Rice Seed Production Scenario in India_0

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Rice Seed Production Scenario in India

Y. Yogeswara rao,

Executive Director Vikky's Agrisciences Pvt. Ltd.

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Abstract

The growing population of India along with its changing food habits needs around 130

million tonnes of rice by 2025. Seed is the basic and critical input in crop production. The

increase in rice production can be achieved through quality seed, hybrid seed and

transgenic varieties tolerant to pests etc. The usage of farm saved seed is to be reduced

and farmers are to be encouraged to use quality seed to increase productivity levels.

Andhra Pradesh which is popular as “Seed Hub of India”, can produce required quantities

of quality seed of varieties and hybrids on indents to various states, besides meeting its

own requirements. Private sector is playing a key role in seed production in Andhra

Pradesh. About 85 percent of the hybrid rice seed marketed in the country is produced in

Andhra Pradesh. It is estimated that nearly 3.5 to 3.75 lakh qtls of hybrid rice seed was

produced in Andhra Pradesh during Rabi 2010-11.

The public sector research organisations, ViZ., ICAR/SAUs to provide the seeds of latest

varieties/hybrids of rice to public and private sector seed companies on liberalised terms of

MOA. To popularize the usage of quality seed, the Government of India should allow

subsidy under different schemes for all popular hybrids without insisting for notification and

release. This will help particularly for increase of area under hybrid rice in the country.

Seed is the basic and critical input in crop production. In the absence of quality seed, the

investments made on other agricultural inputs such as fertilizers, pesticides both under

rainfed and irrigated conditions will not give desired yields. Thus, for raising the

productivity levels in crops, “Quality seed is a must”. It is necessary to provide

quality seed on time, in adequate quantities near the door steps of the farmers.

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The current population of India is 121.02 (2011 Census) crores. It is estimated that the

population is likely to increase to 138.89 crores by the year 2025. To meet the requirement

of growing population and changing life style, about 300 million tonnes of foodgrains

including 130 million tonnes of rice will be required by 2025, against the current production

of 234.50 and 94.01 million tonnes of foodgrains and rice respectively during 2010-11.

PER CAPITA AVAILABILITY OF FOODGRAINS AND RICE IN INDIA.

The per capita availability of foodgrains increased from 144.1 to 162.1 kg per year during

1951 to 2009 while the rice availability increased from 58.0 to 68.8 kg per person per year.

In view of the increase in purchasing power and increase in population, the growth in rice

and foodgrain production is needed (Table 1).

Table 1: Per Capita Net Availability of Rice Vs Foodgrains (per annum) in India.

(kg. per year)

Year Rice Foodgrains Percentage of Rice

to Foodgrains

1951 58.0 144.1 40.24

1961 73.4 171.1 42.89

1971 70.3 171.1 41.08

1981 72.2 166.0 43.49

1991 80.9 186.2 43.44

2001 69.5 151.9 45.75

2009 68.8 162.1 42.44

Source: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2010: Department of Agriculture & Cooperation,

GOI

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The targeted foodgrain production can be achieved by vertical growth in crop production

particularly in crops like rice and wheat.

Rice is the staple food for nearly 70% of the Indian population. During the year 2010-11,

rice with 94.01 million tonnes of production contributed to 40.5% of the total foodgrain

production of the country (Table 2).

Table 2: India-Rice Production During 2006-07 to 2010-11

Year

Production

(Million tonnes)

Increase/Decrease in production

over previous year (%)

2006-07

93.36

__

2007-08

96.69

+3.5

2008-09

99.18

+2.5

2009-10

89.13

-10.1

2010-11*

94.01

+5.4

Source: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2010: Department of Agriculture &

Cooperation, GOI

*National Conference on Agriculture for Kharif campaign - 2011,

Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, GOI

During the past five years, the growth in rice production ranged from 2.5 to 5.4% except in

2009-10 which was -10.1%. Thus in general it shows the need for further increase in rice

production and also stabilisation of production during aberrant weather conditions.

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The rice productivity and production can be improved by using:

1. Quality seed of location specific improved varieties released by ICAR/SAU’s/

Private sector.

2. To encourage usage of short duration hybrids in Northern India (both Notified and

Non-notified) to enable sowing of wheat and other crops on time in rabi season

and long duration hybrids for kharif in coastal areas.

3. Development and adoption of transgenic rice varieties/ hybrids tolerant to insect

pests as in China.

4. Promotion of best management practices in rice production.

INDIAN SEED INDUSTRY

Indian seed industry comprising of both Public and Private Sector companies is well

poised to meet the specific seed demands of farmers, dealers and distributors.

As per the demand projections of National Seed Plan (NSP), the country needs nearly

258.87 lakh qtls. of seeds of all crop varieties / hybrids. During the year 2010-11, a total

quantity of 321.36 lakh qtls of seeds of all crops was available in the country.

Currently 25-30% of the total seed requirement of the country is being met from organized

seed production while rest of the seed requirement is met from farm saved seed. Farmers

are to be motivated to use quality seed obtained from organized seed production rather

than using farm saved seed.

Seed Requirement and Availability in India

During 2010-2011, the quantities of seed produced in cereals, pulses, oil seeds, potato

and other tubers were higher than the requirements proposed under National Seed Plan

(Table 3)

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Table 3. Seed Requirements of India as per National Seed Plan (NSP)

and Seed Availability in 2010-11.

Quantity: Lakh qtls

Crop Group Seed requirement

as per NSP

Seed availability

2010-11

All Cereals

184.77

201.31

All Pulses

23.26

25.90

All Oil Seeds

41.60

66.82

All Fibers

4.36

3.44

Potato and others

4.88

20.57

All Crops

258.87

321.36

Source: National Conference on Agriculture for Kharif campaign - 2011,

Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, GOI

During kharif 2011, the rice seed availability was 64.05 lakh qtls. against the requirement

of 62.75 lakh qtls. The seed production of required rice varieties / hybrids can be

organised during rabi season in semi-arid areas of different states to get good quality

seeds.

Seed Replacement Rates (SRR) in Rice

The Seed Replacement Rates in rice are comparatively low in the states of Madhya

Pradesh, Chathisgarh, Haryana, Bihar, Orissa, Jharkhand and West Bengal.

The details of Seed Replacement Rates in rice during 2008-09 to 2010-11 are given in

Table 4.

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Table 4: Seed Replacement Rates (SRR) in Rice in Major Rice Growing States of

India During 2008-09 to 2010-11

(SRR in percentage)

State Area (m.ha) * Seed Replacement Rates (2008-09 to

2010-11)

2006-07 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11

Karnataka 1.39 32.95 38.85 42.65

Gujarat 0.73 22.76 37.32 36.44

Madhya Pradesh 1.66 11.05 15.60 13.31

Tamil Nadu 1.93 61.39 73.09 70.00

Andhra Pradesh 3.98 100.00 100.00 100.00

Maharashtra 1.53 42.07 42.02 44.13

Chathisgarh 3.72 13.81 20.39 28.41

Punjab 2.62 21.09 27.83 40.08

Haryana 1.04 17.86 18.52 21.69

Uttar Pradesh 5.92 28.92 28.40 37.77

Bihar 3.36 19.51 26.39 31.27

Orissa 4.45 15.05 19.07 20.79

Jharkhand 1.62 14.61 23.42 25.13

West Bengal 5.69 28.03 30.00 32.00

Assam 2.19 22.70 32.42 46.45

Source: National Conference on Agriculture for Kharif campaign - 2011,

Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, GOI

*Rice Almanac India, DRR 2010

The states with comparatively low SRR can meet their requirements by entering into

agreement for seed production with Public sector (State Seeds Corporations(SSCs)) /

Governmental agencies / Cooperatives / Private sector organizations in the surplus seed

producing states like Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, U.P. etc

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PUBLIC - PRIVATE - PARTNERSHIP (PPP) IN SEED PRODUCTION

The public sector research organizations (ICAR/SAU’s) need support of public and private

sector seed companies for popularizing the high yielding varieties / hybrids of rice

developed by them. To enable the farmers to have access for the latest varietal / hybrid

seed of public sector research organisations (ICAR/SAU’s), the following changes are

needed in the MOA being adopted by ICAR/SAU’s currently (Table 5). This goes a long

way in making available the seeds of latest rice varieties/hybrids developed by public

sector to the farming community which ultimately helps to increase farm incomes.

All popular hybrids of public sector/ private sector for which there is demand from farmers,

irrespective of their notification and release, to be made eligible for subsidies. In the

absence of this, the farmers will be denied of getting the benefit of the popular hybrids.

Table 5. Modifications Needed in MOA of ICAR/SAU’s

Clause

No. Existing clause Modification suggested

4 The Licensee agrees that it would use

the given parent line(s) only for the

purpose of commercial seed

production and sale of the said hybrid

and its marketing as per this

agreement

The parents of the hybrids particularly

‘R’ lines to be permitted for marketing

as a variety, if desired by the company.

The royalty for such varieties is to be

paid on par with Article 6.7 of SMTA of

CGIAR, which is about 1.1% or 1.0

%.This goes a long way in

commercializing public bred varieties.

5 The Licensee agrees that it would

market the seed under the same

name as given by the licensor.

In case the Licensee wants to use any

exclusive denomination (brand name)

to trade the licensed hybrid/variety, the

seed packet should contain a visible

statement “This hybrid is produced by

using the parental lines licensed by

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Clause


ICAR/SAUs”. This will help to avoid

unhealthy competition among

companies.

9&10 The Licensee agrees not to sub-

license to produce/multiply/market the

seeds of the said variety/hybrid to any

other company including its own

subsidiaries/associate companies

operating in India or abroad.

In case the Licensee desires to

further sub-license the seed

multiplication and marketing or any

other use, of the said variety/hybrid,

the Licensee agrees that it shall be

done only with specific written

permission /agreement with the

licensor.

Licensee to be permitted to sub-license

the product to its subsidiaries/associate

companies operating in India.

Some of the big national companies

having share holding in other

companies are selling popular products

through all their associate companies.

This will help for sale of large volumes

of seed.

Not to insist for specific permission

from licensor, when marketed through

its subsidiaries/ associates companies.

12 The Licensee agrees to be fully

responsible for any complaint made

/liability claimed by any affected party

(i.es) including farmers/ farmers

organization/court decisions etc. and

the licensor will not be responsible for

any complaints/litigation.

The Licensor if required, to depute

scientists to inspect the fields under

complaint and to give the feedback to

the company.

14 The Licensee agrees to pay upfront

payment of Rs……..lakhs at the time

of signing the MOA. On payment of

above mentioned amount by the

Better to increase royalty instead of

upfront payment and royalty. The

middle level and small companies will

be at a disadvantage, since they may

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Licensee; the Licensor will supply 30

kg. seeds of the variety or The

Licensee agrees to pay upfront

payment of Rs……..lakhs at the time

of signing the MOA and will pay

royalty @4% on the total amount of

net realization value [Net realization

value =(Invoice price-Dealers

discount)] of sale of hybrid seed

produced subject to a minimum

payment of Rs……lakhs every year

starting from the third season (second

year) during the period under which

MOA is in force. On payment of the

above mentioned royalty every year

by the Licensee ,which is mandatory,

the Licensor will supply the seeds of

parental lines of the hybrid(10 kg. of A

line,5 kg. of B line and 5 kg. of R line)

not be able to pay upfront.

To encourage the above two categories

of companies, it is better to charge

royalty only.

17 The Licensor and the Licensee agree

that this agreement is valid initially for

a period of …….years from the date

of signing the agreement, and

thereafter, it is renewable for any

further period on mutually agreed

terms and conditions.

Agreement period to be valid for five

years uniformly.

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PUBLIC - PRIVATE - PARTNERSHIP IN RICE.

With a view to make available the seeds of rice hybrids developed by public sector

research originations (ICAR / SAU’s) to the farming community in different states, the

private sector seed companies have entered into MOU/MOA with the following ICAR

organizations / SAU’s (Table 6).

Table 6. MOU / MOA in Rice with Private Seed Companies

S.No.

Public Sector

Research

Organizations

Rice Hybrids

under MOU/MOA

Private Sector Seed Companies

entered into MOU/MOA

1 DRR, Hyderabad DRRH-2 Sampoorna Seeds, Pratham

Biotech Limited, Neo Seeds, Vikky’s

Agrisciences Pvt.Ltd., Charoen

Pokphand Seeds (INDIA) Private

Limited., Bio seed Research India

Pvt.Ltd., Shakthi Seeds Pvt Ltd.

2 DRR, Hyderabad DRRH-3 Devgen Seeds & Crop Techonology

Pvt. Ltd., Kaveri Seeds, India

Foundation Seed and Services

Association, Ankur Seeds Pvt.Ltd,

Ganga Kaveri Seeds Pvt. Ltd

3 IARI, New Delhi Pusa RH-10 India Foundation Seed and

Services Association, J.K.Agri

Genetics, Nath Biogene (I) Ltd.,

Devgen Seed & Crop Technology

Pvt. Ltd., Zuari Seeds Limited,

Advanta India Limited, Yashoda

Seeds Pvt. Ltd.,

Namdhari Seeds Pvt. Ltd.,

Amareshwara Agri. Tech Ltd.,

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Bhavani Seeds Pvt. Ltd.

4 GBPUAT, Pantnagar PSD-1& PSD-3 Syngenta India Ltd., Pune.

5 TNAU,Coimbatore CORH - 3 Rasi Seeds (P) ltd, Attur, T.N.

6

CRRI, Cuttack Ajaya,

Rajalakshmi

Annapurna Seeds,

Vikky’s Agrisciences Pvt. Ltd.,

Hyderabad

7

UAS, Mandya KRH-2 Namdhari Seeds Pvt., Bidadi,

Bangalore.

8 BSKKV, Karjat Sahyadri-1 Syngenta India Ltd., Pune.

9

JNKVV, Jabalpur JRH-4, JRH-5 Vikky’s Agrisciences Pvt. Ltd.,

Hyderabad.

Source: Viraktamath, B.C. et-al 2011

RICE SEED PRODUCTION

a) Varietal Rice Seed Production :

Varietal seed production of rice is mainly concentrated in the states of Andhra Pradesh ,

Chathisgarh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Tamil Nadu,

Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal.

Where ever there is shortage of rice varietal seeds, the SSCs / Governmental

organizations of these states can enter into agreements for seed production with their

counter parts and Private companies of the states, which can produce more quantities of

seed over and above their state requirements.

b) Hybrid Rice Seed Production: The hybrid rice seed production is concentrated

mainly in Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam, Kurnool and Mahabubnagar districts of

Andhra Pradesh.

Andhra Pradesh share in hybrid rice seed production is around 85 %. Hybrid rice seed is

also produced in Chathisgarh, Karnataka and other states.

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RICE HYBRIDS RELEASED IN INDIA

Till 2010 a total of 46 rice hybrids were released in the country both from public and

private sector. Out of these hybrids, 27 are from public sector and 16 are from private

sector.

We have to concentrate on developing rice hybrids with synchronous flowering parents

which are less sensitive to weather aberrations for getting higher seed yields. This will help

to make hybrid rice seed production more profitable, which ultimately helps to make

available hybrid rice seed at a reasonable price. So far, two hybrids in medium slender

grain category were released viz., DRRH-3 (DRR) & 27P11 (Pioneer) on par with grain

quality of BPT 5204 (Samba mashuri). However, there is a need to develop still more

hybrids in this category for southern India. This will help to achieve the hybrid rice seed

targets set under National Food Security Mission (NFSM).

RICE SEED PRODUCTION IN ANDHRA PRADESH.

Andhra Pradesh is one of the important states for production of hybrid and varietal seeds

of rice. The state in addition to meeting its own requirements, also supplies seeds to many

other states through APSSDC & private seed companies functioning in the state.

There is ample scope for producing required quantities of hybrid rice seed in Andhra

Pradesh due to congenial climate prevailing during rabi season in northern Telangana

region of the state. It is estimated that during 2010-11 rabi season an approximate quantity

of 3.5 to 3.75 lakh qtls of hybrid rice seed was produced in the state. There are more than

40 companies producing hybrid rice seeds in the state.

The following are the major companies involved in production and marketing of hybrid rice

seed in India (Table 7).

Sl.No Name of the Company

1 A.P. State Seeds Development Corporation

2 Ankur Seeds Ltd

3 Advanta India Ltd.

4 Annapurna Seeds

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5 Aadhaar Seeds Pvt.Ltd.

Sl.No Name of the Company

6 Bayer Bio Science Pvt.Ltd

7 Bioseed Research India Pvt.Ltd.

8 Delta Agri Genetics Pvt.Ltd.

9 Devgen Seeds & Crop Technology

10 Dhaanya Seeds

11 Ganga Kaveri Seeds Pvt.Ltd.

12 Indo American Hybrid Seeds-India Pvt Ltd.

13 Karnataka Agricultural University

14 J.K. Agri Genetics Ltd.

15 Kaveri Seeds Company Ltd

16 Krishidhan Seeds Ltd

17 Maharashtra State Seeds Corp

18 Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds Company Ltd.

19 Manisha Agri Bio Tech Pvt. Ltd

20 M & M Seeds

21 Nath Bio Gene(India) Ltd

22 National Seeds Co-operation

23 Nidhi Seeds Pvt.Ltd.

24 Nirmal Seeds Pvt.Ltd.

25 Nuziveedu Seeds Ltd

26 PHI Seeds Ltd.

27 Rasi Seeds (P) Ltd.

28 Siri Seeds (India) Pvt.Ltd.

29 Sriram Bioseed Genetics India Ltd.

30 Super Seeds (P) Ltd

31 Spriha Bio-Sciences Pvt.Ltd.

32 Syngenta India Ltd.

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33 U S Agri Seeds (India) Pvt.Ltd.

34 Vibha Agritech Ltd.

35 Victory Seeds

36 Vikky's Agrisciences Pvt Ltd

37 V.N.R Seeds Pvt. Ltd.

38 Zuari Seeds Ltd.

Source: Information collected from production centers

CERTIFIED SEED PRODUCTION OF RICE IN ANDHRA PRADESH.

During the period from 2007-08 to 2009-10 the quantity of certified rice seed produced in

the state ranged from 9.84 to 14.74 lakh qtls. (Table 8).

Table 8: Agency wise Certified Rice Seed Production in Andhra Pradesh

during 2009-10

Quantity in qtls

Sl.No. Agency Quantity Certified

1 NSC Ltd 92615

2 APSSDC Ltd 348027

3 Seed Village Program 771

4 Seeds Farms 159

5 NAFED Ltd 37003

6 MSSC Ltd 47802

7 SFCI Ltd 1090

8 Co-operatives 4345

9 Private Companies 942948

Total 14,74,760

Source: APSSCA 2010

From the above it is seen that National Seed Oraganisations Viz; NSC, SFCI and State

Seed Corporations Viz; APSSDC, MSSC and Co-operatives and Private Seed Companies

have taken up certified seed production of rice in Andhra Pradesh. During 2009-10

certified seeds of 49 rice varieties were produced in the state.

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This shows that there is ample scope for production of certified seed of required rice

varieties in Andhra Pradesh to meet the seed requirements of various states and thereby

increase their Seed Replacement Rates.

During 2009-10, the share of private seed companies in certified seed production of rice in

Andhra Pradesh was 63.9 percent. Thus the private sector seed companies are playing

great role in seed production of high volume - low value crops also.

VALUE OF INDIAN SEED MARKET:

India with nearly 2000 USD million ranks 4th along with Brazil in domestic seed market in

the world. (Table 9).The domestic seed market of India had increased from 1500 USD

million in 2008 to 2000 USD million (Rs.9400 crores) in 2011, registering an increase of

33.3% in a span of three years. The share of India in commercial seed market is 4.76

percent. The domestic seed market value of the country may easily reach Rs.15, 000

crores by 2015.

Table 9: Domestic Seed Market in Top Ten Countries (March 2011)

Value: USD million

Country Value

USA 12000

China 6000

France 2400

Brazil 2000

India 2000

Japan 1400

Germany 1261

Italy 780

Argentina 600

Canada 550

Source: International Seed Federation (ISF), 2011

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The varieties/hybrids of different crops developed in India will be suitable for the Agro

Ecological zones situated between 300 North and South latitudes.

The value of seed exports of field crops from India in 2009 was 15 USD million. The value

of seed exports can be increased considerably by increasing export of hybrid seeds of rice

and maize etc., to Vietnam, Philippines, Bangaladesh, Indonesia and other countries.

References:

1. Anonymous, 2010. Agricultural statistics at a glance: Directorate of Economics and

statistics. Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of

India, New Delhi, India. Tables 4.5(a), 4.6(a) &10.2.

2. Anonymous, 2011. National Conference on Agriculture for Kharif Compaign-2011,

Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India.

New Delhi, India. pp 1; 57-67.

3. Viraktamath, B.C., Shaik N.Meera., and Hari Prasad, A.S. 2011. Public - Private-

Partnership in Rice Sector: Present Status and Future Prospects.Indian Seeds and

Planting Material. 4(2); National Seed Association of India, New Delhi. India. pp 49-55.

4. Shobha Rani, N., Prasad, G.S.V., Prasad, A.S.R., Sailaja, B., Muthuraman P.,

Viraktamath, B.C., and Shaik N.Meera. 2010. Rice Almanac India. Directorate of Rice

Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India.

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