Rift Valley Fever Sherine Shawky, MD, Dr.PH Assistant Professor Department of Community Medicine &...
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![Page 1: Rift Valley Fever Sherine Shawky, MD, Dr.PH Assistant Professor Department of Community Medicine & Primary Health Care College of Medicine King Abdulaziz.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062300/56649ce45503460f949b146c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Rift Valley FeverSherine Shawky, MD, Dr.PH
Assistant Professor
Department of Community Medicine & Primary Health Care
College of Medicine
King Abdulaziz University
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Rift Valley Fever
• Acute febrile viral disease
• Affecting animals & humans
• Causes influenza-like illness
• May lead to high morbidity, mortality & economic loss
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•Geographic Location &
Geologic Feature of Rift Valley
• Length: 6,000miles
• Site: Lebanon to Mozambique
• Largest part: Kenya
• Development: Subterranean forces
• Feature: Dambos
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Causes of OutbreaksRainfall or Inundation
Wetlands & Stagnant water
Vegetation Growth
Flourishing of mosquitoes
Transmission of Infection
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Outbreaks in the Last Half CenturyDate Country1950-1951 Kenya1967-1970 Nigeria1969 Central African Republic1976-1977 Sudan1977-1980 Egypt1987 Mauritania1990-1991 Madagascar1993 Egypt – Senegal1997 Kenya – Somalia1999 South Africa2000-2001 Saudi Arabia - Yemen
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RVF Virus
Coiled nucleocapsidRNA+N protein
Glyco-proteinspikes
transcriptase
Lipid envelope
S L
MG1G2
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Mode of Transmission• Mosquitoes
• Other blood suckling insects
• Contact with blood or other body fluids of infected animals
• Consumption of infected milk
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Mode of Transmission(cont.)
• Contact with blood or other body fluids of infected humans in late stages of disease
• Airborne transmission
• Inoculation through broken skin
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Target
• Liver: focal necrosis
• RBCs: haemagglutination
• Brain: necrotic encephalitis
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Clinical Picture 1- Non-Human Host
• Fever
• Hepatitis
• Abortion
• Death
–Adults: 10-30%
–Neonates: 100%
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2- Human Host
• Incubation period of 2-6 days
• Asymptomatic
• Flu-like illness
• Abdominal pain
• Photophobia
• Recovery in 2-7days
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Complications of RVF 1- Ocular Lesions
• Rate: 0.5-2.0%
• Onset: 1-3 weeks
• Presentation–Localized pain
–Blurred vision
–Loss of vision: 1.0-10.0%
• Lesions:–Macular lesions
–Retinitis
–Retinal detachment
• Death: rare
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2- Meningoencephalitis
• Rate: < 1.0%
• Onset: 1-3 weeks
• Death: rare
• Presentation:–Severe headache
–Vertigo
–Seizures
–Coma
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3- Haemorrhagic fever• Rate: < 1.0%
• Onset: 2-4 days
• Presentation:
–hemorrhagic phenomenon
• Lesions:
–Acute fulminant hepatitis
–DIC
–Hemolytic anemia
• CFR: 50.0%
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High Risk Groups
• People who sleep outdoors at night
• Slaughterhouse workers, butchers veterinarians and others who handle blood, other body fluids or tissues of infected animals
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High Risk Groups (cont.)
• Doctors and nurses in contact with infected cases at late stages of the disease
• Laboratory technicians
• Travellers visiting epidemic areas
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Diagnosis of RVF• Antibody detection
-ELISA
-EIA
• Virus detection
-Virus isolation
-Antigen detection
-PCR
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Prevention & ControlI. Animal
• Vaccination of unaffected animals
–Live attenuated vaccine
–Killed vaccine
• Notification of affected animals
• Application of safe insecticides to eradicate blood suckling insects
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I- Animal(cont.)
• Periodic surveillance of susceptible animals to assess immune status
• Application of quarantine measures for testing of imported animals
• Rapid burial of dead bodies
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II- Vector• Removal of stagnant water
• Weekly treatment of water collections using insecticides
• Application of insecticides every other day in all gardens
• Removal of objects that can act as possible water containers
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III- Humans: 1- General Measures
• Sleeping indoors
• Using bed nets during sleep
• Putting screens on windows
• Wearing clothes that protects whole body
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III- Humans: 1-General Measures (cont.)• Applying mosquito repellents
• Using spray on clothes
• Avoiding peaks of mosquito activity
• Avoiding presence near vegetations in the evening
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III- Humans1-General Measures (cont.)• Avoiding direct contact with
animals
• Washing hands after contact with animals, their blood or other body fluids
• Avoid drinking raw milk
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III- Humans 2- Community Measures
• Health education
• Epidemiologic research program
• Active disease surveillance
• Check measures at air, sea and land entry points
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III- Humans3- Occupational Measures
• Wearing masks, gloves, gowns and other barriers according to infected host’s condition
• Laboratory samples should be handled by trained staff
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III- Humans3- Occupational Measures
(cont.)• Application of water, soap and
antiseptic solution on exposed parts
• Application of copious water and eye wash solution on exposed conjunctiva
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Management of Suspected Cases
• Notification
• Ascertainment of cases
• Identification, screening and surveillance of contacts
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Recommended Investigations For Suspected Cases
• CBC
• Urea
• Creatinine
• AST, ALT
• ALP,Bilirubin
• Albumin
• PT & PTT
• LDH & CPK
• Hepatitis A IgM & IgG, HBsAg, HBcAB, HCV Ab
• RFV seriology & viral culture
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Management of unhospitalised Patients
• Isolation at home
• Contacts should wear masks, gloves and protective clothes
• Safe disposal of patients linens & clothes
• Close follow-up for 6 weeks
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Indications For Hospitalisation
• Shock
• Decreased urine output
• AST & ALT > 200U/mL
• Bilirubin>100 mol/L
• Thrombocytopenia< 100,000/mm3
• Anaemia< 8gm/dL
• Creatinine>150mol/L
• Confusion or other CNS manifestation
• Evidence of DIC
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Management of Hospitalised Patients
• General Supportive Measures
• Isolation in negative airway pressure room
• Safe disposal of soiled linens
• Safe disposal of solid medical waste
• Safe sewage disposal
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Management of Hospitalised Patients
(cont.)• Ribavirin, Interferon, Immune
Modulators & Convalescent Phase Plasma give promising results
• Introduction to ICU or haemodialysis unit if indicated
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• Hospital discharge after:
– Improvement in general status
–Decline in liver symptoms
–Recovery from DIC
• Follow-up in ophthalmology and medical clinics for 6 weeks
• Safe burial practice for dead cases
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Conclusion
• RVF is spreading outside Africa
• Although often mild, may lead to high morbidity and mortality
• No vaccine for humans
• No specific treatment
• Preventive measures are crucial