ISSN 0036-80755 MAY 1995VOLUME 268NUMBER 5211

AMERICANAsSOCIATION FORTHEADVANCEMENT OFSCIENCE

NEWS & COMMENTRegulating Cyberspace 628

Mount Graham Telescope: Red Squirrels 2, 630Astronomers 0

FDA Puts the Brakes on Xenotransplants 630

Rockefeller Strikes Fat Deal With Amgen 631

NIMH: Caught in the Line of Fire 632Without a GeneralNIH Names Behavioral Research Czar 632

Singapore: Topnotch, Targeted Research 633Propels National University

NAS Elects New Members 634

RESEARCH NEWSHow Far Did the West Wander? 635Finding Fault: Culture Clash in 636British Columbia

Envisioning an Artificial Retina 637

Dioxin Receptor Knocked Out r 638

Throwing a Switch on a Nanoscale Sieve 639

Physics Finds a Middle Ground at 640Washington Meeting

A Clearer View of Why Plants Make Haze 641

EROS, MACHO, and OGLE Net a Haul 642of Data

EMERGING PLANT SCIENCE:FRONTIERS IN BIOTECHNOLOGY r

NEWSWill Plants Profit From High C02? 654

Sweeping Patents Put Biotech 656Companies on the WarpathExploring Transgenic Plants as a 658New Vaccine Source

Plants as Chemical Factories 659

ARTICLESMolecular Genetics of Plant Disease 661Resistance

B. J. Staskawicz, F. M. Ausubel, B. J. Baker, J. G.Ellis, J. D. G. Jones

New Superconductor Stands Up to 644Magnetic Fields

POLICY FORUMScience in Russia Is Already in a Coma 693V. Zakharov and V. Fortov

PERSPECTIVERegulation by Redox Poise in r 695ChloroplastsC. S. Levings III and J. N. Siedow

Frederick W. AltDon L. AndersonMichael AshburnerStephen J. BenkovicDavid E. BloomPiet BorstHenry R. BourneMichael S. BrownJames J. BullKathryn Calame

C. Thomas CaskeyDennis W. ChoiJohn M. CoffinF. Fleming CrimPaul J. CrutzenJames E. DahlbergRobert DesimoneBruce F. EldridgePaul T. EnglundRichard G. Fairbanks

Board of Reviewing Editors

Douglas T. Fearon Stephen M. Kosslyn ShHarry A. Fozzard Michael LaBarbera RoKlaus Friedrich Nicole Le Douarin StlTheodore H. Geballe Charles S. Levings Ill YeRoger 1. M. Glass Alexander Levitzki DeStephen P. Goff Harvey F. Lodish RaPeter N. Goodfellow Richard Losick V.Corey S. Goodman Reinhard Lihrmann DoIra Herskowitz Diane Mathis T.Eric F. Johnson Anthony R. Means Da

iigetada Nakanishivger A. Nicolliuart L. PimmLshayau Pockergnnis A. Powersph S. QuatranoRamanathanauglas C. ReesM. Ricevid C. Rubie

Erkki RuoslahtiGottfried SchatzJozef SchellRonald H. SchwartzTerrence J. SejnowskiEllen SolomonThomas A. SteitzMichael P. StrykerRobert T. N. TjianEmil R. Unanue

Geerat J. VermeijBert VogelsteinArthur WeissZena WerbGeorge M. WhitesidesOwen N. WitteWilliam A. Wuif

SCIENCE * VOL. 268 * 5 MAY 1995

SCIENCE

635Stay-at-home fossil

638 & 722Knocking out thedioxin receptor

DEPARTMENTSTHIS WEEK IN SCIENCE 617 Jukes * No Perpetual Motion Machine: M. E. DavisEDITORIAL 619 * An Ominous Blooding?: T. E. GoffmanThe Koshland Years-A Decade of Progress SCIENCESCOPE 627LETTERS 621 RANDOM SAMPLES 645Musical Ability: 0. Sacks; G. Schlaug, L. Jancke, BOOK REVIEWS 744Y. Huang, H. Steinmetz * World Wide Web and Hypata of Alexandria, reviewed by W. R. KnorraMolecular Biology: S. E. Brenner; B. R. Schatz * Other Books of Interest * VignettesDarwin in the Headlines: J. D. McInerney; T. H. OteBoS o InTERe SVit,PRODUCTS & MATERIALS 753

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COVERThe plant stress hormone ethylene inhibits cell elon-gation in the hypocotyl and apical hook of seedlingsgrown in the dark. The scanning electron micrographshows this ethylene-mediated phenotype in anArabidopsis seedling (diameter -0.3 millimeter at baseof imaae). Mutational analysis of the response has led

to the identification of genes in the ethylene signaltransduction pathway. See page 667. In this specialissue are collected News stories, Articles, and Reportson various topics in emerging plant science. [Image: J.R. Ecker, G. Ahistrand, and J. Hayden]

The Ethylene SignalTransduction Pathway in Plants

J. R. Ecker

667

Phytochromes: Photosensory 67Perception and Signal Transduction

P. H. Quail, M. T. Boylan, B. M. Parks,T. W. Short, Y. Xu, D. Wagner

Modification of Plant Lipid 68SynthesisR. T6pfer, N. Martini, J. Schell

Cosuppression, Flower Color 68Patterns, and Metastable GeneExpression States

R. A. Jorgensen

75

B1l

36 d

REPORTS

Loss of Atmosphere from Mars Dueto Solar Wind-Induced SputteringD. M. Kass and Y. L. Yung

Metal Nanotubule Membranes with !,Electrochemically Switchable Ion-TransportSelectivityM. Nishizawa, V. P. Menon, C. R. Martin

Prebiotic Synthesis of 5-SubstitutedUracils: A Bridge Between the RNAWorld and the DNA-Protein WorldM. P. Robertson and S. L. Miller

A Reevaluation of the Ozone Budgetwith HALOE UARS Data: No Evidencefor the Ozone Deficit

697

700

702

705

P. J. Crutzen, J.-U. GrooB, C. Bruihl, R. Mdller, J.M. Russell III

Global Mean Sea Level Variations fromTOPEX/POSEIDON Altimeter DataR. S. Nerem

708

Interannual and Interdecadal Variability 710in 335 Years of Central England TemperaturesG. Plaut, M. Ghil, R. Vautard

Oral Immunization with a F 714Recombinant Bacterial Antigen Producedin Transgenic PlantsT. A. Haq, H. S. Mason, J. D. Clements, C. J.Arntzen

Generation and Assembly of n 716Secretory Antibodies in Plants

J. K.-C. Ma, A. Hiatt, M. Hein, N. D. Vine, F.Wang, P. Stabila, C. van Dolleweerd, K. Mostov,T. Lehner

Generation of Memory B Cells and 720Plasma Cells in VitroC. Arpin, J. Dechanet, C. Van Kooten, P.Merville, G. Grouard, F. Briere, J. Banchereau,Y.-J. Liu

Immune System Impairment and Hepatic F 722Fibrosis in Mice Lacking the Dioxin-BindingAh ReceptorP. Fernandez-Salguero, T. Pineau, D. M. Hilbert,T. McPhail, S. S. T. Lee, S. Kimura, D. W.Nebert, S. Rudikoff, J. M. Ward, F. J. Gonzalez

Inhibition of Proteasome Activities and 726Subunit-Specific Amino-Terminal ThreonineModification by LactacystinG. Fenteany, R. F. Standaert, W. S. Lane, S.Choi, E. J. Corey, S. L. Schreiber

Translational Suppression by 731Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion at FMR1Y. Feng, F. Zhang, L. K. Lokey, J. L. Chastain,L. Lakkis, D. Eberhart, S. T. Warren

Release of Ca2+ from Individual Plant 735Vacuoles by Both InsP3 and Cyclic ADP-RiboseG. J. Allen, S. R. Muir, D. Sanders

Mismatch Repair Deficiency in 738Phenotypically Normal Human CellsR. Parsons, G.-M. Li, M. Longley, P. Modrich,B. Liu, T. Berk, S. R. Hamilton, K. W. Kinzler, B.Vogelstein

++1 1 _ -fi

T+ _ -

_+ i,~+_

639 & 700Nanoscalestrainer

AAAS Board of Directors F Indicates accompanying featureFrancisco J. Ayala

Retiring President,Chairman

Rita R. ColwellPresident

Jane LubchencoPresident-elect

William A. Lester Jr.Simon A. LevinMichael J. Novacek

Anna C. RooseveltAlan SchriesheimJean E. TaylorChang-Lin TienNancy S. Wexler

William T. GoldenTreasurer

Richard S. NicholsonExecutive Officer

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268 (5211)

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