Rhodotus - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia20150421201202

Rhodotus

Rhodotus palmatus, top view of capsurface

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Fungi

Division: Basidiomycota

Class: Agaricomycetes

Order: Agaricales

Family: Physalacriaceae

Genus: RhodotusMaire

Type species

Rhodotus palmatus(Bull.:Fr.) Maire

Synonyms

see text

Rhodotus palmatusMycological characteristics

gills on hymenium

cap is convex

hymenium is adnate

stipe is bare

RhodotusFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Rhodotus is a genus in the fungus family Physalacriaceae.It is a monotypic genus and consists of the singlemushroom species Rhodotus palmatus, known in thevernacular as the netted rhodotus, the rosy veincap, orthe wrinkled peach. This uncommon species has acircumboreal distribution, and has been collected ineastern North America, northern Africa, Europe, andAsia; declining populations in Europe have led to itsappearance in over half of the European fungal Red Listsof threatened species. Typically found growing on thestumps and logs of rotting hardwoods, mature specimensmay usually be identified by the pinkish color and thedistinctive ridged and veined surface of their rubberycaps; variations in the color and quantity of light receivedduring development lead to variations in the size, shape,and cap color of fruit bodies.

The unique characteristics of R. palmatus have made itdifficult for taxonomists to agree on how it should beclassified, resulting in an elaborate taxonomical historyand an extensive synonymy. First named Agaricuspalmatus by Bulliard in 1785, it was reclassified intoseveral different genera before becoming Rhodotus in1926. The familial placement of the genus Rhodotuswithin the order Agaricales has also been subject todispute, and the taxon has been transferred variously tothe families Amanitaceae, Entolomataceae, andTricholomataceae. More recently, molecularphylogenetics analysis has helped determine thatRhodotus is most closely related to genera in thePhysalacriaceae.

Contents

1 History and etymology1.1 Synonymy

2 Taxonomy3 Characteristics

3.1 Microscopic features3.2 Edibility3.3 Antimicrobial activity

4 Habitat and distribution4.1 Light requirements

Rhodotus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhodotus&printable=yes

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spore print is pink

ecology is saprotrophic

edibility: unknown

Young specimens

5 Conservation status6 Notes

6.1 Cited text7 External links

History and etymologyThe type species of genus Rhodotus was originally described as Agaricus palmatus in 1785 by Frenchbotanist Jean Bulliard;[1] mycologist Elias Magnus Fries later included it under the same name in his SystemaMycologicum.[2] It was transferred to the then newly described genus Rhodotus in a 1926 publication byFrench mycologist Ren Maire.[3] The specific epithet is derived from the Latin palmatus, meaning "shapedlike a hand"possibly a reference to the resemblance of the cap surface to the lines in the palm of ahand.[4][5] Common names for R. palmatus include the netted rhodotus,[6] the rosy veincap,[7] and thewrinkled peach.[8]

Synonymy

French botanist Claude Gillet called the species Pleurotus subpalmatus in 1876.[9] A 1986 paper reportedthat the species Pleurotus pubescens, first described by American mycologist Charles Horton Peck in1891,[10] was the same as Rhodotus palmatus, making their names synonymous.[11] According to the samepublication, another synonym is Lentinula reticeps, described by William Alphonso Murrill in 1915, whothought it to be synonymous with Agaricus reticeps (described by Montagne in 1856), Agaricus reticulatus(Johnson, 1880), Agaricus alveolatus (Cragin, 1885), Pluteus alveolatus (Saccardo, 1887), and Panusmeruliiceps (Peck, 1905).[12]

TaxonomyThe placement of the genus Rhodotus in the order Agaricales is uncertain, and various authors have offeredsolutions to the taxonomic conundrum. In 1951, Agaricales specialist Rolf Singer placed Rhodotus in theAmanitaceae because of similarities between the tribes Amaniteae and Rhodoteae, such as spore color andornamentation (modifications of the spore wall that result in surface irregularities), structure of the hyphaeand trama, and chlamydospore production during culture growth.[13]

In 1953, French mycologists Robert Khner and Henri Romagnesi placedRhodotus in the family Tricholomataceaea traditional "wastebaskettaxon"on the basis of spore color.[14] In 1969, Besson argued for theplacement of Rhodotus with the Entolomataceae after studying theultrastructure of the spores.[15] By 1986, Singer had revised the placementof Rhodotus in his latest edition of The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy,noting that "It has formerly been inserted in the family Amanitaceae but isobviously closer to tribus Pseudohiatuleae of the Tricholomataceae."[16]Tribe Pseudohiatuleae included such genera as Flammulina,Pseudohiatula, Cyptotrama, and Callistodermatium.[17] In 1988, aproposal was made to split the Tricholomataceae into several new families,including a family, Rhodotaceae, to contain the problematic genus.[18]

The use of molecular phylogenetics has helped to clarify the propertaxonomic placement of Rhodotus. Studies of the ribosomal DNA


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Rolled-in cap margins and adnategill attachment to the stem aretypical characteristics

Some short gills, called lamellulae,do not extend entirely from the capedge to the stem

sequences from a wide variety of agaric fungi have corroborated Khner and Romagnesi's placement ofRhodotus in the Tricholomataceae as then understood. A large scale phylogenetic analysis published in 2005showed Rhodotus to be in the "core euagarics clade",[19] a name given to a grouping of gilled mushroomscorresponding largely to the suborder Agaricineae as defined by Singer (1986), but also including taxa thatwere traditionally classified in the Aphyllophorales (e.g., Clavaria, Typhula, Fistulina, Schizophyllum, etc.)and several orders of Gasteromycetes (e.g., Hymenogastrales, Lycoperdales, Nidulariales).[20] These resultscorroborated a previous study which showed Rhodotus to be part of a clade containing species such asCyptotrama asprata, Marasmius trullisatus, Flammulina velutipes, Xerula furfuracea, Gloiocephalamenieri, and Armillaria tabescens.[21] The genera containing these latter species have been reassigned to thefamily Physalacriaceae; as of 2009, both Index Fungorum and MycoBank also list Rhodotus as belonging tothe Physalacriaceae.[22][23]

CharacteristicsThe fruit body of Rhodotus has a cap, and stem without a ring or volva.The cap initially assumes a convex shape before flattening somewhatwith age, and typically reaches widths of 26 centimeters(0.82.4 in).[24] The edges of the cap are rolled inwards,[25] and the capsurface typically has a conspicuous network of lightly colored ridges orveins that outline deep and narrow grooves or pitsa conditiontechnically termed sulcate or reticulate. Between the ridges, the surfacecolor is somewhat variable; depending on the lighting conditionsexperienced by the mushroom during its development, it may rangefrom salmon-orange to pink to red.[26] The texture of the cap surface isgelatinous, and the internal flesh is firm but rubbery, and pinkish incolor.[27]

The gills have an adnate attachment to the stem, that is, broadlyattached to the stem along all or most of the gill width. The gills arethick, packed close to each other, with veins and color similar to, butpaler than, the cap.[28] Some of the gills do not extend the full distancefrom the edge of the cap to the stem. These short gills, called lamellulae,form two to four groups of roughly equal length.[27] The stem is1.53.0 cm (0.61.2 in) tall and 0.40.6 cm (0.160.24 in) thick (usuallyslightly larger near the base), and may be attached to the underside ofthe cap in a central or lateral manner.[28] Like the cap color, stem size isalso affected by the type of light received during fruit bodymaturation.[26]

In nature, Rhodotus palmatus is sometimes seen "bleeding" a red- or orange-colored liquid. A similarphenomenon has also been observed when it is grown in laboratory culture on a petri dish: the orange-colored drops that appear on the mat formed by fungal mycelia precede the initial appearance of fruitbodies.[26] The mature fruit body will turn green when exposed to a 10% aqueous solution of Iron(II) sulfate(FeSO4), a common mushroom identification test known as iron salts.[29]

Microscopic features

In deposit, the spore color of Rhodotus palmatus has been described most commonly as pink,[30][31][32] butalso as cream colored.[28] Viewed microscopically, the spores of Rhodotus have a roughly spherical shape,with dimensions of 67.2 by 5.66.5 m; the spore surface is marked with numerous wart-like projections(defined as verricose), typically 0.50.7 m long.[33] The spores are non-amyloidunable to take up iodine


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Minute fruit bodies showing"pin" and "button" stages ofdevelopment

stain in the chemical test with Melzer's reagent.

The spore-bearing cells, the basidia, are club-shaped and 4-spored, with dimensions of 33.643.2 by5.68 m. Although this species lacks cells called pleurocystidia (large sterile cells found on the gill face insome mushrooms), it contains abundant cheilocystidia (large sterile cells found on the gill edge) that are27.248 by 4.88 m in size. Clamp connections are present in the hyphae.[27] The outer cellular layer of thecap cuticle is made of bladder-shaped, thick-walled hyphae, each individually supported by a small stalk thatextends down into a "gelatinized zone".[16]

Chlamydospores are asexual reproductive units made by some fungi that allow them to exist solely asmycelium, a process which helps them survive over periods unsuitable for growth;[34] Rhodotus was shownexperimentally to be capable of producing these structures in 1906. The chlamydospores of Rhodotus arethick-walled cells that develop from single hyphal compartments, and have dimensions of 128 by 86micrometres (0.000310.00024 in).[35]

Edibility

Depending on the source consulted, the edibility of Rhodotus palmatus istypically listed as unknown[28] or inedible.[31][36] The species has nodistinguishable odor, and a "bitter" taste,[31] although one early descriptionreferred to the taste as "sweet".[12]

Antimicrobial activity

As part of a Spanish research study to evaluate the antimicrobial activity ofmushrooms, Rhodotus palmatus was one of 204 species screened against apanel of human clinical pathogens and laboratory control strains. Using a standard laboratory method todetermine antimicrobial susceptibility, the mushroom was shown to have moderate antibacterial activityagainst Bacillus subtilis, and weak antifungal activity against both Saccharomyces cerevisiae andAspergillus fumigatus.[37]

Habitat and distribution

Rhodotus palmatus is saprobic, meaning it obtains nutrients from decomposing organic matter.[38] It growsscattered or clustered in small groups on rotting hardwoods, such as basswood, maple, and especially elm;[27]in Europe it is known to grow on horse chestnut.[26] The mushroom prefers low-lying logs in areas that areperiodically flooded and that receive little sunlight, such as areas shaded by forest canopy.[27] A pioneerspecies in the fungal colonization of dead wood, it prefers to grow on relatively undecayed substrates. It isoften found growing on dark-stained wood, especially the dried-out upper parts of trunks that have lost theirbark.[39] R. palmatus tends to fruit in cooler and moister weather, from spring to autumn in the UnitedStates,[28] or autumn to winter in Britain and Europe.[31]

Described as having a circumboreal distribution,[40] R. palmatus has been reported from Canada,[40][41]Iran,[42] Hungary,[43] Italy,[44] Poland,[45] Slovakia,[46] Denmark, Sweden, Norway,[47] Germany,[48] the areaformerly known as the USSR,[16] Korea,[49] Japan,[40] and New Zealand.[50] In the United States it has beenfound in Indiana,[51] and elsewhere in eastern North America.[28] Although often described as "rare", a 1997study suggests that it may be relatively common in Illinois.[27] It has been suggested that an increase in thenumber of dead elms, a byproduct of Dutch elm disease, has contributed to its resurgence.[5][52]

Light requirements


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Specimen with morepronounced gelatinous surfaceand less distinct reticulations

Fruit bodies can growsingly, or in clusters.

Light at the red end of the visible spectrum has been observed to berequired for the development of R. palmatus fruit bodies, contrary to thetypical requirement for blue light seen with many other mushroomspecies.[26] Fruiting occurs in the presence of green, yellow or red light withwavelengths above 500 nm, but only when blue light (under 500 nm) isabsent. Consequently, phenotypic variations observed in the fieldsuch assize, shape, and cap colormay be influenced by differing conditions oflight color and intensity. For example, specimens grown in the laboratoryunder green light had fruit bodies with short, straight stems and pale orange,large caps with well-developed ridges and pits, an appearance similar tospecimens found in the field that were growing under a canopy of greenleaves. Laboratory-grown specimens under amber light had bright orange,

small caps with less pronounced reticulations; similarly, field specimens found in the fall, after the leaves hadfallen, were more orange to orange-pink in color.[26]

Conservation statusIn the 1980s in Europe, increases in the levels of air pollution, as well aschanging land use practices coincided with reports of declines in the populationsof certain mushrooms. Consequently, a number of fungal conservation initiativeswere started to better understand fungal biodiversity; as of October 2007, 31European countries have produced fungal Red Lists of threatened species.[53]Rhodotus palmatus is a candidate species in over half of the European fungalRed Lists, and is listed as critically endangered, endangered, or near threatened(or the equivalent) in 12 countries.[54] In the Baltic countries Estonia, Latvia,and Lithuania, it is considered by the Environmental Protection Ministries (abranch of government charged with implementing the Convention on BiologicalDiversity) to be regionally extinct, reported as "extinct or probably extinct".[55]It was one of 35 fungal species to gain legal protection in Hungary in 2005, making it a fineable offense topick them.[56]

Notes

Bulliard JBF. (1785). Herbier de la France (https://www.archive.org/stream/herbierdelafranc193240bull#page/n47/mode/1up). France. p. plate 216.

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Fries E. M. (1821). Systema Mycologicum (http://194.203.77.76/librifungorum/Image.asp?ItemID=21&ImageFileName=0186b.jpg) (in Latin). Lundae: Ex officina Berlingiana. p. 186. Retrieved 2009-09-11.

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Maire R. (1926). "Mycological studies". Bulletin de la Socit Mycologique de France (in French) 40 (3):293317.

3.

Findlay WPL. (1967). Wayside and Woodland Fungi (http://books.google.com/?id=tJY_AAAAYAAJ&q=Rhodotus+palmatus&dq=Rhodotus+palmatus). London: F. Warne. p. 130. ISBN 0-7232-0008-4.

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Gaag H van der. (2007). "Rhodotus palmatus: the lonely mushroom" (http://www.namyco.org/images/pdf%20files/Henk_article.pdf) (PDF). McIlvainea 17 (1): 78.

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"Fungi of Iowa: Rhodotus palmatus (Bull.: Fr.) Maire" (http://www.herbarium.iastate.edu/fungi/fungispecies.php?sp=Rhodotus%20palmatus%20(Bull.:%20Fr.)%20Maire). Iowa State University of Scienceand Technology. Retrieved 2009-06-13.

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McKnight VB, McKnight KH. (1987). A Field Guide to Mushrooms, North America. Boston: Houghton MifflinHarcourt. p. Plate 19. ISBN 0-395-91090-0.

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Holden, EM (2003). "Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK: Report to the British MycologicalSociety, English Nature, Plantlife, and Scottish Natural Heritage" (http://www.plantlife.org.uk/uploads/documents/recommended-english-names-for-fungi.pdf) (PDF). Plantlife. Retrieved 2011-12-17.

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Gillet C. C. (1874). Les Hymnomyctes ou Description de tous les Champignons (Fungi) Qui Croissent enFrance (http://books.google.com/?id=ZIY5AAAAMAAJ&dq=%22Claude%20Casimir%20Gillet%22&pg=PA343). Alenon: CH Thomas. p. 343.

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Peck CH. (1891). "Report of the State Botanist (1890)". Annual Report of the New York State Museum 44: 18.ISSN 1066-9639 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1066-9639). OCLC 6435019 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6435019).

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Redhead SA. (1986). "Mycological observations 1516: On Omphalia and Pleurotus". Mycologia 78 (4):52228. doi:10.2307/3807763 (https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F3807763). JSTOR 3807763 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3807763).

11.

Murrill WA. (1915). "Notes on Agaricus reticeps Mont". Mycologia 7: 29092.12. Singer R. (1951). "The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy". Lilloa 22: 1832.13. Khner R, Romagnesi H. (1953). Flore analytique des champignons suprieurs (agarics, boletes, chanterelles)(in French). Paris: Masson et Cie. p. 554.

14.

Besson M. (1969). "Structure de la paroi sporique de Rhodocybe, Rhodotus et Clitopus (Agaricales) [Structureof spore wall of Rhodocybe, Rhodotus and Clitopilus (Agaricales)]". Comptes rendus de l'Acadmie dessciences, Srie D (in French) 269 (2): 14245.

15.

Singer 1986, p. 441.16. Singer 1986, pp. 43335.17. Korf RP. (1988). "Reports (N.S. 1) of the Committee for Fungi and Lichens on Proposals to Conserve and/orReject Names". Taxon 37 (2): 45063. doi:10.2307/1222170 (https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1222170).JSTOR 1222170 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1222170).

18.

Binder M, Hibbett DS, Larsson K-E, Larsson E, Langer E, Langer G. (2005). "The phylogenetic distribution ofresupinate forms across the major clades of mushroom-forming fungi (Homobasidiomycetes)". Systematics andBiodiversity 3 (2): 11357. doi:10.1017/S1477200005001623 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS1477200005001623).

19.

Moncalvo JM, Vilgalys R, Redhead SA, Johnson JE, James TY, Catherine Aime M, Hofstetter V, Verduin SJ,Larsson E, Baroni TJ, Greg Thorn R, Jacobsson S, Clmenon H, Miller OK. (2002). "One hundred andseventeen clades of euagarics" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071025215852/http://www.botany.utoronto.ca/faculty/moncalvo/117clade.pdf) (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 23 (3): 357400.doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00027-1 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1055-7903%2802%2900027-1).PMID 12099793 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12099793). Archived from the original(http://www.botany.utoronto.ca/faculty/moncalvo/117clade.pdf) (PDF) on 2007-10-25.

20.

Moncalvo J-M, Lutzoni FM, Rehner SA, Johnson J, Vilgalys R. (2000). "Phylogenetic relationships of agaricfungi based on nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences". Systematic Biology 49 (2): 278305.doi:10.1093/sysbio/49.2.278 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fsysbio%2F49.2.278). PMID 12118409(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12118409).

21.

"Rhodotus palmatus Index Fungorum Names record" (http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=200961). CAB International. Retrieved 2009-06-12.

22.

"Rhodotus Maire 1926" (http://www.mycobank.org/MycoTaxo.aspx?Link=T&Rec=18472). MycoBank.Retrieved 2009-09-11.

23.


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Healy RA, Huffman DR, Tiffany LH, Knaphaus G. (2008). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of the MidcontinentalUnited States (Bur Oak Guide). Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. p. 157. ISBN 1-58729-627-6.

24.

Bas C, Kuyper TW, Noordeloos ME, Vellinga EC, Van Crevel R, Van Os J. (1995). Flora AgaricinaNeerlandica3 (http://books.google.com/?id=NGGiXsS9eYwC&pg=PA175). CRC. p. 175.ISBN 978-90-5410-616-6.

25.

Miller OK Jr, Palmer JG, Gillman LS. (1980). "The fruiting and development of Rhodotus palmatus in culture".Mycotaxon 11 (2): 40919.

26.

Sundberg WJ, Methven AS, Monoson HL. (1997). "Rhodotus palmatus (Basidiomycetes, Agaricales,Tricholomataceae) in Illinois" (http://194.203.77.76/LibriFungorum/Image.asp?ItemID=283&ImageFileName=0403b.jpg). Mycotaxon 65: 40310. Retrieved 2009-09-11.

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Miller HR, Miller OK. (2006). North American Mushrooms: a Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi(http://books.google.com/?id=zjvXkLpqsEgC&pg=PA155). Guilford, Conn: Falcon Guide. p. 155.ISBN 0-7627-3109-5.

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Kuo M. "Testing Chemical Reactions" (http://www.mushroomexpert.com/macrochemicals.html).MushroomExpert.Com. Retrieved 2009-09-14.

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Arora D. (1986). Mushrooms Demystified: a Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi. Berkeley, California:Ten Speed Press. p. 203. ISBN 0-89815-169-4.

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Jordan M. (1995). The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe (http://books.google.com/?id=ULhwByKCyEwC&pg=PA175). Newton Abbot: David & Charles. p. 175. ISBN 0-7153-0129-2.

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Kuo M. "Rhodotus palmatus" (http://www.mushroomexpert.com/rhodotus_palmatus.html).MushroomExpert.com. Retrieved 2009-06-14.

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Pegler DN, Young TWK. (1975). "Basidiospore form in the British species of Clitopilus, Rhodocybe andRhodotus". Kew Bulletin 30 (1): 1932. doi:10.2307/4102870 (https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F4102870).JSTOR 4102870 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/4102870).

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Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M. (1996). Introductory Mycology. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 23031.ISBN 0-471-52229-5.

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Marryat DCE. (1908). "Chlamydospore formation in the Basidiomycete Pleurotus subpalmatus". NewPhytologist 7 (1): 1722. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1908.tb06067.x (https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.1908.tb06067.x).

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Phillips R. "Rhodotus palmatus" (http://www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~6742.asp).Rogers Plants Ltd. Retrieved 2009-06-14.

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Suay I, Arenal F, Asensio FJ, Basilio A, Cabello MA, Dez MT, Garca JB, del Val AG, Gorrochategui J,Hernndez P, Pelez F, Vicente MF. (2000). "Screening of basidiomycetes for antimicrobial activities". Antonievan Leeuwenhoek 78 (2): 12939. doi:10.1023/A:1026552024021 (https://dx.doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1026552024021). PMID 11204765 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11204765).

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Cited text

Singer R. (1986). The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy. 4th rev. ed. Koenigstein: Koeltz ScientificBooks. ISBN 3-87429-254-1.

External links

Rhodotus (http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/genusrecord.asp?RecordID=18472) at Index Fungorum


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palmatus.Picture of spores (http://www.ne.jp/asahi/mushroom/tokyo/tricholoma/rhodotus/hosianzutake-page.htm)

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Categories: Fungi of Africa Fungi of Asia Fungi of Europe Fungi of New ZealandFungi of North America Fungi of Oceania Inedible fungi Monotypic Basidiomycota generaPhysalacriaceae Fungi described in 1785

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Rhodotus - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia20150421201202

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