Rice Paddy Production, PracticRice Paddy Production, Practices, and Policy Analysis of Pakistanes,...
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"Rice Paddy Production, Practices, and Policy Analysis of Pakistan" Usman Mustafa, PhD Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE)
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Usman Mustafa, PhDChief, Project Evaluation and Training Division, andHead, Department of Management StudiesSocial Sciences DivisionMonday, 08 September 20141:15 pm - 2:15 amSSD Conference Room | J. Drilon BuildingInternational Rice Research Institute Professor Dr. Usman Mustafa is presently working as Chief, Project Evaluation and Training Division and Head Department of Management Studies at Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE). An apex and prestigious leading economic research, policy and teaching institute. He has more than 33 years of meritorious research, teaching and development services record, in different International Organizations, Programs/projects and Government departments in different capacities. He got his Ph.D. and. M.S. degrees in Economics from IRRI/University of Philippines at Los Banos (UPLB) during 1991 and 1987, respectively. He also possessed MBA (Mkt.) degree from Pakistan. He got his B.Sc. (Hons.) and M.Sc. (Hons.) degrees in Agricultural Economics from the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan during 1976 and 1991, correspondingly. Beside these he too completed his Post Doctorate from AVRDC – The World Vegetable Center, Taiwan. Dr. Mustafa has the expertise in environment and agricultural economics, research, policy analysis, training, management, monitoring and evaluation, HRM, environment, resource economics, planning, co-ordination and collaboration, team building, management, development, formal and informal diagnostic survey i.e. Participated Reflection & Action (PRA). He is Higher Education Commission (HEC) recognized PhD supervisor and supervised five PhDs and more than 40 MPhil students for their research work. He is also visiting faculty member in number of Universities, teaching and training institutes. He is also a certified trainer from International Finance Corporation (IFC), World Bank Group. He has also been an active member of different international/national social and academic organizations. He is an author of more than 90 research articles, technical/consultancies reports, workshops/conferences papers and chapter in edited books. He is member of number of International and local Journal’s editorial boards and also act a reviewers.
Transcript of Rice Paddy Production, PracticRice Paddy Production, Practices, and Policy Analysis of Pakistanes,...
"Rice Paddy Production, Practices, and Policy Analysis
of Pakistan"
Usman Mustafa, PhD
Pakistan Institute of Development Economics (PIDE)
Format Brief about Pakistan and rice Rice Research in Pakistan (Historical Perspective) Current Scenario of Rice in Pakistan Production Constraints Rice Program at NARC and Research in Progress Current Pak. IRRI Collaboration Projects Private Rice Production and Export Need for Effective Rice Policy Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) Recommendations Future Perspectives with IRRI
Land area: 300,664 sq mi (778,720 sq km);
Total area: 310,401 sq mi (803,940 sq km)1
Population (2013 est.): 193,238,868 (growth rate: 1.5%); birth rate: 25.0/1000; IMR: 65.3/1000; life expectancy: 65.3; density per sq mi: 215
Largest cities: Karachi 13,125,000; Lahore 7,132,000; Faisalabad 2,849,000; Rawalpindi 2,026,000
Agriculture: Main stay (25% GDP, 45% lab., raw material for Ind.), diverse agro-ecological zone, arable land and water resources, 8th world wide in agri. Prod., Chickpea (3rd ), Apricot (6th ), Cotton (4th), Milk (5th), Date Palm (5th),SC (5th), Onion (7th), Mandarin oranges(6th), Mango (4th), Wheat (7th), Rice (14th)
Basic Statistic's
Rice in Pakistan
Pakistan India China Phil.
Prod. (000 t) 6,800 151,515 204,286 18,016
Con. 2,600 95,000 144,000 12,925
Yield (t/hac) 2.5 3.52 6.74 3.84
E. Price (US$/t) 1360 420
Rice - oldest cultivated crops in South Asian region.
In Pakistan, rice is an important food and cash crop. 2nd largest staple food after wheat and exportable commodity after cotton.
Among most famous varieties Basmati - aroma & quality. It has competitive edge in the world market.
AREA, PRODUCTION, YIELD AND EXPORT VALUE OF RICE IN PAKISTAN
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Rice Research Historical Background …
Research on rice in Pakistan - 1926. Rice Research Station, Kala Shah Kaku established in Kalar
tract of Punjab, w/c homeland of world famous fine-grain-aromatic variety, “Basmati 370”.
1970, station upgraded - multi-disciplinary institute (Rice Research Institute) with a wider mandate.
Punjab, earlier research work - limited to purification rice varieties with farmers.
From these groups, 7 promising varieties were identified as most desirable and released for general cultivation including world famous aromatic rice variety - Basmati-370 in 1928.
Historical Background …
Sindh, research work - started in 1920 at Rice Research Station, Larkana and then that station was shifted to Dokri in 1938, and upgraded as Rice Research Institute in 1970.
Two varieties Kangni-27 (Long grained non-aromatic) and Jajai-77 (Long grained aromatic) were released in 1932 and 1934 (produced ↑ 10-15% from local).
IRRI gave a momentum to rice production in Sindh (IR-6 & 8) tested in Sindh in 1967 and released in 1969. The variety is still popular in Sindh and covers a maximum area in Sindh province.
Historical Background …
In NWFP (KPK), varietal improvement work was started at ARI, Tarnab, Peshawar in 1962.
As a result, one local variety “Kamode” was selected for general cultivation.
In 1964, the research work was shifted to Mansehra and D.I Khan. A local variety JP5 was selected at Mansehra and was released along with three other varieties Jhona M.F, Basmati C-622 and Bengalo in 1965.
The research work was then shifted from Mansehra to Mingora in 1975.
Historical Background
A Cooperative Research Program on Rice was initiated in 1975 at the National level. PARC acts as coordinating agency.
In addition to coordination, M&E of research and development activities, PARC conducts research on those aspects, which are not being taken by other institutions.
Current Scenario Rice planted on an area of over 2.76 million ha (12% of the total
cropped area), with total production of 6.73 m tons during 20013-14, and accounts for 18% - total cereals produced annually in Pakistan.
6.7 % of value added in agri. and 1.6 % in GDP. Pakistan ranks 5th country in the world for rice export. Every year around 1/3 of the total rice produce is exported and
2/3 is consumed locally. During 2010-11, rice area decline by 14 % over the last year, due
to the shift of rice area to cotton and sugarcane crops. Last year, the area under hybrid rice was almost 17 % in Sindh and
2-3 % in Punjab. During the current rice season, hybrid area is expected to increase to 22 % in Sindh and 5-7 % in Punjab.
A total of 22 % rice area is still under banned and low-yielding rice varieties.
Production Constraints ↓ yielding rice varieties. ↓ plant population. Water scarcity or drought Declining soil fertility
(waterlogging and salinity) and imbalance use of fertilizers.
Losses caused by insect pests, diseases and weeds
Harvest and post-harvest losses.
Inadequate R&D - ↓ resources (H & K)
Rice Program (NARC)Objectives: Devel. of ↑ yielding rice varieties/indigenous hybrids and
commercialization. Devel. & dissemination of water ↓ rice production tech. Economical and sustainable nutrient management in rice
production system. Refining & adoption of IPM for sustainable yield and
cleaner environment. Production of better quality paddy through improved
harvest and post-harvest operations. Establish linkages with national and international
organizations and strengthen public-private partnership.
Research in Progress … Varietal ↑: Indigenous Hybrids
Devel. (Restorer & CMS lines seed) Water-Saving Rice Tech. (dry or aerobic rice saved 25-34% water, ↑ 54 % productive tillers and 43 % grain yield over farmers’ conventional practice)
Integrated Nutrient Management (Zinc to Rice Nursery, Spray of Potash, Leaf Colour Chart, Green Manuring, etc.)
Integrated Pest Management
Research in Progress Harvest and Post-Harvest Losses
(European 2nd hand combines – mainly for wheat, Rice thresher, burning crop residues -tive effects
Germplasm Acquisition and Distribution - 21,000 lines from IRRI, via INGER net work - 12 rice varieties developed/released.
National Uniform Rice Yield Trials - 400 rice lines tested and 50 rice varieties were released for general cultivation
Current Pak. IRRI Collaboration1. Agricultural Innovation Program (AIP) 2013-16 (Breeding
Program for improved Indica and Basmati Rice, Improved Crop Management, ↑ Post Harvest and Quality control, Capacity building for rice R&E officers)
2. Green Super Rice (GSR) for the Resource-Poor of Africa and Asia Phase II (2014-15) - Large Scale Seed production, Agronomic trial, Conduct adaptive research trials for new sets of GSR materials, HRD,
3. SIAC Activity 2.1: Organize the collection of crop germplasm improvement research related direct outcomes in South, Southeast and East Asia
4. Punjab Basmati Rice Value Chain 2014-16 - Improved basmati seed varieties, farming and postharvest practices, research and service capabilities
Private Rice Production & Export
Rice trading is open and well managed by private sector. Exporters invested in rice-processing equipment to ↑quality of rice. Similarly, private-sector investment in milling improved the quality of rice available for exports, thus enhancing competitiveness of Pakistan’s rice in export.
Need for Effective Food/Rice Policy 2 rounds of food price ↑ (2007 & 2011)
→ contributed to mil. of people being hungry or malnourished.
Factors → ↓ growth rate of agri. productivity, ↑ energy prices → ↑ biofuel production, ↓US $, ↑ dd from emerging econ. for agri. products, & weather shocks.
Evidence based policies & strategies help ensure that all people have access to safe, sufficient, nutritious, & sustainably grown food must go beyond traditional agri. production.
Fittingly, dd for evidence-based research to inform those policies is ↑ than ever – efficient crop production
Govt. Intervention Measures of Econ. Incentives affecting relative
incentive in agri.:– Price and subsidy policies– Import and export policies– More general macro-econ. policies i.e. exchange rate and
interest rate policies (Institutional/supply side) Social or econ. profitability deviate from private
profitability bec. of distortions in:- factor and output markets - externalities and - govt. policy interventions
tends to distort relative prices
PAM RESULTS* …Nominal and Effective Protection Coefficient (Avg. 5years)
Crop NPCs = A/E EPCs = (A-B)/(E-F)
Wheat 0.75 0.52
Basmati 0.76 0.56
IRRI 1.16 1.19
S.C (IPP**) 0.95 1.51
S.C (EPP**) 1.50 0.89
Cotton (IPP) 0.81 0.68
Cotton (EPP) 1.07 1.02
* Mustafa U, A. Qudus. 2012. “Evaluating Global Commodity Price Fluctuation and its Implication for Pakistan Agriculture: An Application of Policy Analysis Matrix”. SANEI Working Paper Series No. 12 – 09. South Asia Network of Economic Research Institutes (SANEI), www.sanenetwork.net Dhaka, Bangladesh. http://saneinetwork.net/Publications.php?PubType=2** IPP & EPP = Import & Export Parity Prices
… PAM RESULTSDomestic Resource Costs (DRC) Coefficients (Avg. 5years)
Crop DRCs = G/(E-F)
Wheat 0.53
Basmati 0.68
IRRI 1.75
S.C (IPP) 0.67
S.C (EPP) 1.02
Cotton (IPP) 0.41
Cotton (EPP) 0.67
Usman Mustafa
PAM for Rice Production SystemEconomic Efficiency Rice competing Cotton for land, water and farm resources.
In Punjab Basmati perform ↑ than cotton. S. cane performed ↑ than all competing crops. NPC and EPC for basmati paddy are < 1 during entire 2008-
13 → farmer are not received econ. Price of their produce. While IRRI fluctuate but > some protection to growers.
DRC = Opportunity cost of domestic resource use & if value < 1 → system has comparative advantages (CA). DRC for Basmati < 1 → CA
DRC of IRRI in Punjab > 1 → No CA while Sindh province DRC < 1 → ↑ CA for rice X.
Recommendations … Adequate and regular resources for RD&E -
ASTI. Dire need of evidence based “Rice
Production and Export Policy” – Basmati rice productivity ↑, value addition (Value addition in basmati rice through bio-fortification, rice bran oil extraction, brown rice, etc.), effective and efficient marketing
Climate ∆ impact on rice – adoption. ↑ yielding short duration rice varieties
having desired tolerant to a-biotic & biotic stresses and
Development of aerobic rice cultivation technology.
Recommendations Development of indigenous rice
hybrids - NARS. ↑ quality improvement. Encourage private sector. Carbon sequencing in rice-wheat
system. Post-harvest management- rice value
chain during storage /milling. Food safety analysis (pesticide
residues, heavy metals, aflatoxin) in rice, etc.
HRD – a continue process.
Future Perspectives with IRRI Technical cooperation by sharing IRRI expertise and
experience in R&D, extension in solving all production issues and constraints, Germplasm exchange program – Long term relations.
Sharing of climate ∆ impact on rice productivity and helping in ↓ Carbon sequencing in rice-wheat system.
Formulation of Rice production policy analysis. Food safety analysis (pesticide residues, heavy
metals, aflatoxin) in rice, etc. HRD - new rice generation
