Rice planting system in Nepal Arjun Pandey Department of plant and soil science Oklahoma State...
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Transcript of Rice planting system in Nepal Arjun Pandey Department of plant and soil science Oklahoma State...
Rice planting system in Nepal
Arjun PandeyDepartment of plant and soil science
Oklahoma State University
Outline
• Introduction• Agriculture in Nepal• Rice Planting System• SRI and Conventional Method• Problems • Conclusion
Introduction:
Background: Area of Nepal-147181sq. Km. Total farming Population-65% 23% of total area is the most fertile land where cereal production is mainly
concentrated. Agriculture Contributes to about 33.8% to national GDP.(World Bank,2010) Provides part and fulltime employment opportunities to 65.5% of its
population. Elevation ranges from 70 m (230 ft) to 8848 m (29,029 ft) above sea level. Tremendous variation in climate (tropical to temperate) as a result of
variation in altitude. There are four main climatic seasons: Spring : March-May Summer : June-AugustAutumn : September-NovemberWinter : December-February
Physiographic Regions and Cropping System
• Himalayan• High mountain• Middle mountain• Siwalik• Terai
Agriculture in Nepal Among agriculture crops rice is main crop, cultivated on nearly 1.55 M Ha of lands. Total production of rice 2008/09 was 4.3 millions of tons, with average productivity of
2907kg/ha(world average is about 4204kg/ha)
Problems of rice cultivation • Older generation of seeds
• High Production cost
• Low doses of fertilizers
• Manual/bullock- Based cultivation
• Fraction of land(small holding=0.24ha)
• Distribution of land
• Low Irrigation facility
• Poor Farmers(% of population below international poverty line of US$1.25 per day, 1994-2008*=55) (Unicef,2010)
Rice cultivation system:
Upland rice cultivation:- 9% of total rice cultivation area is under upland.
Lowland rice cultivation: Major practice Cultivated 2 times in a year
Different methods of rice planting
• Direct planting- In Nepal it is not practiced yet, and research is going on.
• Transplanting
Two ways of transplanting is popular in Nepal.
Conventional Transplanting Modern Transplanting(SRI)
Conventional Rice Transplanting System
• Farmers Use more than 60 kg of seeds/ha
• Transplant very old seedlings(30-45 days)
• Plants many seedlings 8-10/hill.
Modern Rice Planting System(SRI)
• System of Rice Intensification-Evolved in Madagascar, over 20-yr period
• In Nepal introduced in 1998
• One seedling per hill.
Why SRI ??
2009 2007 2005 2003 2000 1995 1990 19850
1
2
3
4
5
Area Production and Yield inNepalyieldproductionarea
Year
Area
/Yie
ld/P
rodu
ction
Easte
rn Te
rai ( M
orang)
Easte
rn Te
rai (S
unsari)
Easte
rn Hill
(Dhan
kuta)
Easte
rn High
Hill (Pan
chthar)
Centra
l Tera
i (Sarl
ahi)
Centra
l Tera
i (Dhan
nusha)
West
ern Te
rai (R
upandeh
i)
West
ern In
ner Te
rai (D
ang)
0
2
4
6
8
10
SRI Yield (T/Ha) Conventional Yields (T/Ha)
PRACTICE/PURCHASECOSTS,SRI RICE(RS/HA)
COST CONVENTIONAL RICE(RS/HA)
DIFFERENCE(RS/HA)
SEED 125 1250 1125
NURSERY PREPARATION 50 500 450
LAND PREPARATION 7500 7500 0
COMPOST 4800 2400 -2400
FERTILIZERS 1500 3000 1500
TRANSPLANTING 1250 1500 250
IRRIGATION 200 400 200
WEEDING 750 1350 600
PESTICIDE 0 500 500
HARVESTING 1750 1500 -250
TOTAL COST 17925 19900 1975
REVENUE,GRAIN 60450 23250 -37200
REVENUE,BY PRODUCT 3000 3000 0
TOTAL REVENUE 63450 26250 -37200
NETPROFIT 45525 6350 -39175
Five Principles of SRI
Comparisons of factor effects:
• Young seedling 8 days-6.28 t/ha vs. 20 days-3.80 t/ha
• Water management effectWater control -5.75 t/ha vs. Flooding- 4.34 t/ha
• FertilizationCompost-5.49 t/ha vs. NPK fertilizer -4.48 t/ha
• Plants per hill effect1 plant/hill- 5.43 t/ha vs. 3 plants/hill- 4.65 t/ha
• Spacing effect30x30cm- 5.08 t/ha vs. 25x25 cm 5.00 t/ha
source-Uphoff, 2006
Twelve Techniques of SRI
Nursery Preparation Uprooting Seedlings
Marking the area Planting on the spot
Intercultural operation
Technology PromotionLeaf Color Chart
Urea Super Granule
Seed Production and Preservation
Alternate Wet and Dry(AWD) irrigation System
Pheromone trap
http://wn.com/samardeen17
Conclusion
SRI method is found to be more productive than conventional method
Main components for higher yield of rice is younger seedlings, fewer seedlings /hill, wider spacing and AWD irrigation
Tools and machines supply/availability for making and weeding are every useful for adoptingSRI in larger areas
THANK YOU