GEOINFORMATION FOR DISASTER PREPAREDNESS & MITIGATION:TOWARDS COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION

RHODORA M. GONZALEZ, PhDDepartment of Geodetic Engineering, UP Diliman

THE NEED FOR A CONCERTED EFFORT

GOVT ACADEME

PEOPLE

HOW TO MAKE IT WORK?HOW TO MAKE IT WORK?

RECENT DISASTERSRECENT DISASTERS……

Earthquake Indonesia

Landslide – Quezon ; Leyte

Hurricane Katrina

Flooding Asia & Europe

Tsunami Asia

Cyclone China /Vietnam

DISASTER TRENDDISASTER TREND

A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing

widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.

DISASTER DEFINITIONDISASTER DEFINITION

Why deal with disasters?Why deal with disasters?• Disasters are events that result in mortality and damagemortality and damage which

exceed the response and recovery capabilities of the affected area, creating the need for outside assistance

• Annual costs of more than 100 billion US$ worldwide

• Disasters have been increasing in number

• Division into:

– Natural disasters

– Man-made disasters

– Man-induced disasters (accelerated/aggravated by human influence)

• The Philippines is one of the most disaster prone areas in the world, there is an urgent need to bring critical data to scientists in real-time. The scientists can then quickly make evaluations and issue timely warnings.

• Combining expertise (science & local knowledge) could result in important synergies that can develop and apply new technologies that could save lives.

• We better treat them as ¨natural phenomena¨to be understood and be prepared for in order to live in harmony with nature

Why deal with disasters?Why deal with disasters?

DISASTER TYPES:DISASTER TYPES:

• Extra-terrestrial:– asteroid impact

• Internal Geo-dynamic processes:– Earthquake, tsunami, volcanic eruption

• External Geo-dynamic processes:– Landslide, soil erosion, land degradation

• Hydro-meteorological:– Floods, Tropical storms, drought

• Ecological / environmental:– Pollution, crop disease,

• Epidemics:– SARS, HIV / AIDS, Avian Flu

• Technological:– (Industrial) accidents

• Conflicts:– War, land mines, terrorism

Hazards are purely naturalHazards are purely natural

Hazards are purely humanHazards are purely human--mademade

Natural process Natural process accelerated /aggravated byaccelerated /aggravated bySocial /anthropogenicSocial /anthropogenicprocessesprocesses

Human Suffering

Occurrence of disasters depends on:

Presence of HAZARD(s)(potentially damaging phenomenon)

SUSCEPTIBILITY /VULNERABILITY(amalgamation of factors for occurrence) RISK (threat imposed on something valuable)

e.g., threat to life / property

HighModerateLowNot Susceptible

HighModerateLowNo risk

VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY

• Population growth

• Unplanned settlements due to land scarcity

• Climate variability and climate change

• Migration of population to cities

• Higher vulnerability of industrial zones

• Increased environmental degradation

• Densely populated communities

• More people living on marginal lands

• High risk due to natural & human-made hazards

Paradigm Shift inDisaster Management

•• Before:Before:Disaster risk management– (“REACTIVE”)the effective organization, direction and utilization of available counter-disaster resources

•• Today:Today:there must be pre-disaster mitigation measures to avoid or reduce impact of disasters. (“PRO-ACTIVE” / PREPARED)

Pre-disaster measures to prevent or mitigate disasters are called Disaster Risk Management

Disaster risk management

e.g. Landslide inventoriese.g. Landslide inventories

• Knowledge of occurred

landslides aids to

mitigate landslide

disasters and increases

the willingness for

disaster preparedness

• Landslide inventories

are the basis for

susceptibility maps and

hazard zonation maps

THE NEED FOR A CONCERTED EFFORT

GOVT ACADEME

PEOPLE

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH & EXPERIMENTATIONS MASS MOBILIZATION & IMPLEMENTATION

HOW TO MAKE IT WORK?HOW TO MAKE IT WORK?

GOVT. ORGANIZATION & INFRASTRUCTURE

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AS PART OF DEVT PROCESS

GeodesyGeodesy

An interdisciplinary science that uses space technology and ground-based measurements to study the shape and size of the Earth, the planets and their satellites

Photogrammetry and Remote SensingPhotogrammetry and Remote Sensing

The technology of acquiring information about the Earth's surface and atmosphere using sensors onboard airplanes or satellites.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

A combination of hardware and software used to manipulate, store, retrieve, view, and analyze spatial data.

LANDSLIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY:ƒ(slope, soils, landuse-landcover, rainfall)

ELEVATION

SOIL MAP

LANDCOVER-USE MAP

SLOPE MAP/ DEM

HAZARD MAP

RIVERS

SLOPES

Proximity &River Drainage

RISK MAP

Landslide risk sub-model: ƒ(rivers) RAINFALL

•Hazard assessment

•Vulnerability assessment

•Risk Assessment

•GIS mapping and scenario building

Disaster risk management elements

PrePre--Disaster PhasesDisaster Phases PostPost--Disaster phasesDisaster phases

• Risk Identification

•Mitigation •Risk Transfer •Preparedness •EmergencyResponse •Rehabilitation

and •Reconstruction

•Physical/ structural works

• Insurance/ reinsurance

•Early warning systems.

•Communicationsystems

•Humanitarian assistance / rescue

•Rehabilitation/Rconstruction of damaged critical infrastructure

•Land-useplanning and building codes

•Financial market instruments

•Monitoring and forecasting

•Clean uptemporaryrepairs and restoration of services

•Macroeconomic and budget management

•Economic incentives

•Privatization of public services with safety regulations

•Shelter facilities•Emergency planning

•Damage assessment

•Revitalization of affected sectors(exports,tourism)

•Hazard assessment

•Vulnerability assessment

•Risk Assessment

•GIS mapping and scenario building

•Education, training and awareness

•Calamity funds• •Contingency

•planning (utility •companies / •public services)

•Mobilization ofrecovery measures

• Incorporation of disaster mitigation

components in reconstruction

•Early warning systems.

•Communicationsystems

•Monitoring and forecasting

•Shelter facilities•Emergency planning

•Contingency planning (utility companies / public services)

GEOINFORMATION PLAYS A BIG ROLE GEOINFORMATION PLAYS A BIG ROLE

Risk is a spatial problemRisk is a spatial problem

• Hazard:How much water when and where?

• Elements at risk:Which elements where, and how many/much ?

• Vulnerability:How much water where?

Risk is a multidisciplinary spatial problemRisk is a multidisciplinary spatial problem

• Hazard assessment:done by earth scientists, hydrologists, volcanologists, geologists, etc.

• Elements at risk:done by geographers, urban planners, civil engineers

• Cost estimation:done by economists

• Vulnerability:done by structural engineers, civil engineers, social workers

• Risk assessment:Done by GIS experts

Vulnerabilitymap

Risk map

Hazard map

Cost information

Elements at risk

Aerial photographs

Satellite images

GPS

Statistical tables

• Risk is the likelihood orprobability of a hazard event

of a certain magnitude occurring. Risks are measures of the threat of hazards.

• Risk is the actual exposure

of something of human value

to a hazard. Often regarded

as the product of probability and loss..

-ADPC

RISK

Landslide risk input dataLandslide risk input data

Traditional New

Total Risk

Rainfall, intensity, duration, frequency

Landslide Occurrences

Triggering Factors

Elements at Risk

Landslide Hazard X

Specific Risk

Vulnerability X

type, magnitude,time, activity

Earthquake catalog

Building stock

Run-out zones

Amount

P (type, magnitude) / time & location

Temporal probability of landslide initiation

E.g. nr/ $ / object[0..1] / (type,magnitude, distance)

NR/$ loss (type, magnitude) / time

NR/$ loss (type, magnitude) / time

Landslide hazard methods

Heuristic analysis

Statistical analysis

Inventory analysis

Deterministic analysis

m - (distance) /(type, magnitude)

P(type, volume)/ time

EnvironmentalParameters

Population

Infrastructure

Geology,Soil,

Landuse,

Slope, Height

Internal relief,

Hydrology

P(type, volume)/ location

Spatial probability of landslide initiation(Susceptibility)

Vulnerabilityrelations

∑ All landslide types∑ All landslide volumes∑ All triggering events∑ All elements at risk

Spatial landslide risk assessmentSpatial landslide risk assessment

GeoinformationGeoinformation in Disaster Managementin Disaster Management

• Mapping extent of disaster• Damage assessment• Relief coordination• Evacuation

• Disaster relief

• Catalogues with spatial component

• Hazard assessment

• Elements at risk mapping

• Vulnerability assessment

• Risk assessment

• Spatial Decision Support Systems

• Disaster prevention

• Disaster plans

• Anomalies in a time series

• Forecasting & Early warning

• Monitoring of an ongoing situation

• Disaster preparedness

• Post-disaster census

• Identification of sites for reconstruction

• Update hazard, vulnerability

and risk databases

• Disaster recovery

e.g., Use of satellite data for e.g., Use of satellite data for inventory of landslidesinventory of landslides

Risk assessment needs GIS analysisGIS analysis-->Geoinformation awareness for all who are

involved in disaster risk management

Disasters shape the future of our planetDisasters shape the future of our planet(captured in satellite images)(captured in satellite images)

Change detection of Change detection of ““snapsnap--shotsshots”” from spacefrom space

Change detection of Change detection of ““snapsnap--shotsshots”” from spacefrom space

Change detection of Change detection of ““snapsnap--shotsshots”” from spacefrom space

Change detection of Change detection of ““snapsnap--shotsshots”” from spacefrom space

LandslidesLandslides

• Cherry Hills, August 1999

-Punongbayan 1999

• Panaon Island, December 2003

- The Philippine Star 2003

LandslidesLandslides

• Guinsaugon, February 2006

- US Marines 2006

LandslidesLandslides

Example: Example: Mapping of landslidesMapping of landslides

• Aerial photographs showing landslide scars which have been detected in SPOT (20m resolution) change images

• Two SPOT images were classified (MLC) and post-classification images were compared

• Simple Assumption due to the location of the study area : Change in land cover = natural earth movements

• Detected slides were compared to air photos: Detection rate ~70%

• Errors of commission mainly because of human induced changes

Nichol & Wang (2005)

SCALES OF ANALYSISSCALES OF ANALYSIS

• National Scale- 1:1,000,000 covering the entire country intended

to generate awareness• Regional Scale

- between 1:100,000 to 1:1,000,000 covering large catchments for reconnaissance & planning

• Medium Scale- between 1:25,000 to 1:100,000 covering a municipality for detailed planning

• Large Scale- between 1:2,000 to 1:25,000 covering a barangay or part of a city for design and mitigation

• Site Investigation Scale- between 1:200 to 1:2,000 covering the area where engineering works will be carried out for detailed design

CommunityCommunity--based approachesbased approaches

Profiles Mapping Transects

Focus group discussions

Livelihood/coping analysis

Problem Tree

Ranking

CVA

DECISION-MAKING

Participatory Design of a GISParticipatory Design of a GIS““The primary medium of participatory design is conversationThe primary medium of participatory design is conversation””

((NovickNovick and Wynn, 1993)and Wynn, 1993)

INVOLVING STUDENTSINVOLVING STUDENTSIN MISSIONIN MISSION--ORIENTED RESEARCHORIENTED RESEARCH

LANDSLIDEHAZARD MAP

INTEGRATING SCIENCE & LOCAL KNOWLEDGEINTEGRATING SCIENCE & LOCAL KNOWLEDGE

CRUCIAL LOCAL OBSERVATIONS TO CONSIDER

COMMUNITY PARTICIPATIONTHEY ULTIMATELY WRESTLE WITH THE PROBLEMATIC SITUATION

TOWARDS SCIENCE-INFORMED SOCIAL MOBILIZATION

GOVT

PEOPLE

POLICY

ACTION

Academe Expertise

IMPORTANT LESSONS FROM THE PHILIPPINE EXPERIENCE:IMPORTANT LESSONS FROM THE PHILIPPINE EXPERIENCE:

For FLASH FLOODS & LANDSLIDES, the signs to watch out for are:

• Drying up of rivers,• Heavy rains lasting more than 12 hours, • High levels of water in rain gauges (instruments were washed away).

REAL, QUEZON (Feb. 2005)

700Million

• Mitigation & increased preparedness

- Minimize the effects of a hazard by taking the appropriate precautionary actions

- Map high risk areas for different disasters to increase preparedness and ameliorate damage

- This includes the planning for efficient response, public awareness of danger, public education and awareness campaigns, evacuation plans, etc.

• Provision of early warnings

- Continuous monitoring of environmental parameters can allow a developing situation to be identified

- This is routinely done with meteorological satellites to anticipate droughts, forest fires, volcanic eruptions etc.

GeoinformationGeoinformation in Disaster Management in Disaster Management

• Monitor the hazard in real time

- Provide information on the evolution of the event and foresee future stages of the hazard.

• Assess the damage

- Qualitative or quantitative investigation of damage caused by an event, as well as access to the site

• Provide relief- Provide spatial information to maximise effectiveness of

relief efforts (e.g. supply of goods to places of greatest need)- Monitoring of residual hazard to avoid secondary disaster- Aid in local and regional planning to ensure appropriate

rebuilding

GeoinformationGeoinformation in Disaster Managementin Disaster Management

ConclusionsConclusions

• Geo-Information tools have become essential for landslide hazard, vulnerability and risk assessment

• ^ Landslide inventory maps needed !• Joint-learning for geo-hazard risk

preparedness and mitigation.

Large-scale

ConclusionsConclusions

• Earth Observation data can aid during the whole disaster management cycle

• Automation techniques are needed to aid data interpretation

• There is a need for routine monitoring

GeoinformationGeoinformation for Allfor AllRemains a challenge:Remains a challenge:

-- Access to Access to geoinformationgeoinformation-- Competence in handling Competence in handling geoinformationgeoinformation-- Equipment costEquipment cost-- Earth Systems Science EducationEarth Systems Science Education-- Generalized Curriculum for laymanGeneralized Curriculum for layman

ConclusionsConclusions

GOVT

PEOPLE

POLICY

ACTION

Academe Expertise

““Change the perception that disasters are Change the perception that disasters are technical problems for technical peopletechnical problems for technical people””

ConclusionsConclusions

Levels of Participation in Disaster Risk Mgt. Levels of Participation in Disaster Risk Mgt. (Villasis and Cardona, 1999 )

NATIONAL ENGINEERING CENTERNATIONAL ENGINEERING CENTERUniversity of the PhilippinesUniversity of the Philippines--DilimanDiliman

TRAINING CENTER FOR APPLIED TRAINING CENTER FOR APPLIED GEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRYGEODESY AND PHOTOGRAMMETRYUniversity of the PhilippinesUniversity of the Philippines--DilimanDiliman

DEPARTMENT OF GEODETIC ENGINEERINGDEPARTMENT OF GEODETIC ENGINEERINGTelephone Nos.: (02) 920Telephone Nos.: (02) 920--8924 ; (02) 9818924 ; (02) 981--8500 loc.31248500 loc.3124

TrainingTrainingProgramsProgramsThe UP TRAINING CENTER FOR APPLIED

GEODESY AND SPACE TECHNOLOGY(TCAGST) is the research and extension arm of the Department of Geodetic Engineering. Together with the National Engineering Center (NEC), it offers training programs, continuing professional education (CPE), and short courses for government employees, practitioners, and other agencies engaged in spatial information production and utilization.

• Training ProgramsThe TCAGST offers training programs featuring courses on applied informatics (Course B+), resource mapping and valuation (Course E+), and geomatics technology update (Course G) suitable for technical, local government personnel and practitioners of geodetic engineering.

• Continuing Professional Education (CPE)The CPE provides modules on geodetic engineering science, geodetic engineering technologies, and geodetic engineering laws as prescribed by the PRC for updating and upgrading the knowledge of licensed geodetic engineers.

• Short Courses (1-2 weeks)Short courses conducted at the TCAGST range from basic to advanced topics in Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Specialized topics such as Land Use Mapping using Remote Sensing and GIS, and Sub-meter Positioning using Differential Global Positioning Systems (DGPS) are also being offered.

For more Informaton: Call us at Tel. Nos.: 981-8500 local 3124; Telefax: 920-8924; or email us at this address: dge@engg.upd.edu.ph

Degree ProgramsThe DEPARTMENT OF GEODETIC

ENGINEERING offers an undergraduate program in Geodetic Engineering and two graduate programs in Remote Sensing.

• Bachelor of Science in Geodetic EngineeringThis 5-year undergraduate program offers a comprehensive and relevant curriculum highlighting the advanced science and technologies in the fields of surveying, mapping and cartography, geodesy, and geomatics.

• Master of Science in Remote SensingThis graduate program includes 30 units of graduate courses on the principles, advances, and applications of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) including a 6-unit master’s thesis.

• Diploma in Remote SensingThis graduate program offers 24 units of graduate courses on the principles and applications of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems.

The DEPARTMENT OF GEODETIC ENGINEERING andThe DEPARTMENT OF GEODETIC ENGINEERING andThe The TRAININGTRAINING CENTER FOR APPLIED GEODESY CENTER FOR APPLIED GEODESY AND SPACE TECHNOLOGYAND SPACE TECHNOLOGY

College of Engineering, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101 Philippines

OUR VISION:OUR VISION:Our vision is to become an education and research hub for the vast network of our students and graduates in providing excellent and exciting new educational and technical applications of earth and space observation and measurement science.

OUR MISSION:OUR MISSION:Our mission is to bring out the best in our students and together – to develop new ways by which science and technology of earth and space observation and measurement can be strengthened to make it work for the good of our society.

Our Department:Our Department:In 2001, the DEPARTMENT OF GEODETIC ENGINEERING was conferred the CENTER OF EXCELLENCE award by the Commission on Higher Education in recognition of its academic achievements and excellence in training and educating young geodetic engineers.

A home of the GE Board Exam Topnotchers, with the record of consistently passing professional examinations. The Professional Regulations Commission, through the Board of Geodetic Engineering, recognized the department’s exemplary performance in such examinations.

Our Students:Our Students:Our undergraduate students form a core of skilled, talented, and competitive enthusiasts from various national and science high schools from the different regions of the country.

Our graduate students represent a vast range of disciplines – professionals with engineering background, specialists in geology, geography, agriculture and forestry that reflect the multidisciplinary character of the field of remote sensing and GIS.

“The emerging role of engineers and scientists is to develop new ways of seeing our environment….. in the search for a sustainable society..”

University of the Philippines DilimanQuezon City

THANK YOUFOR YOUR ATTENTION!