Rhetorical Terms

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AP Language and Compostion Period 2 and 3

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Rhetorical Terms. AP Language and Compostion Period 2 and 3. Examples…. Sources. Definition: Substituting one word for another in order to make something sound better or less offensive then it is. Conventional Euphemism: He is differently abled. (Instead of He is crippled.) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Rhetorical Terms

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AP Language and CompostionPeriod 2 and 3

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Examples…

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Euphemism + DysphemismEuphemism + Dysphemism

Definition: Substituting one word for Definition: Substituting one word for another in order to make something another in order to make something sound better or less offensive then sound better or less offensive then it is.it is.

Conventional Euphemism:Conventional Euphemism: He is differently abled. (Instead of He is differently abled. (Instead of

He is crippled.)He is crippled.) A group of freedom fighters A group of freedom fighters

defended their homeland. (instead defended their homeland. (instead of A group of terrorists caused pain of A group of terrorists caused pain and death.)and death.)

Definition: Intentionally using harsh Definition: Intentionally using harsh language to make something sound language to make something sound worse than it is or to make a point.worse than it is or to make a point.

Examples: Erik is a grammar Nazi. Examples: Erik is a grammar Nazi. (instead of Erik is helpful in pointing (instead of Erik is helpful in pointing out my typing mistakes.)out my typing mistakes.)

They’re killing us! (Instead of they They’re killing us! (Instead of they are winning.)are winning.)

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TapinosisTapinosis

Using language to attack a persons self esteem or credibility.Using language to attack a persons self esteem or credibility. Sharon still picks her nose, what a moron.Sharon still picks her nose, what a moron. Jeff, you are the most extravagantly idiotic person I have ever met, your Jeff, you are the most extravagantly idiotic person I have ever met, your

grandma hates you. grandma hates you.

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Invective + DiatribeInvective + Diatribe

-A blatant verbal attack on someone -A blatant verbal attack on someone or something.or something.

You, my friend, are incompetent You, my friend, are incompetent and ignorant.and ignorant.

I hate Wal-Mart, it is stupid.I hate Wal-Mart, it is stupid.

-A denunciation or criticism against -A denunciation or criticism against someone or something.someone or something.

Kim Jong-il is a corrupt and Kim Jong-il is a corrupt and delusional leader, he should not be delusional leader, he should not be in office.in office.

Controlling power hungry narcissists Controlling power hungry narcissists are the only people who want to are the only people who want to become politicians.become politicians.

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Works CitedWorks Cited

Cummings, Dr. Susanna, “Euphemism and dysphemism.” Cummings, Dr. Susanna, “Euphemism and dysphemism.” Language and Language and Power.Power. Linguistics 50 – Winter 2003. University of California, Santa Linguistics 50 – Winter 2003. University of California, Santa Barbara. 22 Jan. 2003. Web. 26 Oct. 2009.Barbara. 22 Jan. 2003. Web. 26 Oct. 2009.

““Diatribe.” Diatribe.” Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com. N.p. n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2009.N.p. n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2009. Lynch, Jack. “Invective.” Lynch, Jack. “Invective.” Jack Lynch. Jack Lynch. N.p. n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2009.N.p. n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2009. Nordquist, Richard. “Tapinosis.” Nordquist, Richard. “Tapinosis.” About.comAbout.com. Grammar and Composition. . Grammar and Composition.

N.p. n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2009.N.p. n.d. Web. 26 Oct. 2009.

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Definition: Semantics are the study of the meaning of a word or the relation between words through symbols and signs for what they represent or connect to.

Example: You are in your kitchen and you smell apple pie baking, which creates an image in your mind which makes you remember your grandmother’s house and the memories you have had there.

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Definition: An aphorism is a brief statement generalizing the truth of a matter.

Examples: "If you always do what you always did, you will

always get what you always got."("Moms" Mabley)

“People who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones.”

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Howe, Denis. “Semantics.” www.dictionary.com. Random House inc.. 2007. 26 October, 2009.

Harper, Douglas. “Aphorism.” www.dictionary.com. Random house inc.. 2001. 26 October, 2009.

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PedanticPedantic DefinedDefined: An ostentatious, or showy interest and concern for : An ostentatious, or showy interest and concern for

the rules and structures of learning.the rules and structures of learning.

It often emphasizes a strict outlook on knowledge, which It often emphasizes a strict outlook on knowledge, which gives too much attention to detail.gives too much attention to detail.

– Ex. Ex. The lab you are working on fails to show distinguished knowledge The lab you are working on fails to show distinguished knowledge

and does not exemplify the potential which is the epitome of this and does not exemplify the potential which is the epitome of this course.course.

This sentence shows a major concern for knowledge, and uses big, This sentence shows a major concern for knowledge, and uses big, confusing language to illustrate this knowledge.confusing language to illustrate this knowledge.

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MetonymyMetonymy The replacement of a word or concept with another that The replacement of a word or concept with another that

holds the same meaning.holds the same meaning.

A word that is substituted to signify a similar idea.A word that is substituted to signify a similar idea.

– Ex: Ex: The King of England rules the nation.The King of England rules the nation. The Crown of England holds the power in the nation.The Crown of England holds the power in the nation.

In these sentences, “King” is replaced by “Crown.” Although In these sentences, “King” is replaced by “Crown.” Although the words are different, they both mean the same thing.the words are different, they both mean the same thing.

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BibliographyBibliography Burton, Gideon. “Metonymy.” Burton, Gideon. “Metonymy.” Rhetoric.byu.eduRhetoric.byu.edu. .

Silva Rhetoricae. Web. 26 Oct. 2009.Silva Rhetoricae. Web. 26 Oct. 2009.

““Metonymy.” Metonymy.” Dictionary.com.Dictionary.com. 2009. Web. 26 Oct. 2009. Web. 26 Oct. 2009.2009.

““Pedantic.” Pedantic.” Merriam-Webster Online DictionaryMerriam-Webster Online Dictionary. . 2009. Web. 26 Oct. 2009.2009. Web. 26 Oct. 2009.

““Pedantic.” Pedantic.” Wordnik.com.Wordnik.com. 2009. Web. 26 Oct. 2009. Web. 26 Oct. 2009.2009.

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What is…

Figurative Language?

Figurative Language can be best defined as describing something by comparing it with something else.

Some common examples include similies (“busy as a bee”), metaphors (“climbing the ladder of success”), and hyperbole

(“I’m so tired, I could sleep for a year”).

But the most important kind of Figurative Language is…

. . .

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…Analogy!An Analogy is often used in writing to convey points and phrases much more clearly. By definition, analogies express

the similarity in two things with otherwise little resemblance. It is also known as an

extended metaphor in language.

Some examples include…

Short: “Glove is to hand as monitor is to computer.”

Long: "The stray dog was a lot like my ex-husband; it showed up whenever it wanted to, it didn't look like it had bathed in weeks, and it would disappear

every time I got used to it being around. On top of that, it was always hungry, and expected me to spring for lunch."

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Thank You…

1. “Analogy." Webster's New World College Dictionary. LoveToKnow, n.d. Web. 26 October 2009.

2. “What is Figurative Language?” Mr.Donn.org Maxie’s A+ Award For Education Excellence. 26 October 2009.

3. “The Poetics of Robert Frost: Examples.” Frost Friends. 26 October 2009.

4. Willis, Bill. “Hyperbole.” Worsley School OnLine. 1999.

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Theme and Ambiguity of Language

By: Kelly Scharr

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Theme

• A message or central idea about the text or literary work.

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Example

• “This is the main message of the book: if you advance in the direction of how you imagine your life, not how convention dictates that it should be, then you will find success on a scale undreamed through reasonable expectations” (Black).

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Reminder

• Motif- Reoccurring word or phrases throughout the book.

• Theme- Message expressed in a complete thought or sentence.

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Defintion

• Ambiguity- A negative or positive vague expression used instead of a specific one which would be more helpful.

• In more specific ambiguity of language- When a person uses words, actions, or symbols to leave opposing views and interpretation open for a purpose.

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Example• Background- Students get back grades for an

essay. Susie always gets an A and shares the grade with another classmate John.

• Susie- “I got an A!” “I only spent two hours on this it.”

• John- “Cool.”

John’s response can be left open for interpretation. He could either mean it as a really nice job or sarcasm because it happens all the time.

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Works Cited

• Black, Jimmy. “The Primary Message of Walden.” The Thoreau Reader. 9 Aug. 2009. Web. 26 Oct. 2009.

• Wheeler, Kip. “Literary Terms and Definition: A.” Dr. Wheeler’s Homepage. 26 Aug. 2009. Web. 26 Oct. 2009.

• Wheeler, Kip. “Literary Terms and Definition: T.” Dr. Wheeler’s Homepage. 26 Aug. 2009. Web. 26 Oct. 2009.

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Onomatopoeia, Onomatopoeia, Euphony and Euphony and

CaphonyCaphony(the words you experience)(the words you experience)

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Onomatopoeia:Onomatopoeia:An onomatopoeia is a word that’s used in a sentence An onomatopoeia is a word that’s used in a sentence

that imitates the sound of what it’s referring to, when that imitates the sound of what it’s referring to, when read aloud.read aloud.

For example:For example:

““The baby chick chirped.”The baby chick chirped.”

In this case, “chirped” is the onomatopoeia. When you In this case, “chirped” is the onomatopoeia. When you read the sentence you can hear the “chirp” of the read the sentence you can hear the “chirp” of the baby chick. baby chick.

Chirp! Chirp!

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Cacophony:Cacophony:Cacophony is when words or phrases are used that are Cacophony is when words or phrases are used that are

harsh or strident. harsh or strident.

An example of this is in the poem Jabberwocky:An example of this is in the poem Jabberwocky:

““The jaws that bite, the claws that catch!” (Carroll)The jaws that bite, the claws that catch!” (Carroll)

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Euphony:Euphony:Euphony is when words are used in a sentence that are Euphony is when words are used in a sentence that are

pleasant sounding or harmonious. pleasant sounding or harmonious.

Example:Example:

““A gentle breeze blew the fragrant flowers and they A gentle breeze blew the fragrant flowers and they danced through the air.”danced through the air.”

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Works CitedWorks Cited

““Cacophony.” Cacophony.” Merriam Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam Webster Online Dictionary. 2009. 2009. Web. 26 October 2009.Web. 26 October 2009.

Carroll, Lewis. “Jabberwocky.” Carroll, Lewis. “Jabberwocky.” Poem Hunter. Poem Hunter. Web. 26 Web. 26 October 2009.October 2009.

““Euphony.” Euphony.” The Free Dictionary. The Free Dictionary. Houghton Mifflin Houghton Mifflin Company. 2009. Web. 26 October 2009.Company. 2009. Web. 26 October 2009.

““Onomatopoeia.” Onomatopoeia.” Merriam Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam Webster Online Dictionary. 2009. Web. 26 October 2009.2009. Web. 26 October 2009.

Tenniel, John. “Jabberwocky.” Tenniel, John. “Jabberwocky.” Wikipedia. Wikipedia. Web. 26 October Web. 26 October 2009.2009.

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AntecedentAntecedentDefinitionDefinition: A word or phrase that : A word or phrase that

comes before the pronoun and to comes before the pronoun and to which the pronoun of a sentence which the pronoun of a sentence

refers to.refers to.

Ex: The people of the village were Ex: The people of the village were ecstatic when their YMCA opened.ecstatic when their YMCA opened.

Yayy!

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ParodyParody

Definition:Definition: The imitating of literary work to The imitating of literary work to make fun of it and it is meant to be funny.make fun of it and it is meant to be funny.

Ex: Saturday Night Live, Skits such as Sarah Ex: Saturday Night Live, Skits such as Sarah Palin and Wayne’s World.Palin and Wayne’s World.

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SatireSatire DefinitionDefinition: The use of humor to criticize a : The use of humor to criticize a

work of literature, a film, a politician, and work of literature, a film, a politician, and actor. It is meant to get people to think actor. It is meant to get people to think seriously of an issue.seriously of an issue.

Ex: Mark Twain's Ex: Mark Twain's Huckleberry FinnHuckleberry Finn, Aldous , Aldous Huxley's Huxley's A Brave New WorldA Brave New World and George and George Orwell's Orwell's Animal FarmAnimal Farm. Sarah Palin skit on . Sarah Palin skit on SNL.SNL.

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Work citedWork cited Richard Nordquist, “Satire” ” Grammar and Grammar and

Composition, Composition, 2009: 1. About.com. October 2009: 1. About.com. October 26, 2009.26, 2009.

Richard Nordquist, “Antecedent” ” Grammar Grammar and Composition and Composition 2009: 1. About.com. 2009: 1. About.com. October 26, 2009.October 26, 2009.

Richard Nordquist. “Parody” ” Grammar and Grammar and Composition Composition 2009: 1. About.com. October 2009: 1. About.com. October 26, 2009.26, 2009.

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Homily

• Defined: a serious sermon or speech that is meant to instruct the listener morally or spiritually.

• Think church! Most church sermons can be considered homilies.

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Ex.

“We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline. We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force.”

~~excerpt from Martin Luther King Junior’s “I Have a Dream Speech”

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Encomium

• Defined: a eulogy that glorifies or praises a person, object, event or idea

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Ex."Farewell dear babe, my heart's too much content,

Farewell sweet babe, the pleasure of mine eye,Farewell fair flower that for a space was lent, Then ta'en away unto eternity.  Blest babe . . ..“

~~Anne Bradstreet, "In Memory of My Dear Grandchild Elizabeth Bradstreet, Who Deceased August, 1665, Being

a Year and Half Old"

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• It is important to know that an example of encomium can be an entire work (such as a whole speech) or simply one sentence.

Ex. Jane Austen’s delicious wit and subtle irony make her a wonderful author who will be remembered for years to come.

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Works Cited

• King, Martin Luther Jr. “I Have a Dream.” AmericanRhetoric.com. Online

Speech Bank. 28 August 1963. Web. 26 Oct. 2009.

• Nordquist, Dr. Richard. “Effectio to Gradatio.” Glossary of Rhetorical Terms.

N.p. 15 Jan 2008. Web. 22 Oct. 2009• Sewell, Christopher. “Literary Terms.” The

Culture Guide Index. N.p. n.d. Web. 22 Oct. 2009.

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Works Cited

• Wheeler, Dr. L. Kip. “Literary Terms and Definitions: H.” Dr. Wheeler’s

Website. N.p. 25 August 2009. Web. 22 Oct. 2009

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Allusion and ParadoxAllusion and Paradox

Ashleigh DeCiccoAshleigh DeCicco

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AllusionAllusion[[uh-uh-looloo-zh-zhuh uh n]n]

-noun-noun

Definition:Definition:

A passing or casual reference; an A passing or casual reference; an incidental mention of something, incidental mention of something, either directly or by implicationeither directly or by implication

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AllusionAllusionExampleExample

• In simpler terms an allusion is when someone makes a In simpler terms an allusion is when someone makes a reference to something without directly coming out and reference to something without directly coming out and saying what they are referring to.saying what they are referring to.

For example:For example:

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ParadoxParadox[[parpar-uh--uh-doks]doks]

-noun-noun

Definition:Definition:

A statement or proposition that seems A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truthreality expresses a possible truth

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Paradox Paradox ExampleExample

In the book we just finished 1984 the three slogans In the book we just finished 1984 the three slogans of the party interact with the definition very well.of the party interact with the definition very well.

War is peace War is peace (This explains paradox because when you think about it first (This explains paradox because when you think about it first it completely contradicts itself, but when you think about it throughout the it completely contradicts itself, but when you think about it throughout the book it did keep people at peace and in their norm, so in a way it really is book it did keep people at peace and in their norm, so in a way it really is true.)true.)

Freedom is Slavery Freedom is Slavery ( This explains paradox because in the same way as ( This explains paradox because in the same way as the first it is contradictory but throughout the book as they are told they are the first it is contradictory but throughout the book as they are told they are free they are being watched at every moment and being punished if they do free they are being watched at every moment and being punished if they do something that isn’t acceptable)something that isn’t acceptable)

Ignorance is strength Ignorance is strength ( This explains paradox because throughout the ( This explains paradox because throughout the book, all the people that are strong and happy are completely ignorant to book, all the people that are strong and happy are completely ignorant to what the world has become, but by doing this they don’t worry about the what the world has become, but by doing this they don’t worry about the “pointless things” making them strong.“pointless things” making them strong.

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Work citedWork cited

• Dictionary.comDictionary.com

• 19841984

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RHETORICAL CLIMAX AND AUXESIS

By: Jackie Corbett

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Definition

• Rhetorical Climax/Auxesis- An artistic arrangement of a list of items so that they appear in a sequence of increasing importance. In other words it is an arrangement of words, phrases, or clauses in an order of ascending power.

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Examples

"It's a well hit ball, it's a long drive, it might be, it could be, it IS . . . a home run.”

When we hear an announcer say this in baseball, we can recognize that his voice is getting louder and building throughout the sentence to reach that final climax.

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Examples "Let a man acknowledge his obligations to

himself, his family, his country, and his God."

God

This sentence shows someone expressing the most important things to them in an order of ascending power.

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CITATIONS • Scaife, Ross. A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms

with Examples. Ross Scaife, n.d. ‘web’ Web. 25 Oct. 2004.

• Nordquist, Richard. "Auxesis." About.com: Grammar & Composition. N.p., 2009. ‘web’ Web. 25 Oct. 2009.

• Wheeler. "Literary Terms and Definitions: C." Dr. Wheeler's Website. N.p., 26 ‘web’ Aug. 2009. Web. 25 Oct. 2009.

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Repetition, Parallelism, Asyndeton, Polysyndeton

Ellie Brion and Kasey Smith

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Repetition

• There are many kinds of repetition

• These include the repetition of words, letters, syllables, and sounds, clauses and phrases, and ideas

• These repetitions are used to create emphasis, clarity, amplification, or emotional effect

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Letters, Syllables, and Sounds

• Alliteration– The tiny turtles took

two turns.

• Assonance– Fleet feet sweep by

sleeping Greeks.

• Consonance– Acid bubbles burst by

the putrid pond.

Words• Anaphora

– The woman drove to the store. The woman bought eggs and flour. The woman drove home. The woman made cake.

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Clauses and Phrases• Anaphora

– The dog looked at his owner; the dog looked at his toy; the dog looked at his food; the dog could not decide what to do.

Ideas“Space is big. You just won't

believe how vastly, hugely, mind- bogglingly big it is. I mean, you may think it's a long way down the road to the chemist's, but that's just peanuts to space."(Douglass Adams, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy)

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Parallelism

Uses similar patterns of words to illustrate the equal importance of two or more ideas. This can be done through the use of a word, phrase, or clause.

Apples are tart; Grapes are sweet; Lemons are sour; but pears are best.

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Asyndeton

The exclusion of conjunctions between clauses that often result in a quick rhythm or passionate effect.

“I came; I saw; I conquered.” Julius Caesar

"He was a bag of bones, a floppy doll, a broken stick, a maniac." Jack Kerouac, On the Road

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Polysyndeton

The addition of many conjunctions in between clauses to slow the rhythm or tempo.

"We lived and laughed and loved and left." James Joyce, Finnegans Wake

"In years gone by, there were in every community men and women who spoke the language of duty and morality and loyalty and obligation." William F. Buckley

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Works CitedBurton, Gideon. “Asyndeton.” Silva Rhetoricae. 26 Feb. 2007. 27 Oct.

2007.

Burton, Gideon. “Figures of Repetition.” Silva Rhetoricae. 26 Feb. 2007. 27 Oct. 2009.

Burton, Gideon. “Polysyndeton.” Silva Rhetoricae. 26 Feb. 2007. 27 Oct. 2007.

Nordquist, Richard. “Grammar and Compostition.” About.com. The New York Times Company. 2009. 27 Oct. 2009.

“Parallel Structure.” THE OWL AT PURDUE. 2009. 27 Oct. 2009.

“Polysyndeton.” Spelling Police. 22 Aug. 2000. 27 Oct. 2009.

Ruch, Allen. “Finnegans Wake.” The Modern Word. 26 Jun. 2003. 27 Oct. 2009.

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Anaphora, Epanalepsis, and Epiphora

Sara Calhoun

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Anaphora

Definition:

The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of numerous following verses, paragraphs, or clauses.

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Example

“We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender.”

(Winston Churchill)

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Epanalepsis

Definition: Ending a sentence or clause with the same word or phrase it begins with. Usually used in an emotional situation.

Also a condition in which crying is uncontrollable. An easy way to remember is connecting “emotional situations” and “crying”.

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Example

"Be all that you can be."(Advertising slogan of the U.S. Army)

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Epiphora

Definition:

The same word or phrase at the end of two or more following clauses, phrases, or verses.

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Example

"Don't you ever talk about my friends! You don't know any of my friends. You don't look at any of my friends. And you certainly wouldn't condescend to speak to any of my friends."(John Bender in The Breakfast Club)

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Works Cited

“Grammar and Composition.” Answers.com Answers Corporation, 2009. Web. 26 Oct. 2009.

The Breakfast Club. Dir. John Hughes. 1985. Universal Pictures, 2003. DVD. Answers.com. Web. 26 Oct. 2009.

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Ethopoeia

(def.) putting oneself in place of another so as to both understand and express his/her feelings more vividly (Grammar & Composition).

Derived from Greek “ethos” (character) & “poeia” (representation) (“Ethopoeia”).

Ex. Putting yourself in someone else’s shoes is one example of ethopoeia; to identify with another.

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Exordium

(def.) a beginning or introductory part, especially of a speech or treatise (“Exordium”).

Ex. The senator began his speech with great energy.

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Works Cited

“Grammar & Composition” About.com. 2009. The New York Times Company. Web. 26 October 2009.

“Exordium.” Houghton Mifflin Company. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2009. The Free Dictionary. Web. 26 October 2009.

“Ethopoeia” Silva Rhetoricae. Brigham Young University. Web. 26 October 2009.

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Demonstrative Oratory,Demonstrative Oratory,NarratioNarratio

By: Liz ScottBy: Liz Scott

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Demonstrative OratoryDemonstrative Oratory

Also known as the “epideictic” or “ceremonial” Also known as the “epideictic” or “ceremonial” oratory, demonstrative oratory is primarily used oratory, demonstrative oratory is primarily used in public occasions such as funerals or in public occasions such as funerals or legislative speeches. Demonstrative Oratory legislative speeches. Demonstrative Oratory provides blame or praise to a subject. It can provides blame or praise to a subject. It can promote one to consider a specific topic in a promote one to consider a specific topic in a positive or negative way.positive or negative way.Example: Is fair that the well-known Lil’ Wayne, Example: Is fair that the well-known Lil’ Wayne, who was found hit with three felony drug who was found hit with three felony drug charges and a loaded weapon, will only be in charges and a loaded weapon, will only be in prison for 8 to 10 months? (assuming good prison for 8 to 10 months? (assuming good behavior)behavior)

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NarratioNarratio

The Narratio provides a narrative account The Narratio provides a narrative account of what has happened and explains the of what has happened and explains the nature of the case.nature of the case.Example: Jackie Jackson is convinced Example: Jackie Jackson is convinced that Sue McCumbur snuck over to her that Sue McCumbur snuck over to her backpack during Jackie’s trip to the backpack during Jackie’s trip to the bathroom. Bobby Brown says they used to bathroom. Bobby Brown says they used to be best friends. They no longer speak to be best friends. They no longer speak to each other.each other.

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CitationsCitations

Burton, Gideon. “Epideictic Oratory.” Burton, Gideon. “Epideictic Oratory.” Silva Silva Rhetoricae: The Forest of Rhetoric. 26 Rhetoricae: The Forest of Rhetoric. 26 February. 2007. Web. 26 October. 2009.February. 2007. Web. 26 October. 2009.

Burton, Gideon. “Narratio.” Burton, Gideon. “Narratio.” Silva Silva Rhetoricae: The Forest of Rhetoric. 26 Rhetoricae: The Forest of Rhetoric. 26 February. 2007. Web. 26 October. 2009.February. 2007. Web. 26 October. 2009.

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Personification, Parable & Fable

By Michael LaFave

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Personification

What is personification?

-Giving human traits to a non living object

Example: Outside my window, the wind was whistling.

Nonliving- Wind Living Trait- Whistling

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Parable

What is a parable?

-a short story designed to illustrate a religious principle or a moral lesson

Example: The Parable of The Good Samaritan (Luke 10:25-37)

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Fable

What is a fable?

-a narration intended to enforce a useful truth, in which animals speak and act like human beings

Example: The Hare and the Tortoise (Aesop)

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Works Cited

• “Fable" Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 22 October 2009. Web

• Lee, Kit “The Hare and the Tortoise” Aesop’s Fables 22 October 2009 Web

• “PERSONIFICATION” www.imschools.org 22 October 2009. Web

• Schwager, Don “The Parables Of Jesus” www.rc.net July 2001. 22 October 2009 Web

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Slang and Aporia

By Ryan Hutchings

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What is Slang?

• Slang is an “expressions used by members of a group to create bonds and sometimes exclude others. Most slang is too vague, short-lived, and narrowly understood to be included in anything but informal writing” (Hannah).

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Slang

• Slang is often used to communicate to a particular audience. For example some authors will use “hip” language to attract a younger reader while others might use very intense educational jargon to cater to a more academic crowd (Modica et al.).

• Slang is often too unclear and often changes its meaning rather quickly and therefore usually remains unused by most authors (Imber).

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Examples of Slang

• An example of slang is words like “groovy and far-out”.

• In spite their popularity at the time, this disco lingo is subjugated to the interpretation and connotation by the popular culture (Imber).

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How to remember Slang

• When you think about slang, think about something that your parents say, or you say, that other people outside your generation and culture would not understand.

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How to remember Slang

• When you think about slang, think about something that your parents say, or you say, that other people outside your generation and culture would not understand.

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What is Aporia?

• Aporia is an “expression of doubt (often feigned) by which a speaker appears uncertain as to what he should think, say, or do” (Hannah).

• In essence, aporia is when the speaker uses a fictitious doubt to represent a moral puzzle or conundrum.

• Aporia also can be called dubitatio

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An Example of Aporia• An excellent example of Aporia is Hamlet’s Soliloquy• To be, or not to be--that is the question: Whether 'tis nobler in the

mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune Or to take arms against a sea of troubles And by opposing end them. To die, to sleep-- No more--and by a sleep to say we end The heartache, and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to. 'Tis a consummation Devoutly to be wished. To die, to sleep-- To sleep--perchance to dream: ay, there's the rub, For in that sleep of death what dreams may come (Shakespeare).

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How to remember Aporia

• When you think about Aporia think about Hamlet and his moral dilemma.

• Aporia often shows a speakers doubt, although it is often fictitious.

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Works Cited

Hannah, Leslie. “Rhetorical Devices”. www.students.ou.edu. University of Oklahoma. Web. 26 October. 2009.

Imber, Margaret. “Analytical Grading Guidelines: Prose Style”.

abuscus.bates.edu. Bates College. Web. 26 October. 2009. Modica, Jonathon et al. “Tips for Writing a Rhetorical Analysis”. www.uark.edu. University of Arkansas at Fayette. 3 December. 2004. Web. 26 October. 2009.

Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company. 1887. Google Books. Web. 26 October. 2009.

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Anastrophe and Antistrophe

By: George VanBrooker

I LOVE ANASTROPHES AND ANTISTROPHES!!!

THEY’RE THE BEST!!!

I LOVE ANASTROPHES AND ANTISTROPHES!!!THEY’RE THE BEST!!!

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AnastropheDefined: The departure from normal or natural word order to

increase the emphasis of a statement.

The two main types of anastrophe are seen in the following forms:

1. Verb preceding the noun

2. Adjective following the noun

One of the most well known examples of anastrophe is in the speech of the Star Wars character, Yoda.

Ex: “Consume you it will”.

“Told you, I did. Reckless is he.”

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Antistrophe

Defined: The repetition of a word or phrase at the end of successive clauses to increase emphasis on the repeated word or phrase

Ex: This nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom. . and that government of the people, by the people, for the people. . . shall not perish from the earth. Excerpt from the Gettysburg Address- Abraham Lincoln

In this excerpt from the Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lincoln repeats the phrase “the people” to emphasize the importance of the will of the people for the success of the nation. This repetition is an example of antistrophe.

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Works Cited

Burton, Gideon O. “Anastrophe.” Rhetoric.byu.edu. Silva Rhetoricae. Brigham Young University, Web. October 29th, 2009.

Scaife, Ross. “A Glossary of Rhetorical Terms with Examples.” Kentucky Classics. University of Kentucky, December 22, 2004. Web.

October 29th, 2009.

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RefutationRefutation

The act of refuting or claiming the opposite side of a statement.

“I reject your reality and substitute my own!” - Adam Savage

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RefutatiRefutationon

Often a politician will refute another politician's few and substitute his own vision of an issue.

People use refutation in everyday arguments as well:

“Time for dinner!”

“What are we having?”

“Eggplant!”

“No! We're having pizza!”

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Sprezzatura

Studied carelessness, in other words making it seem as if one doesn't care about something, yet one actually cares about it greatly.

This speaking method is used by public speakers as a form of persuasion.

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Sprezzatura

Sprezzatura is also used in negotiations, like saying one doesn't care about a military casualty or a hostage in order to achieve a goal.

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Sources

dictionary.com

www.thefreedictionary.com

grammar.about.com

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Rhetorical Question

Definition: The for of a question without the expectation of a reply. (Sarcasm)

Example: “… Wasn’t it?”

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Epiplexis

Definition: A question used to find faults rather than to get answers.

Example: “Have you no shame?”

“Have you no shame?!”

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Hypophora

Definition: A question intended to be answered as it was asked. (A real question)

(Courage the

Cowardly Dog)

Example: “What makes a King out of a slave? Courage!”

“How courageous am I? Very

courageous!”

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Work Cited

• “Reproach.” Dictionary.com. 2001. Web. 22 October 2009.

• “Epiplexis.” About.com Grammar and Composition. 2009. Web. 22 October 2009.

• “Rhetorical Question Cartoons.” CSLCartoonstock. 2009. Web. 26 October 2009.

• “Courage The Cowardly Dog Pictures.” Starpulse.com. 2009. Web. 26 October 2009.