RICE RESIDUES BURNING IN VIETNAM AND POSSIBLE TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS

Bandung, 04-05 October, 2018

Dr. Hong Nam NGUYEN

Clean Energy and Sustainable Development laboratory (CleanED lab)

University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (Vietnam – France University)

Haze and biomass burning in Asia - a systems perspective to

reveal opportunities with benefits for long-term transformations

II

III

IV

Rice residues burning in Vietnam

Possible technological solutions

Conclusions and perspectives

1I About CleanED laboratory

Table of contents

2

3

Research

1. Energy economics and policy

2. Biomass & waste to energy

3. Smart grid optimization

4. Materials for energy

CleanED LABORATORY

Collaboration

Core members: WWF, GreenID, CleanED, CEWAREC, Live & Learn

II

III

IV

Rice residues burning in Vietnam

Possible technological solutions

Conclusions and perspectives

1I About CleanED laboratory

Table of contents

4

5

Rice production of Vietnam

5th biggest rice exporter in the world

Annual paddy production over the last 5 years: ~ 41 Mt

Mekong River Delta: 52%, 3 seasons: Winter-Spring, Summer-Autumn and Autumn-Winter

Rice area

1 dot = 5000 ha

Red River Delta: 18%, 2 seasons: Winter-Spring and Autumn-Winter

6

RegionRice straw (Mt) Rice husk (Mt)

Winter-

Spring

Summer-

Autumn

Autumn-

Winter

Winter-

Spring

Summer-

Autumn

Autumn-

Winter

Red River Delta 3.58 - 3.00 0.72 - 0.60

Northern Midlands

and Mountains1.45 - 1.94 0.29 - 0.39

North Central and

Central Coast3.53 1.86 1.49 0.71 0.37 0.30

Mekong River Delta 9.99 12.68 1.55 2.00 2.54 0.31

Sub-total 18.55 14.54 7.98 3.72 2.91 1.60

Total 41.07 8.23

Rice residues production in Vietnam

~ 28 Mt of coal~ 26 MJ/kg*

8 Mt/year~ 13 MJ/kg*

=

7

Rice residues potential

=

41 Mt/year~ 15 MJ/kg*

+

200 TWh

(~1.6 times electricity

consumption in 2016)

* Our own measurements in the laboratory

Rice straw usage

Non-energy

use (~5%)

Mushroom cultivation

Cattle feeding

Incorporation to soil etc.

Energy use

(~15%)

Direct burning in traditional

cookstoves

Open field

burning

(~80%)

For disposal

8

Rice husk usage

Energy use

(~20%)

Direct burning in traditional

cookstoves, brick/ceramic kilns

Open field

burning

(~35%)

For disposal

Non-energy

use (~15%)

Soil amendment

Livestock

Sorbent & building material, etc.

9

Another disposal ways (35%)

(left on the field, dump into the canals (35%)

10http://hoabinhxanh.vn/

http://tinmoitruong.vn/http://phapluatdansinh.phapluatxahoi.vn/

Burning of rice residues in Vietnam

http://Samtrix.vn/

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Region Rice straw (Mt) Rice husk (Mt)

Red River Delta 5.92 0.99

Northern Midlands

and Mountains3.14 0.48

North Central and

Central Coast5.50 0.62

Mekong River Delta 21.80 2.42

Total 36.36* 4.51*

Quantity of rice residues burned

The quantity burned varies depending on the location: rural areas –

suburban areas, and the season: winter-spring -- autumn-winter are

not considered

*Including open field burning for disposal and direct burning in

traditional cookstoves, brick/creamic kilns

Impacts of rice residues burning

GHG emission

Soil quality & local environment

People’s health

12

13

Emission from rice residues burning

0.110.06 0.11

0.42

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

Red RiverDelta

NorthernMidlands &Mountains

North Central& Central

Coast

MekongRiver Delta

Mill

ion

to

ns

N2Oemission inCO2eq

CH4emission inCO2eq

GWP = 3.19 Mt of CO2eq

Open field burning of rice straw

(M. D. Nguyen 2012; Arai et al. 2015; Cuong, Le, and Hoang 2016; Le, Nguyen,

and Le, n.d.; H. V. Nguyen et al. 2016; Yu, Lin, and Chang 2012)

Burning of rice husk in brick/ceramic kilns/traditional cookstoves (Ahiduzzaman

2007; Irfan et al. 2014; Ichikawa and Naito 2017; Wang et al. 2012)

14

24.3

12.9

22.6

89.4

1.2 0.6 1.14.2

15.88.3

14.0

55.3

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

Red River Delta NorthernMidlands &Mountains

North Central &Central Coast

Mekong RiverDelta

Kt

NH3

SO2

NOx

Emission from rice residues burning

Increase of soil temperature, decrease of microorganisms (Son Tung, Xuan Cu, and Xuan Hai 2014)

Deprivation of organic matters, increase of pH in the soil (Mandal et al. 2004)

15

50.7 26.8 46.7184.8

598.3

315.0

541.7

2,143.6

0.0

500.0

1,000.0

1,500.0

2,000.0

2,500.0

Red RiverDelta

NorthernMidlands &Mountains

North Central& Central

Coast

Mekong RiverDelta

Kt

PM2.5

CO

Emission from rice residues burning

Aggravation of respiratory, eye and skin diseases (Kumar, Kumar, and Joshi2015, Hong Nam Nguyen et al. 2016

Vascular diseases (Torigoe et al. 2000; Gadde et al. 2009, Co et al. 2014)

II

III

IV

Rice residues burning in Vietnam

Possible technological solutions

Conclusions and perspectives

1I About CleanED laboratory

Table of contents

16

17

Clean cook stoves in Vietnam

«Top-lit updraft» principle

Better performance than traditional stoves theoretically

Product quality and efficiency vary greatly by design

Clean cook stoves in Vietnam:

End-user adoption study- Evaluation of existing designs in Vietnam

- Disseminate appropriate designs

Performance test of 09 existing stove designs (Global

alliance of Clean cookstove protocol)

Clean cook stoves in Vietnam

Data collection in 3 months

Introduction of 2 stoves in 60 households in 7 villages

+ Survey on people

health and environmental

concerns

20

Clean cook stoves in Vietnam

Critical review of available cookstove technologies in

Vietnam

Adoption of new technology occurred (0.7 – 1 time/day

for new device)

Nguyen Hong Nam & SNV Netherlands, Market Acceleration of Advanced

Clean Cook Stoves in the Greater Mekong Sub-Region, End User Adoption

Study, Project report 2016.

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Biomass gasification systems

PYROLYSIS

Volatiles

CHAR GASIFICATION

PYROLYSIS GAS/TAR

OXIDATION/CRACKING

H2O + CO2 Heat

Air

SYNGAS (CO + H2)

DRYING

C + H2O CO + H2C + CO2 2 CO

endothermicChar

SYNGAS

(CO + H2)

Critical look of biomass

gasification system – Cambodia

23

Biomass gasification in Cambodia

12 gasification systems visited

Interviews with stakeholders (n=62)

2424

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Rice mill Ice factory Brick factory REE Garment

Biomass gasification in Cambodia

Sustainability assessment:

- Socio-economic impacts

- Environmental impacts

Number of power gasification systems by province in 2014

25

Socio-economic impacts

Job creation:2 full-time jobs for a 150kWe system

Diesel substitution:

Technology transfers:

New rice husk market creation:

Rice husk: (>50% sold out)

Dual engine

60-80%

Gas engine

100%

Local products

No workshops,

no trainings

Imported products

(Ankur manufacturer)

Workshops, trainings

provided by SME

company

Yam Chan rice mill Deum Pou village

Deum Pou village 26

Environmental impacts

36 (84)%

5 (11%)

2 (5%)

Management of waste issues

No milling

Ugrade system

Number of gasifiers stopped

until 2014

27

Gasification system in Cambodia

Current technology works, but not sustainable

Technological improvement needed

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1 Hong Nam Nguyen, Minh Ha Duong, Laurent Van de Steene, “A critical look at rice husk gasification in Cambodia: Technology and Sustainability”,Journal of Science and Technology 53 (3A), 2015 2 Hong Nam Nguyen, Laurent Van de Steene, Minh Ha Duong, “Rice husk gasification technology: From industry to laboratory”, IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 159 (2018) 012033, DOI:10.1088/1755-1315/159/1/012033, 3 Hong Nam Nguyen, Laurent Van de Steene, “Kinetics of rice husk char gasification in an H2O or a CO2 atmosphere”, Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, DOI:10.1080/15567036.2018.1486900

Biomass gasification research

Fundamental research to study the behaviours of rice

residues during gasification, gasification of rice husk and

rice straw pellets, etc.

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Biomass gasification research

Applied research: setup a pilot system of pelletizer + gasifier for

electricity production

Pelletizer, 40 kg/h

(Nova-Pellet brand) Gasifier, 20 kWe

(All Power Lab brand)

Mini grid

Rice residues in Vietnam: great potential, but being wasted by burning

Possible technological solutions: clean cook stoves, biomassgasification systems

Possible research collaborations:

• Clean cook stoves

• Gasification technologies

• Assessment of clean >< traditional technologies (sustainability, pollutant emissions, people’s health, etc.)

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Conclusion and perspective

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Thank you for your attention!