checks each member’s minimum PPE
• Helmet• Gloves• Harness
– Establishes a Safe Zone 6’ from edge
SAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICER
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1. Scene Safety
– Responsible for selecting safe helicopter landing zone.
– Assures an emergency medical plan is in place
– Assures Horseplay does not occur
SAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICER
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2. System Safety
– Checks each Anchor• Proper anchor
materials• Proper anchor for
situation• Bomb-proof anchor
system• Angles
SAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICER
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2. System Safety
– Checks each system to the component level
• Knots• Proper carabiners in
use• Carabiners locked• Proper and adequate
edge protection in place
SAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICER
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2. System Safety
– Checks each System• Adequate MA• Proper overall setup• Proper equipment
used
SAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICER
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3. Edge Tender Safety
– Edge tender has independent anchor
– Edge tender is tethered before approaching the edge
SAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICER
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4. Operation Safety
– Assures change-over procedures are conducted in a safe manner.
– Assures adequate medical resources are considered when making search team assignments.
SAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICER
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4. Operation Safety
– Monitors the entire operation.
– The Safety Officer can stop the operation at any time.
– Monitor vehicle safety: sleepiness and adequate
breaks on convoys.
SAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICERSAFETY OFFICER
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EDGE TENDEREDGE TENDEREDGE TENDEREDGE TENDER
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1. Edge Tender Safety– Edge tender has
independent anchor (may share a bomber anchor point, but may not attach to system anchors)
– Edge tender is tied into an adjustable tether before approaching the edge
– Clears loose rocks and tripping hazards from the edge
EDGE TENDEREDGE TENDEREDGE TENDEREDGE TENDER
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2. System Safety– Places ropes on
appropriate edge protection
– Assures ropes remain on edge protection.
EDGE TENDEREDGE TENDEREDGE TENDEREDGE TENDER
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1. Attendant Safety– Assist attendant and
stokes over the edge
EDGE TENDEREDGE TENDEREDGE TENDEREDGE TENDER
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1. Attendant Safety– Weighting the system
before going over the edge removes slack and stretch in the main line. 20’ of rope in operation, with a 2% stretch, will result in 3”-6” of sudden movement if system is not weighted.• Tightening of knots
• Stretch of rope
• Rigging extension
EDGE TENDEREDGE TENDEREDGE TENDEREDGE TENDER
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– As attendant goes over the edge, the “Lower slow” used in approaching the edge should be slowed even more,
– The attendant is rotating on a fixed point, neither moving back nor moving down.
EDGE TENDEREDGE TENDEREDGE TENDEREDGE TENDER
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EDGE TENDEREDGE TENDEREDGE TENDEREDGE TENDER– Communicates with, and for, the attendant at the edge.
– Halts system 1 meter from edge
Edge Tender Ops Leader“STOP!”
“Why Stop?”“Attendant tension
the system” <attendant weights
system>“Lower slow”
“Lowering slow”“Attendant at the edge”
<attendant rotates over edge>
“Lower slow”
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– Provides voice communication between Ops Leader and Attendant to relay changes in speed control
– Observes the path of the rope to detect additional rope hazards requiring edge pro
EDGE TENDEREDGE TENDEREDGE TENDEREDGE TENDER
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Control/Operations Officer
• Once all systems are built and safety checked. Team Leader gives control over to Ops Officer
• Ops officer in charge of communication and operations of all systems
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Static Anchor Team
• Navigating to position can be challenging
• Determine static anchor/pre tensioned back tie
• High directional
• Tag line system, raising and lowering
• Install tag line hangers
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Reeving Line Team
• Determine anchor
• Determine high directional
• Set up system
• Operate system, raising and lower
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Medical officer
• First contact with subject
• Independent rappel line to subject
• While highline is being built medical officer will attend to subject, if access is available
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• 8 mm Accessory cord– Attached to independent
anchor– Attached to harness with
Figure-8 on a bight and locking carabiner
• 6 mm prusik cord– Attached to 8mm cord
with prusik– Attached to harness with
Figure-8 on a bight and locking carabiner
ADJUSTABLE EDGE TENDER LEASHADJUSTABLE EDGE TENDER LEASHADJUSTABLE EDGE TENDER LEASHADJUSTABLE EDGE TENDER LEASH
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HIGHLINE RESCUE HIGHLINE RESCUE SYSTEMSSYSTEMS
HIGHLINE RESCUE HIGHLINE RESCUE SYSTEMSSYSTEMS
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LOWERING/BELAY LOWERING/BELAY SYSTEMSSYSTEMS
LOWERING/BELAY LOWERING/BELAY SYSTEMSSYSTEMS
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SINGLE PRUSIK LOWERING BELAYSINGLE PRUSIK LOWERING BELAY
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RAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMS
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TANDEM PRUSIK RAISING BELAYTANDEM PRUSIK RAISING BELAY
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RAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMS
• Hauling without the aid of a system is a Mechanical Advantage of 1:1
• Also known as the Armstrong Method
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RAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMS
• Our simplest system is the Simple 2:1 Mechanical Advantage
• Components are:– Rope
– One pulley
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RAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMS
• Our basic haul system is the simple 3:1 Mechanical Advantage
• Components are:– Rope– Two (2) pulleys– One (1) rope grab
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RAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMS
• With the addition of a single pulley, the 3:1 is converted to a 5:1Mechanical Advantage
• Components are:– Rope– Four (4) pulleys
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RAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMS
• Piggybacking the simple 2:1 onto the simple 3:1 provides a compound 6:1Mechanical Advantage
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• Piggybacking the simple 2:1 onto the simple 5:1 provides a compound 10:1Mechanical Advantage
RAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMSRAISING SYSTEMS
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REVERSING THE REVERSING THE SYSTEMSSYSTEMS
REVERSING THE REVERSING THE SYSTEMSSYSTEMS
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REVERSING THE SYSTEMSREVERSING THE SYSTEMSREVERSING THE SYSTEMSREVERSING THE SYSTEMS
• Work on only one line at a time
• Change the Main Line first, then the Belay Line
• Wait for direction from the Ops Leader before you do anything.
• Don’t anticipate a change to the system
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REVERSING THE SYSTEMSREVERSING THE SYSTEMSREVERSING THE SYSTEMSREVERSING THE SYSTEMS
• Communicate
– Tell the Ops Leader what you are doing,
before you do it
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REVERSING LOWER TO RAISEREVERSING LOWER TO RAISEREVERSING LOWER TO RAISEREVERSING LOWER TO RAISE
• Step 1
– Assure you have the equipment you will need
• One Pulley
• One Progress Capture Device (PCD)
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REVERSING LOWER TO RAISEREVERSING LOWER TO RAISEREVERSING LOWER TO RAISEREVERSING LOWER TO RAISE
• Step 2
– Lock off your lowering device
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REVERSING THE SYSTEMSREVERSING THE SYSTEMSREVERSING THE SYSTEMSREVERSING THE SYSTEMS
• Step 2
– Attach your Progress Capture Device (PCD)
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REVERSING LOWER TO RAISEREVERSING LOWER TO RAISEREVERSING LOWER TO RAISEREVERSING LOWER TO RAISE
• Step 3
– Unlock the lowering device and load the PCD
• Step 4– Attach the pulley to the
LRH and rig the pulley
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REVERSING LOWER TO RAISEREVERSING LOWER TO RAISEREVERSING LOWER TO RAISEREVERSING LOWER TO RAISE
• Step 5
– Assemble your Haul pulley onto the running end of the rope
• Step6
– Assemble your Rope Grab Device
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REVERSING LOWER TO RAISEREVERSING LOWER TO RAISEREVERSING LOWER TO RAISEREVERSING LOWER TO RAISE
• Step 5
– Attach your Rope Grab Device
• Advise Ops Leader,
“Main Line Ready to Haul!”
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REVERSING RAISE TO LOWERREVERSING RAISE TO LOWERREVERSING RAISE TO LOWERREVERSING RAISE TO LOWER
• Step 1
– Assure you have the additional equipment you will need
• One Brake Bar Rack
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REVERSING RAISE TO LOWERREVERSING RAISE TO LOWERREVERSING RAISE TO LOWERREVERSING RAISE TO LOWER
• Step 2
– Remove the pulley and Rope grab and attach to the anchor plate
-- Lower the Load onto the Progress Capture Device (PCD)
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REVERSING RAISE TO LOWERREVERSING RAISE TO LOWERREVERSING RAISE TO LOWERREVERSING RAISE TO LOWER
• Step 3
– Load the lowering device and lock it off
• Step 4– Use the Load Release
Hitch to transfer the load to the lowering device
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REVERSING RAISE TO LOWERREVERSING RAISE TO LOWERREVERSING RAISE TO LOWERREVERSING RAISE TO LOWER
• Step 5– Remove the Progress
Capture Device– Retie the LRH
• Step 6– Prepare to Lower
• Advise Ops Leader,
“Main Line Ready to Lower!”
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TENSIONING TENSIONING SYSTEMSSYSTEMS
TENSIONING TENSIONING SYSTEMSSYSTEMS
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Forces on a Highline• When tensioning the highline it is important not to over
tension the system• Need to stay within 10:1 SSSF (Static System Safety Factor)• The larger the angle at the mid-point of the highline, the
more the load at the anchors is multiplied
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Tensioning Highline
• Static System Safety Factor is a ratio between breaking strength of equipment and applied force (load)
• Team standard is 10:1• Using a rescue load (2kn), 10:1 sssf = 20kn • All equipment in system must have at least a 20kn
rating
• Why use 10:1 SSF• 10:1 sssf covers worst case scenario under a dynamic
situation
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What is Worst Case Scenario ?
• In a rescue situation Worst Case Scenario is when rescuer is transitioning over the edge.
3m
1m
2kn load
Belay
1/3 Fall Factor
FallAmount of Rope10kn to 15kn Peak Force
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BELAY COMPETENCE DROP TEST CRITERIABELAY COMPETENCE DROP TEST CRITERIA
• British Columbia Council on Technical Rescue
de facto standard
Belay Competence Drop Test Criteria
– 200 kg (440 lb) mass
– 1 meter (3.28 feet) fall
– 3 meters (9.84 feet) rope
– < 1 meter (3.28 feet) arrest distance
– Maximum 15 kN (3,375 lb) peak impact force
This test also calls for the maximum force transmitted through the system to the anchor point to be no greater than 15 kN (3,375 lbf.)
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• Edge Transition is the Worst Case Scenario
– Slippage through the belay device
– Tightening of knots– Stretch of rope– Prussic extension– Rigging extension
BELAY COMPETENCE DROP TEST CRITERIABELAY COMPETENCE DROP TEST CRITERIA
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Dynamic System Safety Factor
• Peak force under WCS between 10 – 15 kn
• Using a rescue load (2kn), 10:1 SSSF = 20kn
• 10kn peak force/20kn breaking strength = 2:1 DSSF
• 15kn peak force/20kn breaking strength = 1.5:1 DSSF
• Both within 10:SSSF
• Using the Average Dynamic Force formula
Peak force = 12kn
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Dynamic System Safety Factor
2kn load
20kn
10:1 sssf 10kn peak force 2:1 dssf
15kn peak force 1.5:1 dssf
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• When tensioning the highline it is important not to over tension the system and stay within the 10:1 sssf– Using ½ inch rope rated at 40kn– 10:1 sssf = Max. 4kn load on anchor– Using 7/16 inch rope rated at 30kn– 10:1 sssf = Max. 3kn load on anchor
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Tensioning Rules
• One man rule
• Ten % rule
• Fifteen degree rule
• Number of persons rule
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Number of Persons Rule
• Pull testing using dynamometers determined with ½” rope total mechanical advantage needed to stay within 10:1 sssf is 18:1
• 7/16” rope 12:1 mechanical advantage needed
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Standard Tensioning System
• Compound 6:1, 3:1 acting on a 2:1 in series.
• Need 18:1, total 3 people
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Standard Tensioning System
• All anchor points can be on one anchor
• BFT
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Pre Tension
• Pre tension before loading the system
• One person pulling hand over hand with 6:1
• No heave ho
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Tensioning
• When highline is fully loaded 3 people hand over hand
• No heave ho
• If rescue load, system not loaded until subject and rescuer are on system
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MECHANICAL MECHANICAL ADVANTAGEADVANTAGEMECHANICAL MECHANICAL ADVANTAGEADVANTAGE
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MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
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• Forces we encounter in SAR
• Simple Machines
• Mechanical Advantage of Pulley Systems
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• Training Objectives– Participants will understand:
• The Forces we encounter in SAR
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MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
• FORCE
– What is Force
– What types of Force do we encounter
– What are the Units of Force
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MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
• What is Force?
– Force is an external influence that may cause a body to accelerate. It may be experienced as a lift, a push, or a pull.
– Force is a vector. All forces will have a magnitude and direction.
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• Forces we encounter in SAR
– Forces due to:• Gravity• Friction• Impulse• Applied Forces
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• Gravity• g = 32.2 ft/sec2 = 9.8 m/s2
• F = ma
• F ≈ 0.10197 kg x 9.8 m/s2 = 1Newton (N)
• A newton is the amount of force required to accelerate a body with a mass of one kilogram at a rate of one meter per second squared.
• 1 kN = 1,000 N ≈ 224.81 lbf
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• Gravity = Weight
– 1 kN = 224.81 lbf
– 80kg (0.8 kN ≈ 1 kN) for a ‘single load’,
– 200kg (440 lbs = 1.95 kN ≈ 2 kN) for a ‘rescue load’
– 280kg (617 lbs = 2.7 kN ≈ 3 kN) for a ‘three-man load’.
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• Gravity = Weight
– 1 kN = 224.81 lbf
– 1 Person ≈ 1 kN
– 2 Person ≈ 2 kN
– 3 Person ≈ 3 kN
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• Gravity = Weight
– The average rescuer can hold or apply a .2 kN force with one hand (≈ 45 lbs)
– The average rescuer can hold or apply a .4 kN force with two hands (≈ 90 lbs)
– Hauling an rope ‘hand-over-hand’ is applying a force of 45-50 lbs
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• Impulse
• Reaction time to a failure or rope movement is 1 sec
• In 1 sec a load will travel 16 feet
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MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
• Simple Machines
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MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
• Machines are affected by factors such as friction and elasticity
• So the actual mechanical advantage of a simple machine will usually differ from its theoretical value.
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MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
Pulley:
• Pulleys change the direction of a tension force on a flexible material, e.g. a rope or cable. In addition, pulleys can be "added together" to create mechanical advantage, by having the flexible material looped over several pulleys in turn. More loops and pulleys increases
the mechanical advantage.
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MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
Pulley as a Lever:
• The pulley is a variation of the wheel and axle.
• The size of a pulley does not influence the MA.
• The size of a pulley does influence the efficiency of the pulley.
• The larger the pulley, the more efficient the pulley.
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MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
Pulley Types:
• Fixed pulley
– Provides change of direction ONLY
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MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
Pulley Types:
• Movable pulley
– Adds Mechanical Advantage
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MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
Pulley:
• Pulleys change the direction of a tension force on a flexible material, e.g. a rope or cable.
• Pulleys can be "added together" to create mechanical advantage, by having the flexible material looped over several pulleys in turn.
• More loops and pulleys can increase the mechanical advantage.
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MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
Pulley Efficiency:
• Two factors determine a pulley's efficiency:– Sheave size: the large the sheave diameter, the
higher the efficiency.
– Bushings and bearings: self-lubricating bushings are efficient, but they must be regularly maintained.Ball bearings are very efficient and since they are sealed, they do not require any maintenance.
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MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
• Effective pulley systems must always have one side anchored and the other side attached to the moving load, known as the anchor side and the load side. There must be something to pull against
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MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
• The longest distance a pulley system can be stretched, the distance from the anchored pulley to the moving pulley, is called the stroke.
• The longer the stroke, the more useful the MA system.
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MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
• Pulling the system down to its smallest stroke is called compression.
• It is called de-set when the system is compressed so it will expand again when using the MA system as the Decent Control Device (DCD) to lower a load rather than to raise it.
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MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
• Extension means to pull out a pulley system to its longest stroke. Re-set in when the system is extended again during raising operations and another haul segment is made on the main line.
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MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
• All anchored pulleys are Change Of Direction (COD) only.
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MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
• Pulleys that move with a load (unanchored pulleys) are simple machines that gain advantage.
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MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
• Pulley systems are either simple, compound or complex.
• Compound pulley systems are made up of at least two simple pulley systems.
• Complex pulley systems are made up of at least one simple pulley system and at least one compound pulley system.
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MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
• If the terminal end of a haul line is attached to the anchor, the simple pulley system will be EVEN
• 2:1, 4:1, 6:1, 248:1
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MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
• If the terminal end of a haul line is attached to the anchor, the simple pulley system will be EVEN
• 1:1, 3:1, 5:1, 115:1
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MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
• Simple pulley systems have a greater stroke than compound pulley systems of the same MA.
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MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
• Mechanical Advantage
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MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
• The Mechanical Advantage of a pulley system can be expressed as a ratio.
• It is the ratio of the amount of force that must be applied to a haul line to move a load, divided by the weight of the object that must be moved.
• It is the ratio of the weight of the object that must be moved to the amount of force that must be applied to move it.
• 2:1 = 2 Units of output force will result from 1 Unit of input force
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• Tomorrow 07:30
• 24 hour packs– Helmet– Harness– Gloves– Orange Shirts / Green pants– Lunch– Water– Rain Gear
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DEMODEMO&&
HANDS ON HANDS ON PRACTICEPRACTICE
DEMODEMO&&
HANDS ON HANDS ON PRACTICEPRACTICE