Richardsonian Romanesque at Tulane University

Richardsonian Romanesque at Tulane University

Anthony DelRosario

History of the Architecture in the Americas II

Professor Ann Masson

Master in Preservation Studies

Tulane School of Architecture

1 PRST 6620 - History of Architecture in the Americas II – Professor Ann Masson – April 29, 2009

Anthony DelRosario – Masters of Preservation Studies - Tulane School of Architecture

Introduction

Tulane University has been set in the picturesque setting of Uptown New Orleans

for 115 years. Many have seen the face of the university from the streetcar, from an

automobile, or on foot from St. Charles Avenue. (Fig. 1) What people see is a scenic

entrance filled with buildings of limestone “creating a strong collegiate atmosphere”

(Lousiana Department of Historic Preservation – LDHP – Tulane University). The

building that provides the greatest portion of the sense of academia as seen from the

avenue is the Richardsonian Romanesque Gibson Hall. This paper will investigate the

Romanesque buildings found on the front campus of Tulane University, with emphasis

on those that are specifically of the Richardsonian Romanesque style.

H. H. Richardson: A Background

Richardsonian Romanesque is named for Henry Hobson Richardson, a

prominent architect of the 19th century. H. H. Richardson is often considered one of the

three greatest architects born in the United States of America and is the only architect

for whom a style is named (Masson). Born in Louisiana in St. James Parish at the

Priestly Plantation in 1838, Richardson left the South to attend Harvard College in 1856.

In 1859 after graduating from Harvard, he went to Europe where he travelled around

Great Britain for the summer before attending the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris

becoming the second American to attend the school following in the steps of Richard

Morris Hunt. Due to family economic woes brought on by the Civil War, Richardson

was not able to stay in Paris to graduate from the École. However, after the six years in



Europe, he returned to the United States influenced by the medieval-inspired John

Ruskin and William Morris, by the education received from the École, and by the

Romanesque architecture of southern France. Richardson first began integrating

Romanesque forms in 1869 on the designs for the Brattle Square Church in Boston

(Ochsner). For the rest of his career, Richardson continued his exploration of the

Romanesque style which was the heart of the first truly American style that was not a

direct copy or revival of another style. By his early death in 1886, Richardson left a

legacy that included masterpieces such as Trinity Church in Boston, the Glessner

House in Chicago (Fig. 2), the Allegheny County Courthouse in Pittsburgh, and the

Marshall Field Warehouse Building in Chicago (Masson). Despite having been born in

Louisiana, Richardson did not have a building designed by him built in the South before

his death.

Richardsonian Romanesque

The term Richardsonian Romanesque can be used in two different contexts.

First, the term can refer to the Romanesque buildings designed by H. H. Richardson

himself. Features of buildings that Richardson designed in the Romanesque style

include:

• Massive blocks of stone – sometimes rusticated, sometimes smooth • Patterns created by using contrasting stone sizes and stone finishes • Wide arched openings • Grouped windows that are often set back • Low springing arches • Towers (on about 75% of his buildings) • Richly detailed stone accents



• Picturesque yet harmonious • Fortress-like yet graceful with nuance (Masson)

Second, the term can be applied to the buildings designed by other architects using the

ideas first developed by Richardson. In a 1936 article from Time magazine, Richardson

versus Richardsonian is discussed. About the topic, the author states:

No man was ever more betrayed by his imitators. What the trade knew as "Richardsonian Romanesque" are the banks, schools, churches, libraries, jails which still dot the land, built of the knobbiest of rough-cut masonry, with livid tile roofs, arched windows and a profusion of useless squat towers. What his admirers have never ceased to point out is that Richardson himself was very seldom Richardsonian. (Time)

The author is making the point that buildings in the Richardsonian style may have the

features that Richardson himself used but do not convey the complete sense of

beautiful organic architecture created by Richardson. His original works were

“heavyset, impressive buildings befitting a stolid age, but all were well-planned,

magnificently proportioned and still serve as an inspiration to young architects” (Time).

The Richardsonian Romanesque style remained prominent in the United States

for about twenty years following the death of Richardson. The style was faithfully

carried on by several architects including some that had worked in Richardson’s office

such as George Shepley and Charles Coolidge. His ideas also influenced several

notable architects such as Charles Follen McKim, Stanford White, Louis Sullivan, John

Wellborn Root, and Frank Lloyd Wright (Howe). Ironically, some of his followers were

the cause of Richardsonian Romanesque going out of style with their design of the

White City at the 1893 Columbian Exposition which propagated the City Beautiful

movement and the Beaux-Arts movement.



Richardsonian Romanesque in New Orleans

While Richardson was still alive, the Richardsonian Romanesque was found

mainly in the Northeast from Pennsylvania to Massachusetts. “The style never made

much of an impact in the Deep South and even less in Louisiana” (LDHP Howard

Memorial Library). The first building of Richardsonian Romanesque style in Louisiana

was the Howard Library which was built after Richardson had died. (Fig. 3) Of the

Richardsonian Romanesque buildings in Louisiana which are all located in New

Orleans, the Howard Library, begun in 1887 and dedicated in 1889, “is the only one of

these to have any connection with the master himself, Henry Hobson Richardson”

(LDHP Howard Library). The design of the Howard Library is an enlarged version of a

design prepared by the Richardson office a few months before Richardson’s death for

the Hoyt Memorial Library in East Saginaw, Michigan. “Although Richardson was quite

ill at the time, a surviving letter to his assistant Shepley dated March 6, 1886 reveals

that he was very much involved in the project” (LDHP Howard Memorial LIbrary).

The use of the Richardsonian Romanesque style in residential architecture was

very rare. Due to the cost of building a house with limestone, very few people could

afford a fully realized Richardsonian home. The first such house in New Orleans was

the Isidore Newman house located at 3607 St. Charles and designed in 1890 by local

architects Thomas Sully and Albert Toledano but was demolished in 1972. (Fig. 4) The

next Richardsonian Romanesque homes to be built in New Orleans were constructed in

the early 1900s as the style was fading from fashion and were also built on St. Charles

Avenue. Next to be built was the William Perry Brown residence located at 4717 St.

Charles and designed in 1904 by local architects Charles Favrot and Louis Livaudais.



(Fig. 5) Finally, in 1905 the Kiefer house was built at 3804 St. Charles based on a

design by Emile Weil (Friends of the Cabildo VII: 73). (Fig. 6)

In 1893, the Board of Administrators of Tulane University chose a Richardsonian

Romanesque proposal from the office of Harrod and Andry as the design to promote the

school as “an institution with elevated aspirations seeking to establish itself in post-Civil

War New Orleans” (Heard and Lemann 10). As the school continued to grow, the

Richardsonian Romanesque style was used for the buildings at the very front of campus

to keep continuity along the St. Charles front.

A New Era for Tulane University

The site on which Tulane University sits today was not the original location of the

school. From its beginnings in 1834 as the Medical College of Louisiana, the school

was located downtown. In 1891, ten years after the school was endowed by and

renamed for Paul Tulane, the Board of Administrators purchased land that had been

part of the Foucher tract and fronted St. Charles Avenue across from Audubon Park.

This area had been decided upon after physics professor Brown Ayers plotted trends in

New Orleans’ population and found that Audubon Park was the neighborhood of the

future (Friends of the Cabildo VIII: 60).

In a November 1891 meeting with the Board of Administrators, President Preston

Johnson reported that he had travelled to the Northeast to visit several colleges and had

been advised to consult the highly regarded New York firm of McKim, Mead, and White.

The firm’s proposal in 1892, which consisted of buildings in the Italian Renaissance



style and was the firm’s first design for a college, exceeded the school’s budget (Friends

of the Cabildo VIII: 61).

Foregoing the plans from McKim, Mead, and White, the Board instead called for

proposals from regional firms (Friends of the Cabildo VIII: 61). The original chosen plan

by local firm Harrod and Andry consisted of three buildings. The Daily Picayune

reported on May 28, 1893:

The new home of Tulane will prove one of the attractions of the city, and its erection will be a giant stride forward in the advancement of that institution to the foremost ranks of the country’s (illegible) institutions. Already it has a name far and abroad for the excellence of its training, and the superiority of its facilities being so much more, will enable the institution to attain larger (illegible) in the future.

The style chosen by Harrod and Andry was Richardsonian Romanesque and the choice

set the style for the remainder of the front campus of Tulane.

Harrod and Andry: The Men behind the Design

Benjamin Morgan Harrod and Paul Andry were partners in the local firm chosen

to create the new face for the university. The firm was formed in the early 1890s when

senior member Harrod took on the neophyte architect Andry. In 1892, when Tulane

made a call for proposals for the new home of the school, Harrod and Andry designing

for the Orleans School Board since Harrod was the City Engineer of New Orleans

(Maygarden et al.).



Benjamin Morgan Harrod (1837-1912) was educated as an architect and as a

civil engineer at Harvard College. For the Civil War, Harrod enlisted in the Confederate

Army and served as an engineer during his commission. After the war, he began

practicing in New Orleans as architect and engineer. Documents for houses and

warehouses from 1866 to 1876 have Harrod stated as architect. During the latter part

of the 1880s, Harrod created an Italianate fire house design as City Engineer. (Fig. 7)

In 1893, after leaving his position as City Engineer, he was named to the Drainage

Advisory Board which drafted the plans for the modern drainage system in New

Orleans. Two years later Harrod was chosen as Chief Engineer for the Drainage

Commission, a position he kept until 1902. During his time as Chief Engineer for the

Drainage Commission, Harrod focused on designing pumping stations for the system

and left the firm of Harrod & Andry in 1900. Harrod’s architectural work was firmly

based in the classical and renaissance styles (Maygarden et al.).

Less is known about Paul Andry (1868-1946) before joining the firm. A project

on which Andry worked early in his career was the renovation and expansion of Belle

Alliance plantation house on Bayou Lafourche in Assumption Parish, Louisiana (LDHP

Belle Alliance). (Fig. 8) As a young recent graduate, Andry partnered with Harrod who

was thirty years his senior. The firm worked on projects not only in New Orleans. In St.

James Parish, Our Lady of Peace Catholic Church at Vacherie was designed by Harrod

and Andry (Our Lady of Peace Parish). (Fig. 9) At Napoleonville, the Assumption

Parish Courthouse was designed by the firm (LDHP Assumption Parish Courthouse).

(Fig. 10)



In addition to the buildings of Tulane University during the initial construction,

Harrod and Andry designed a Richardsonian Romanesque building in Alabama. In

1894, the Sacred Heart Chapel at the Convent and Academy of Visitation in Mobile was

built (National Park Service). Coincidentally, this was the same year as construction at

Tulane University.

In 1898 Albert Bendernagel joined the firm as a junior partner. After Harrod left

in 1900, Bendernagel became a senior partner of the firm called Andry and

Bendernagel. The new firm was contracted to work with Tulane University when

additional buildings were needed.

The author surmises that Paul Andry is likely to have been the architect to

suggest the Richardsonian Romanesque aspect to the Tulane University design as well

as to the Sacred Heart Chapel. (Fig. 11) He would have been about twenty four years

old at the time and open to newer architectural styles. In addition, Benjamin Harrod

would have been busy with the new drainage system in New Orleans.

Phase I of Tulane University

Work on the first phase of construction at Tulane University began in 1893 after

the Richardsonian Romanesque design of Harrod and Andry was chosen to fulfill the

vision of the Board of Administrators. On May 28, 1893 The Daily Picayune reported

that “the plans and specifications by Messrs. Harrod & Andry, and adopted by the

board, call for three buildings, which will constitute the home of the university”. On

September 26, 1893 The Daily Picayune reported that contracts were awarded to



Thomas Nicholson of Chicago for construction of the first three buildings - the arts and

sciences building, the physical laboratory, and an engineering complex which are now

known as Gibson Hall (Fig. 12), F. Edward Hebert Hall (Fig. 13), and Walter E. Blessey

Hall (Fig. 14) and Engineering Work Shops Complex (Fig. 15). One interesting fact is

that the physical laboratory was placed to face north and south for the convenience of

magnetic instruments and to take advantage of the natural light (Heard and Lemann

15). This in turn influenced the placement of the chemical laboratory.

In December of the same year, Tulane announced that a fourth building, a

chemical laboratory (now known as Richardson Building (Fig. 16)), would be built since

construction of the first three was well under budget. On December 8, 1893 The Daily

Picayune updated the progress of construction:

Though there is little appearance of activity at the grounds the work is being pushed with great rapidity. The stone is prepared in Chicago, and shipped hither by car loads, each piece carefully numbered. It is delivered within a short distance of the grounds by the belt railroads, and transferred by large teams. This is rather a novelty in architecture, that the material should be sent, like children’s building blocks, ready to be placed in position, and from so great a distance. For this reason there is no delay on the grounds, and the task of building can be pushed with remarkable rapidity.

In January of 1894 on Washington’s Birthday, the corner stone for the arts and

sciences building was dedicated. In March of 1894 The Daily Picayune reported:

Even now, when the grounds are littered with the trash of the builders, it is possible to see the general beauty of the design through the roughness of the work. As one approaches from the avenue, the arts and sciences building is perceived in its incomplete state, still impressive. Its architecture is picturesque, combining many of the more graceful details of Renaissance, with something of modernized Gothic, thus producing once an effect of richness and dignity.



Notice that the writer mistakenly refers to the style as “Gothic.”

The buildings were completed for the fall session of classes at the university.

The Daily Picayune in October of 1894 reported that at the formal opening of the

buildings, “the magnificence of the buildings was dwelt upon, telling how much the arts

and sciences building resembled the great Chicago University, only Tulane’s is the

grander.” (Fig. 17)

Of the first four buildings, Gibson Hall is the only one that is truly Richardsonian

Romanesque. Hebert Hall and Richardson Building, which have similar fronts, vaguely

echo some of the features of Gibson. Both have arched windows on the lower floor and

an arched main entrance. (Fig. 18) The two buildings also have dormers on either side

of a center gable at the roofline. On Blessey Hall, the lone Romanesque feature is the

arched main entrance. (Fig. 19) The Richardsonian Romanesque features of Gibson

Hall will be discussed in a later section.

Phase II of Tulane University

Work of the second phase of construction at Tulane University began in 1901 to

accommodate students to live on campus. In October of 1901 The Daily Picayune

reported that “plans have been made and submitted by Messrs. Andry and Bendernagel

for the new dormitory that the board of administrators have decided to build.” The first

dormitory was a three-story brick building which is now the School of Social Work

building. (Fig. 20) As a companion building to provide meals for the residents, a



refectory was also built. This building is now Robert C. Cudd Hall and currently houses

the offices of Newcomb-Tulane College. (Fig. 21)

These two buildings were designed by the firm of Andry and Bendernagel, the

firm that progressed from the firm of Harrod and Andry after Harrod’s departure in 1900.

Andry and Bendernagel implemented a Dutch Renaissance style modeled after

University of Pennsylvania’s Houston Hall dormitory (Heard and Lemann 16). The only

similarity between these two buildings and buildings from the first phase can be seen

with Hebert Hall and Richardson Building. All four buildings were constructed with

orange brick. Also, the newer buildings echo the older buildings’ arched windows and

window hoods. (Fig. 22)

The third building in the second phase of construction was the F. W. Tilton

Memorial Library, endowed by the widow of a local iron merchant. (Fig. 23) The design

from Andry and Bendernagel was chosen over local architects such as Favrot &

Livaudais and Diboll & Owen. The Daily Picayune reported in November of 1900:

The design selected is peculiarly adapted for the purpose contemplated and for the situation in which the building is to stand. It is in perfect harmony with the main building of the university, with which it is to stand in close juxtaposition. The material is to be the same, and is to have the same chaste yet imposing style.

The building, while in the same general style as the main building of the university, will be somewhat more ornate, the main entrance being particularly beautiful, its decoration consisting of columns, whose capitals are to be surmounted with heraldic designs.

In June of the following year The Daily Picayune reported:

The handsome building already begins to show its shape and proportions, and when the university begins its next session will stand ready for use, erected out



of the same character of stone and of the same handsome design and workmanship as the college of arts and sciences, and when it is equipped with books it will be a most useful addition to the college group.

The Richardsonian Romanesque features of Tilton Memorial Hall will be discussed and

compared to Gibson Hall in a later section.

Phase III of Tulane University

Third and last major phase of construction for the very front of the campus began

in 1907. A decision had been made to relocate the first two years of medical school to

the uptown campus. The Daily Picayune reported in August 1907:

The Board of Administrators of the Tulane Educational Fund, at their regular monthly meeting, decided to erect a new Richardson Memorial building on the Tulane campus, and authorized the Building Committee to make a contract with Messrs. Andry & Bendernagel for the preparation of plans and specifications for the said building, which is to be of stone and in style of architecture somewhat similar to the present Gibson Hall.

The new building was funded by the donation from the widow of Dr. Tobias Gibson

Richardson, former dean of the medical school. (Fig. 24)

DeBuys, Churchill and Labouisse designed the dormitory to house the medical

students. (Fig. 25) This Italian Renaissance building now houses the Environmental

Sciences department and is known as Alcee Fortier Hall. The building exhibits no

Romanesque features but is constructed with orange brick similar to the building next to

which it sits, the School of Social Work building.



The Richardsonian Romanesque features of Richardson Memorial will be

discussed and compared to Gibson Hall in a later section.

The Remainder of the Front Campus

From 1911 to 1942, the final three buildings that comprise the traditional front

campus of Tulane University were constructed. These buildings range from slightly

Romanesque to heavily Richardsonian Romanesque.

Stanley Thomas Hall was designed by Andry and Bendernagel as a new

engineering building. (Fig. 26) This building which was completed in 1911 has little in

common with the other buildings on the front campus. The brick color matches neither

Blessey Hall nor Richardson Building, the two nearest neighbors. The building does

however feature arched entrances with delicate carving that slightly echo entrances at

Gibson Hall and Tilton Hall. (Fig. 27) Also, the roof has dormers on either side of a

center gable at the roofline like Gibson Hall, but the building cannot be described as

Richardsonian Romanesque.

The next decade, a new science building designed by Moise Goldstein and

Associates was built on the downtown side of Gibson Hall. The building, now known as

Dinwiddie Hall, was constructed of Alabama limestone and was completed in 1923.

(Fig. 28) Most sources describe the building as Elizabethan which is a misnomer. The

stepped out main entrance of the building is one feature that is Elizabethan in nature.

(Fig. 29) However, disregarding that feature, the building can be described more

correctly as Richardsonian Romanesque with the rusticated masonry, arched windows,



and dormers and gable at the roofline. (Fig. 30) Currently the building is undergoing a

major renovation.

The final building constructed on the front campus was the Norman Mayer

Building. (Fig. 31) Completed in 1942, the building was designed by Diboll and Kessels

designed “to conform to the style of the early campus buildings” (Tulane University

Campus Map). The building has many of the same features as Gibson Hall and was

intentionally designed to be full Richardsonian Romanesque. With the wide arched

entrance (Fig. 32), successive floors of smaller arched windows above larger arched

windows (Fig. 33), and limestone from the same quarry, the Norman Mayer Building is

almost a junior version of Gibson Hall.

Gibson Hall

As the face of the university along St. Charles, Gibson Hall is the most fully

realized building in the Richardsonian Romanesque style. The building exhibits a sense

of the base, shaft, capital feeling captured in two of Richardson’s own masterpieces, the

Marshall Field Wholesale Store in Chicago (Fig. 34) and the Allegheny Courthouse in

Pittsburgh (Fig. 35). This is especially evident in either end of Gibson Hall. The partially

raised basement acts as the base of the building. The first and second floors comprise

the shaft with smaller arched windows atop larger arched windows (which is repeated in

the Norman Mayer Building). (Fig. 36) On the ends of the building, the third floor is the

capital with the smaller rectangular windows. The dormers of Gibson Hall are similar to

those found on several buildings designed by Richardson himself. Examples include



Trinity Church in Boston (Fig. 37) and the Allegheny Courthouse. The gabled façade is

another common feature of Richardson’s architecture that is found on Gibson Hall. (Fig.

38) A gable façade can be found on Trinity Church as well as many of the libraries

designed by Richardson. (Fig. 39)

Gibson Hall was also constructed with rusticated limestone from the area of the

country near Bedford, Indiana that supplied many of Richardson’s projects. The

contractor of the project, Thomas Nicholson, was based in Chicago where several

buildings designed by Richardson were constructed. If Nicholson was not associated

with any of Richardson’s projects, he was at least aware of the high quality of limestone

from Indiana. In 2004, several new structures were added to Gibson Circle. The center

piece was a 46 foot long gently curving wall of limestone with Tulane University in

bronze lettering. (Fig. 43) The design company specifically chose limestone from the

quarries of southern Indiana so that the wall would seamlessly fit in with Gibson Hall

and the two other buildings on Gibson Circle.

The detail and ornament of the limestone also reflected styles of Richardson.

Much of the details on buildings designed by Richardson contained intricate organic

carving. The main entrance of Gibson Hall is ornamented with beautiful carving. (Fig.

40) The very top of the front gable is carved with “Arts and Sciences” surrounded by

the same foliage pattern found above the entrance. (Figs. 41 and 42)

F.W. Tilton Memorial Hall



Tilton Memorial is another building that exemplifies the Richardsonian

Romanesque style. The building shares several of the same features as Gibson Hall.

Both are constructed with rusticated masonry. Each building has a row of large arched

windows on the first floor that provide a sense of strength. Being a floor shorter, Tilton

does not have smaller arched windows on the second floor. (Fig. 44) However, Tilton

has similar but skinnier dormers and has a center gabled façade. (Fig. 45)

Where the two building differ the most is in the detail. The entrance of Tilton is

much more ornate that Gibson. (Fig. 46) On Tilton, the entrance features more intricate

carving and additional carved items such as faces, lions, and the Tulane shield. (Fig.

47) Also the center gable is more elaborate than that of Gibson Hall. (Fig. 48) The

carved details, however, is in tune with the Richardsonian concepts.

Richardson Memorial

Richardson Memorial is Richardsonian Romanesque but lacks the depth of the

style that Gibson Hall embodies. Rusticated masonry was used only on the ground

level and on the center façade on the first main floor around the entrance. (Fig. 49) The

rest of the building was constructed with brick which may have been an economic

choice instead of a design choice. The arched windows on the first main floor are

smaller than those on the first floor of Gibson or Tilton. These smaller windows do not

give the building the same strength seen the others. The smaller arched windows and

two-story pilasters on the front façade give the building a more vertical feel. (Fig. 50)



Richardson is closer in feel to Tilton Hall than to Gibson Hall. Richardson has

skinny dormers similar to Tilton. (Fig. 51) Both buildings have a well decorated center

gable. The entrance to Richardson is quite comparable to the entrance of Tilton. The

entrances each have a section of very similar carving, followed by a section of smooth

stone, followed by another ring of carving. (Fig. 52)

Conclusion

The design of Gibson Hall set the tone for the front campus of Tulane University

through a half century of expansion and construction. By examining Gibson in detail,

one will find that Harrod and Andry took direct inspiration from the works of Henry

Hobson Richardson to provide the campus with beautiful dignity. Of the two partners,

Andry is more likely to have been the one to fully grasp the Richardsonian Romanesque

ideal and perpetuate the style through the front campus of Tulane.

i PRST 6620 - History of Architecture in the Americas II – Professor Ann Masson – April 29, 2009


Figure 1. Gibson Hall from St. Charles Avenue

Figure 2. Glessner House, Chicago, IL

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Figure 3. Howard Library, New Orleans, LA

Figure 4. 3607 St. Charles Avenue, Isidore Newman House

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Figure 5. 4717 St. Charles Avenue, W. P. Brown House

Figure 6. 3804 St. Charles Avenue, Kiefer House

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Figure 7. Firehouse designed by Harrod, 803 Julia Street

Figure 8. Belle Alliance Plantation, Assumption Parish, LA

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Figure 9. Our Lady Peace Catholic Church, Vacherie, LA

Figure 10. Assumption Parish Courthouse, Napoleonville, LA

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Figure 12. Gibson Hall

Figure 11. Sacred Chapel, Mobile, AL

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Figure 14. Walter E. Blessey Hall

Figure 13. F. Edward Hebert Hall

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Figure 16. Richardson Building

Figure 17. Blessey Hall and Engineering Complex

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Figure 17. Tulane University campus, 1895 - Hebert, Blessey, Richardson, Gibson (left to right)

Figure 18. Entrance to Richardson Building

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Figure 19. Entrance to Blessey Hall

Figure 20. School of Social Work Building

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Figure 22. School of Social Work Building detail

Figure 21. Robert C. Cudd Hall

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Figure 23. F. W. Tilton Memorial Hall

Figure 24. Richardson Memorial

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Figure 25. Alcee Fortier Hall

Figure 26. Stanley Thomas Hall

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Figure 27. Entrance to Stanley Thomas Hall

Figure 28. Dinwiddie Hall

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Figure 29. Entrance to Dinwiddie Hall Figure 30. Dinwiddie Hall detail

Figure 31. Norman Mayer Building

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Figure 32. Entrance to Norman Mayer Building

Figure 33. Norman Mayer Building detail

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Figure 34. Marshall Field Wholesale Store, Chicago, IL

Figure 35. Allegheny Courthouse, Pittsburgh, PA

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Figure 36. Gibson Hall detail

Figure 37. Trinity Church, Boston, MA

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Figure 39. Woburn Public Library, Woburn, MA

Figure 38. Gibson Hall gable and entrance

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Figure 40. Entrance to Gibson Hall

Figure 41. Gibson Hall front gable

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Figure 42. Gibson Hall gable detail

Figure 43. Gibson Circle wall

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Figure 45. Tilton Hall dormer detail

Figure 44. Tilton Hall detail

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Figure 46. Tilton Hall gable and entrance

Figure 47. Tilton Hall entrance

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Figure 48. Tilton Hall gable detail

Figure 49. Richardson Memorial

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Figure 50. Richardson Memorial gable and entrance

Figure 51. Richardson Memorial dormer detail

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Figure 52. Entrance to Richardson Memorial

Figure 53. Aerial view of the front campus of Tulane University

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Image Credits

Figure 2 – Library of Congress, <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/il0118.photos.060903p>

Figure 3 –<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Howard_Memorial_New_Orleans_1900.jpg>

Figure 4 – New Orleans Virtual Archive, <luna.ts.tulane.edu:8190/luna>

Figure 8 – State Library of Louisiana Historic Photograph Collection,

<http://louisdl.louislibraries.org/u?/LHP,1278>

Figure 9 – Our Lady of Peace Parish, <www.olopchurch.org>

Figure 10 – Jordan McAlister, courthouselover on flickr, <http://flic.kr/p/xNNzQ>

Figure 11 – Visitation Monastery,

<http://www.visitationmonasterymobile.org/HTMLcode/Tour1.htm>

Figure 17 – Tulane: The Biography of a University 1834-1965, John P. Dyer, New York:

Harper & Row, 1966

Figure 34 –

<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marshall_Field_Warehouse_Store.jpg>

Figure 35 – <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:AlleghenyCountyCourthouse.jpg>

Figure 37–

<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Trinity_Church,_Boston,_Massachusetts

_-_front_oblique_view.JPG>

Figure 39 – SCI Woburn, <http://www.sciwoburn.org/content/life-h-h-richardson-wmhs-

monday>

Figure 53 – http://maps.live.com

All other photographs were taken by the author.

xxviii PRST 6620 - History of Architecture in the Americas II – Professor Ann Masson – April 29, 2009


Front Campus of Tulane University

Completion Dates and Architects

Phase I

1894 Gibson Hall - Harrod and Andry

1894 Walter F. Blessey Hall and Engineering Complex - Harrod and Andry

1894 Richardson Building - Harrod and Andry

1894 F. Edward Hebert Hall - Harrod and Andry

Phase II

1902 F. W. Tilton Memorial Hall - Andry and Bendernagel

1902 School of Social Work Building - Andry and Bendernagel

1902 Robert C. Cudd Hall - Andry and Bendernagel

Phase III

1908 Richardson Memorial - Andry and Bendernagel

1908 Alcee Fortier Hall - DeBuys, Churchill and Labouisse

Later Construction

1911 Stanley Thomas Hall - Andry and Bendernagel

1923 Dinwiddie Hall - Moise Goldstein and Associates

1942 Norman Mayer Building - Diboll and Kessels

xxix PRST 6620 - History of Architecture in the Americas II – Professor Ann Masson – April 29, 2009


Sources

The Daily Picayune. via America's Historical Newspapers (subscription database)

<http://infoweb.newsbank.com >.

“Tulane University. Plans for the New Buildings at Audubon Park Accepted.

Three Buildings to be,” 28 May 1893, pg. 3.

“The New Tulane. Contracts Awarded for the Erection of the Proposed

University Building,” 26 September 1893, pg. 12.

“Tulane University. Work on the New Buildings Progressing Rapidly,” 8

December 1893, pg. 3.

“Tulane's New Home Almost Completed. Four Handsome Structures on St.

Charles Avenue That Are Almost,” 27 March 1894, pg. 3.

“Tulane's Formal Opening. Talks to the Pupils and Officers for the Classes,” 16

October 1894, pg. 3.

“Activity Among Southern Colleges. Tulane's First Dormitory to be a Brick

Structure, Three Stories High,” 2 October 1901, pg. 3.

“Tulane Adopts Library Plans. The Needed and Ornamental Building Made

Possible By the Generous Donation,” 13 November 1900, pg. 3.

“Tilton Memorial Library at Tulane. The Corner-Stone Laid with Ceremony

Inspiring Emulation and Calculated to,” 2 June 1901, pg. 3.

“Tulane Board Decides on New Buildings and Elects Several Professors,” 15

August 1907, pg. 3.

Howe, Jeffery. Digital Archive of American Architetcure. Boston College.

<http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/fa267/hhr.html>.

Friends of the Cabildo. New Orleans Architecture Volume VII: Jefferson City. Gretna,

La.: Pelican Publishing, 1989.

xxx PRST 6620 - History of Architecture in the Americas II – Professor Ann Masson – April 29, 2009


Friends of the Cabildo. New Orleans Architecture Volume VIII: University Section.

Gretna, La.: Pelican Publishing, 2000.

Heard, Jr., Malcom and Bernard Lemann. Tulane Places. New Orleans: Tulane

University, 1984.

Louisiana Division of Historic Preservation's National Register Website.

<http://crt.louisiana.gov/hp/nationalregister/historicplacesdatabase.aspx>.

Assumption Parish Courthouse National Register document.

<http://crt.louisiana.gov/hp/nationalregister/nhl/document2.asp?name=040

01001.pdf>

Belle Alliance National Register document.

<http://crt.louisiana.gov/hp/nationalregister/nhl/document2.asp?name=04007001.

pdf>

Howard Memorial Library National Register document.


pdf>

Tulane University of Louisiana National Register document.


pdf>

Masson, Ann. History of Architecture in the Americas II class notes. April 8, 2009.

Maygarden, Benjamin D., Jill-Karen Yakubik, Ellen Weiss, Chester Peyronnin, and

Kenneth R. Jones, National Register Evaluation of New Orleans Drainage

System, Orleans Parish, Louisiana,

<http://www.mvn.usace.army.mil/pao/history/NO_Drainage/NewOrleansDrainage

.htm>.

National Park Service, Catholic Churches of Mobile National Register Document

<http://www.nr.nps.gov/multiples/64500007.pdf>.

xxxi PRST 6620 - History of Architecture in the Americas II – Professor Ann Masson – April 29, 2009


Our Lady of Peace Parish. <http://www.olopchurch.org/about/History.aspx>.

Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl. "Richardson, H. H.." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online.

<http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T071968>.

Time. “Richardson V. Richardsonian.” 27 January 1936

<http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,847640,00.html>.

Tulane University Campus Map. <http://tulane.edu/tulane/about/maps/norman-mayer-

building.cfm>.

Richardsonian Romanesque at Tulane University

Documents

Transcript of Richardsonian Romanesque at Tulane University