RID: Radio Interference Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks
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Transcript of RID: Radio Interference Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks
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IEEE INFOCOM 2005, Miami, FL
RID: Radio Interference Detection in Wireless Sensor
Networks
Gang Zhou, Tian He, John A. Stankovic, Tarek F. Abdelzaher
Computer Science Department, University of VirginiaMarch 2005
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Outline
Motivation, State of the Art, and Contributions
Radio Interference Detection Protocols RID protocol RID-B protocol
Using Radio Interference Detection in TDMA Designs
Conclusions and Future Work
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Motivation
Use Communication Topology as the Basis of TDMA Designs One popular example:
Assume collision free by allowing one node, within two communication hops, to transmit packets at a time.
Using Communication Topology is Misleading
Case B: Not Bandwidth Efficient
B DC
Case A: Not Collision Free
D BA
A’s Comm. Range
AC
How about K hops communication topology?
K needs to be > 2 ! K needs to be < 2 !
We Need to Detect Radio Interference!
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State of the Art
Communication Topology is Widely used as the Design Basis of TDMA Protocols
In MANET: NAMA protocol [Bao and Garcia-Luna-aceves 2001]
In WSN: TRAMA protocol [Rajendran et al. 2003]
Pervasive Existence and Complexity of Radio Interference are Reflected in Recent WSN Experiments:
Shadowing Phenomena [Woo et al. 2004] Radio irregularity [Zhou et al. 2004] Packet delivery performance [Zhao and Govindan 2003] Reliable multihop routing [Woo et al. 2003] Connectivity assessment tool [Cerpa et al. 2003]
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Contributions
To the best of our knowledge, our protocols, RID and RID-B, are the first to detect radio interference topology in runtime systems
Apply radio interference detection in TDMA design (take NAMA as a case study)
NAMA-RID-B keeps 100% packet delivery ratio In heavy load, NAMA can have packet loss up to 60%
Analyze the application of radio interference detection in backoff algorithms.
(See paper for detail) Study the relationship between communication range
and interference range in MICA2 devices, in both strong link case and weak link case.
(See paper for detail)
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RID Protocol
RID Phases: HD-ND Detection Information Sharing Interference Calculation
Range 1: A’s High Sending Power Communication Range
Range 2: A’s Normal Sending Power Interference Range
B
AC
Range 1Range
2
HDHDND
ND
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RID Protocol
Transmitter
Receiver:
HD ND
T1 T2
HD
PropagationDelay
MHWT
HD ND
System wide solution: Random back off
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RID Protocol
Signal from T1: HD ND
T1 T2
Signal from T2:
AccumulativeSignal:
MHWT
HD ND
MHWT
HD
System wide solution: Random back off Add-on rule
Condition A: Stable power level during T1
Condition B: Stable low power level (background noise power) during T2
Transmitter
Receiver:
HD ND
T1 T2
HD
PropagationDelay
MHWT
HD ND
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RID Protocol
System wide solution: Random back off Add-on rule
Condition A: Stable power level during T1
Condition B: Stable low power level (background noise power) during T2
Signal from T1: HD ND
T1 T2
Signal from T2:
AccumulativeSignal:
MHWT
HD ND
MHWT
HD
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RID Protocol
System wide solution: Random back off Add-on rule
Condition A: Stable power level during T1
Condition B: Stable low power level (background noise power) during T2
Signal from T1: HD ND
T1 T2
Signal from T2:
AccumulativeSignal:
MHWT
HD ND
MHWT
HD
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RID Protocol
System wide solution: Random back off Add-on rule Multi-round
Detections
Signal from T1: HD ND
T1 T2
Signal from T2:
AccumulativeSignal:
MHWT
HD ND
MHWT
HD
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RID Phases: HD-ND Detection Information Sharing Interference Calculation
ID1 Power1
ID2 Power2
ID3 Power3
…… ……
Interference_In Table
Record:Who can
interfere with me and how
much it is
ID10 Power10
ID11 Power11
ID12 Power12
…… ……
Interference_Out Table ID21 Power21
ID22 Power22
ID23 Power23
…… ……
Interference_HTP Table
Record:Who I can
interfere with and how much
it is
Record:Who can
interfere with one of my
neighbors and how much it is
This Phase generates two more
tables
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Goal: Figure out All Collision Cases by Local Calculation Basic Step:
Calculate possible interference cases at receiver D, when there are only two simultaneous transmitters
RID Phases: HD-ND Detection Information Sharing Interference Calculation
(1) Node i1’s signal can be disturbed by node i2’s signal (2) Without interference, node i1’s signal is able to be
received by node D
)}_(
)*)((|),{()(
1
21212
ysensitivitreceiverP
SNRPPPiiDN
Di
TidleDiDi
(1)
(2)
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Interference Calculation --- Extension Step
Extension: How about k simultaneous transmitters?
))))}(),...,,(
),...,(,...,(
12((
)_(
)*)...((
|),...,,{()(
111
11211
21
1
21
DNjji
ijjijj
ktt
ysensitivitreceiverP
SNRPPPP
iiiDN
tt
ktt
Di
TidleDiDiDi
kk
k
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1) Node i1’ signal can be disturbed by the sum of node set {i2, ……, ik}
(2) Without interference, node i1’s signal is able to be received by node D
(3) Any proper subset of node set {i2, ……, ik} can not generate enough interference
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Interference Calculation --- Properties
Two interesting properties of : )(DNk
N
iik
N
k
ji
DNSysteminScenariosCollisionAll
DNDNjiji
12
)()2(
)))()(((,)1(
Is complete
Has no Redundan
cy
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RID-B Protocol
Motivation of RID-B Future traffic information is needed to take full use of
Nk(D) in RID. Very expensive, especially in WSN
RID-B’s concern: Detect nodes that can interrupt the receiver’s reception of the weakest packet from nodes within its communication neighborhood.
JR
ED
C
G
F
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RID-B Calculation
How to achieve that? The same way to build Interference_In table Reorganize the Interference_In table
Replace entry (transmitter ID, power level) with entry (transmitter ID) if the following condition is met
Entry is removed, if the condition is not met
}_|min{
*)(
min
min
ysensitivitreceiverPJiPPwhere
SNRPPP
iRiRR
TidleJRR
Weakest signal power level from R’s
communication neighbors (C here)
JR
ED
C
G
F
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Using RID-B in NAMA Protocol
NAMA Protocol Scheduling is based on 2 hops communication topology. Each node makes local decision whether it can have the
current time slot, based on IDs in two communication hops.
Without communication, there comes a consensus. Only one node wins the time slot.
NAMA-RID-B Protocol Scheduling is based on 2 hops of interference topology. Each node makes local decision whether it can have the
current time slot, based on IDs in two interference hops. Without communication, there comes a consensus. Only
one node wins the time slot.
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Simulation ConfigurationComponents Setting
Simulator GloMoSim
Terrain (144m X 144m) Square
Node Number 144
Node Placement Uniform
Payload Size 32 Bytes
Application Many-to-one CBR streams
Routing Protocol GF
MAC Protocol NAMA/NAMA-RID-B (ACK added, Max #Retransmission is 8)
Radio Model RADIO-ACCNOISE
Radio Bandwidth 250Kb/s
Radio Range 25m (Adjust parameter values to set different interference range)
Confidence Intervals The 90% confidence intervals are shown in each figure
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Performance Evaluation
Performance with Different System Load
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Overhead
Performance with Different System Load
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Performance with Different ICR and SNR
(a) Performance with Different ICR (ICR=RI/Rc)
(b) Performance with Different SNR Threshold
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Conclusions
To the best of our knowledge, our protocols, RID and RID-B, are the first to detect radio interference topology in runtime systems
Apply radio interference detection in TDMA design. It improves NAMA’s packet delivery ratio from 40% to 100%, in heavy load.
Analyze the application of radio interference detection in backoff algorithms.
Study the relationship between communication range and interference range in MICA2 devices, in both strong link case and weak link case.
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Future Work
Predict future traffic information, and combine it with RID to design more bandwidth efficient TDMA
Explore the use of RID-B in backoff algorithms in detail
Analyze the combination of RID with topology control protocols
Implement and evaluate radio interference detection in a large-scale sensor network system
Explore the interaction between radio interference and radio irregularity
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The End!
Thanks to anonymous reviewers for their valuable
comments!
Thanks to anonymous reviewers for their valuable
comments!