RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,

BANGALORE, KARNATAKA

“A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VIDEO ASSISTED TEACHING

PROGRAM ON PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF SCABIES AMONG

SCHOOL STUDENTS OF SELECTED RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL AT KOLAR”

PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR DISSERTATION

Mrs. MALA .M

COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING

2011-2013

SRI CHANNEGOWDA COLLEGE OF NURSING, KOLAR, KARNATAKA

[1]

RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES,

BANGALORE, KARNATAKA

PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR DISSERTATION

1.NAME AND ADDRESS OF

THE CANDIDATE

MRS. MALA .M

1ST YEAR M.SC NURSING

SRI CHANNEGOWDA

COLLEGE OF NURSING,

KOLAR, KARNATAKA

2.NAME AND ADDRESS OF

THE INSTITUTION

SRI CHANNEGOWDA

COLLEGE OF

NURSING, KOLAR,

KARNATAKA

3.COURSE OF STUDY AND

SUBJECT

M.SC NURSING I YEAR

COMMUNITY HEALTH

NURSING

4.DATE OF ADMISSION TO

THE COURSE01/11/2011

5. TITLE OF THE TOPIC

“A STUDY TO ASSESS THE

EFFECTIVENESS OF VIDEO

ASSISTED TEACHING

PROGRAM ON PREVENTION

AND MANAGEMENT OF

SCABIES AMONG SCHOOL

STUDENTS OF SELECTED

RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL AT

KOLAR”

[2]

6. BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENDED WORK

INTRODUCTION

“Alan Unless today is well lived, tomorrow is not important”

Sakowitz,Miles Away

Scabies is a common parasitic infection of global proportion. Worldwide, an estimated 300 million cases

occur annually. The arthropod, Sarcoptes Scabies Var Hominis causes an intensely pruritic and highly

contagious skin infestation.5

The word ‘Scabies’ is derived from Latin word “Scabere” which means “to Scratch”. Scabies is

contagious and can be spread by scratching an infected area. Thereby picking up the mites under the fingernails

or through physical contact with Scabies infected person for a prolonged period of time. Scabies is usually

transmitted by direct skin to skin physical contact. It can also be spread through contact with other objects. Such

as clothing, bedding, furniture’s or surfaces with which a person infected with scabies might have come in

contact.30

Scabies is an ancient disease. It was Roman physician CELSUS who is credited with naming the disease

“scabies” and describing its characteristic features. It was the 1st human disease recognized to be caused by a

specific pathogen.30

Some immuno compromised elderly, disabled or debilitated persons are at risk for a secure from of

scabies called crusted or Norwegian scabies.1 The characteristic symptoms of a scabies infection include intense

itching and superficial burrows. The superficial burrows of scabies usually occur in the area of the hands, feet,

wrists, elbows, back buttocks and external genitals.30

While many accounts of the epidemiology of scabies suggest that epidemics or pandemics occur in 30

years cycle, each epidemic lasting approximately 15 years with about 15 years gap between epidemics. In remote

Aboriginal Communities in Australia where Scabies is endemic, the repeated infestations and secondary

streptococcal infections, appear to be related to the extremely high levels of renal failure and rheumatic heart

disease observed in the communities.5

[3]

Both preschoolers and school age children can become infested with scabies which is spread by close

person contact as in common during childhood play.6

The complications of scabies are impetigo, furunculosis and cellulitis. The staphylococci or

streptococci in the lesions can lead to pyelonephritis, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, abscesses,

pyogenic pneumonia, sepsis and death.5

A number of medications are effective in treating scabies however treatment must often involve the entire

household or community to prevent infection. The medications permethrin ivermectin lindane, benzyl benzoate,

crotamiton, malathian and sulfur preparations are effective in treating scabies.30

6.1. NEED FOR THE STUDY

“Prevention is better than cure”

Derider us Erasmus

According to world health organization, Health is defined as “Health is a State of complete physical,

mental and social well being and not merely absence of disease or infirmity”.

Health is an essential factor for a happily contended life. If children are healthy them future generation

will be healthy resulting in healthy nation. Today’s children are tomorrow is citizens.

Scabies is a common public health problem. It can be passed easily by an infested person to his or her

household members and sexual partners. Scabies in adults frequently is sexually acquired. Scabies is a common

condition found world wide, it affects people of all race and social classes. Scabies can spread easily under

crowded conditions where close body and skin contact is common institutions such as nursing homes, extended

care facilities and prisons are often sites of scabies outbreaks, child care facilities also a common site of scabies

infestation. A person infested with mites can spread scabies even if he or she is asymptomatic.5

Worldwide, the prevalence of scabies has been estimated at 300 million cases annually. (1, 2) Scabies

occurs in small local outbreaks and in large epidemics have been reported (1919-1925, 1936-1949, 1964-1979),

it is clearly an endemic disease in many tropical and subtropical regions scabies is one of the 6 major Epidermal

Parasitic Skin Diseases (EPSD). Epidermal Parasitic Skin Diseases that is prevalent in resource poor populations,

as reported in the Bulletin of the world health organization in February 2009.5

[4]

Prevalence rates are extremely high in aboriginal tribes in Australia, Africa, South America and other

developing regions of the world, incidence in parts of Central America and South America and in one Indian

village approach 100%. In parts of Bangladesh the number of children with “the itch” exceeds the number with

diahorreal and respiratory diseases combined.5

Scabies is one of the three most common skin disorders in children, along with tinea and pyoderma. The

mites re distributed a sound the world and equally if infects all ages, races and socio economic classes in

different climates globally as of 2009, it is estimated that 300 million cases of scabies occur each year about 1-

10% of the global population is estimated to be infected with scabies but in certain populations, the infected rate

may be as high as 50-80%.30

Rotti. S.B et.al., (1985), conducted a survey for scabies in 14 primary and 2 high schools of one rural

block of Dakshina Kannada District on the west Coast of Karnataka from November 1982 to March 1983. a total

of 5,128 (84.9%) out of the 6,041 registered children were examined prevalence of scabies among children aged

6 to 15 years was 8.2% prevalence was higher among boys than girls, higher among children of backward

communities than those of other communities and higher among Muslims than among Hindus. History of

another case of scabies at home was found in 37.37% of the cases. Secondary pyoderma was observed in 16.59%

of the cases. Distribution of lesions conformed to the pattern described in other studies. Results of follow up

after 3-5 weeks of treatment with 25% benzyl benzoate are also report.22

Emodi L.J et.al., (2010) conducted a study to document the types of skin disorders seen among children

attending the university of Nigeria Teaching hospital, Enugu, Information obtained from the children out patient

clinic and outcome of skin disease seen from January 1996 to December 2005 of the 16,337 children seen in

children’s out patient clinic 1506 (1.3%) had a skin disease, age range, was one meek to 16 years. Children age

0-5 years constituted 70.24% of patient with skin disease. The commonest skin condition was pyoderma

(29.81%) seen mainly in those below 5 years followed by scabies (13.55%). The study states that infections skin

disease constitute high percent age of skin disorders encountered in paediatrics.11

[5]

In 2009 retrospective study of 30,078 children in India, scabies was found to be the second most common

skin disease in all age groups of children and the third most common skin disease in infants. In the United States

and in other developed regions around the world scabies occurs in epidermis in nursing homes, hospitals, long-

term care facilities and other institutions. A study published in 2009 conducted in Brazil identified major risk

factors for scabies in an impoverished rural community the risk factors were young age, presence of many

children in the household, illiteracy, low family income, poor housing, sharing clothes and towels and irregular

use of showers.5

One of the voluntary organization named project guardian organized a study among school children at

Andrews high school in Kolkata. Reported that out of 316 children between age group of 9 to 15 years 57 were

diagnosed as scabies and the prevalence was 180.37.20

Sharma R.S et.al., (1984), conducted an epidemiological survey for scabies in a rural community of

2771 persons among 404 households living in 238 houses. Prevalence rate were 13% by population and 30.9%

by household. The prevalence as highest in those age up to 19 years, both sexes being affected equally, an

average morbidity duration for scabies was 64.5 days.25

Based on the research studies, scabies is a major global public health issue, scabies is common disease

among children. Hence the investigator has planned to take up study to impart and improve the knowledge and

practice of residential school children regarding prevention and management of scabies through video assisted

teaching programme.

6.2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The review of literature is defined as a broad comprehensive in death systematic and critical review of

scholarly publication unpublished scholarly print materials and personal communication.

Critical review of literature refers to the process in which the investigator or reader examines the strength

and weakness of the appropriate scholarly publication or literature.

Basavanthappa B.T the term scholarly literature can refer to published and unpublished date – based

literature and conceptual literature materials found in print and non-print from “Data – based resources” as

[6]

reports of completed research conceptual literature can be reports of theories some of which underlie reports of

research as well as non-research material.7

Section A: Literature related to epidemiology of scabies

Section B: Literature related to child scabies

Section C: Literature related to intervention for scabies

I: LITERATURE RELATED TO EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SCABIES

Lassa S et.al., (2011), conducted a study to examine the epidemiology of scabies consultations in the

U.K. by age, sex region of the country and time. Data were available for 1997-2005 inclusive (9 years) for

approximately 8.5% of the U.K. population from 12 regions of the U.K. There was a significantly greater

infestation rate among females with a relative risk of 1.24 than male’s highest infestation rates among age group

of 10.19 years. A progression of the disease originating from the North – East spreading to Northern part of the

U.K. and them to the midlands and the South. The study concluded that a contagious Patten of spread of scabies

infestation in the U.K. with an epidemic cycle length of 15-17 years.17

Amroa et.al., (2012), conducted a study to describe the epidemiology of scabies in the West Bank,

Palestine during the years 2005-2010. Total of 1734 patients were included in the study. The average annual

incidence of scabies in the West Bank for 2005-2010 was 17/1,00,000 population. The average number of

scabies patients per year in the West Bank was 26.3 per governorate, with significant increase in the years 2009 –

2010 (P<0.001). Disease occurrence was higher among children aged ≤ 10 years than other age groups, in adult

females in the age groups of 31-40 and 41-50 years compared to males in these age groups, and in males in the

age group of 11-20 years compared to females in that age group. This study concluded that individuals under 20

years of age are particularly at risk. They suggested that to increase the awareness of the disease for prevention

and control of scabies.4

Feldmeier H et.al., (2008), conducted a repeated cross sectional study to investigate the epidemiology of

scabies and to identify risk factors of severe disease in an impoverished rural community in northeast Brazil. A

study was based on two door to door survey, risk factors were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate

[7]

regression analysis. The overall prevalence was 9.8% with no significant variation between seasons and the

incidence was estimated to be 196/1000 person years. The highest prevalence (18.2%) was observed in children

younger than 4 years. Risk factors in the bivariate analysis were young age, presence of many children in the

household, illiteracy; low family income, poor housing, sharing of clothes, and living in the community for more

than 6 months remained significant independent risk factors in multivariate regression analysis. They concluded

that the parasitic skin disease is embedded in a complex web of causation characterized by poor living conditions

and a low level of education.12

Sato H et.al., (1989), a statistical analysis was attempted on patients from April 1976 to March 1987 at

outpatient clinic of Urakawa Red Cross Hospital. The total number of scabies patients was 496 that is 1.96% of

the total number of new out patients seen in this period, sex ratio was 1.33(male):1(female) slightly higher in

male. As to the age distribution the highest peak was 3rd decade of life compared with previous reports, the ratio

of children and elders was remarkably high, massive infection was observed in one nursing home and one

hospital. The number of patient was high from October to March and the highest peak was November. They

concluded that treatment of scabies with gamma BHC is effective compare to crotamiton and Benzyl benzoate.24

Alsamarai A.M et.al., (2009), conducted study in Tikrit between May 2007 and February 2008, to

estimate the frequency of scabies in patients of a dermatology clinic in central, Iraq. A total of 1,194 patients

were included in the study. During the period, 132 (1.1%) patient with scabies were identified. The frequency

was 13.5% in males and 8.6% in females (P=0.007). Frequency in children was 15.6% and 9.8% in adults

(P=0.007). About 91% of cases were younger than 45 years. The treatment of scabies cases with 5% permethrin

cream resulted in a cure rate of 80.3% following a single application, and was increased to 95.5% after a second

application cure was achieved in all cases after a 3rd application. They suggested that mass treatment of scabies

either by oral ivermectin or topical permethrin is effective.2

Buchlmann M et.al., (2009), conducted a study to investigate a large out break of scabies in an intensive

care unit of a university hospital of Basel, Switzerland, and to establish effective control measures to prevent

further transmission. The intensive care unit of a 750 bed and an affiliated 92 – bed rehabilitation centre. All

exposed individuals were screened by a senior staff dermatologtist scabies was diagnosed on the basis of

identification of mites by skin scraping, dermoscopy, clinical examination of patient, within 7 months, 19 cases [8]

of scabies were diagnosed, 6 in children with a mean age of 3.1 years after exposure to the index patient with

HIV and crusted scabies. A total of 1,640 exposed individuals underwent preemptive treatment. The highest

attack rate of 26% - 32% was observed among health care workers involved in the care of the index patient. They

suggested that timely institution of hygienic precautions with close monitoring and simultaneous scabicide

treatment of all exposed individuals are essential for control of an out break.9

Gulati P.V et.al., (1977), conducted an epidemiological study in a population of 1,727 persons living in

253 households in a semiurban area of Goa, India. The prevalence of scabies was 9.7% by persons, 22.5% by

households and 22.8% by families. The highest prevalence (23.7%) was in school age children. Prevalence was

higher for females than males age 25 or older. Prevalence rate by persons was approximately the same in Hindus

and Christians. First to contact scabies in the family was generally a school child.13

Land Wehr D et.al., (1998), conducted a study to compare prevalence rates of scabies in Mali, Malawi

and Cambodia. In Mali, children attending three different urban schools catering for different socio-economic

levels were examined specifically for scabies. In Malawi, data were collected during a total population survey for

leprosy. In Cambodia, a sample survey was carried out in a rural area to determine the prevalence of leprosy and

other skin diseases. In Mali, the prevalence rate of scabies among all the children examined was 4% (44/1103),

but only 1.8% (7/388) in the higher socio-economic group. In Malawi, the overall prevalence rate of scabies was

0.7% (408/61,735). The highest rate found among children 0- 9 years of age. In Cambodia, the overall

prevalence in the 13 villages screened was 4.3% (645/14,843). The highest rate (6.5%) was found among

children 0 – 9 years of age. They concluded that poor socio-economic conditions, in particular crowding and

public water supplier are risk factors for scabies.16

Sachdev T.R et.al., (1982), conducted a house to house survey as a part of mass treatment of scabies in

one of the resettlement colonies of Delhi with a population of 9341 in 2035 families, to study some of the socio

cultural and environmental factors in families having scabies patients. It was observed that overcrowding,

sleeping habits due to limited sleeping space, sharing of linen, clothes and towels were some of the factors

associated with scabies.23

[9]

II: LITERATURE RELATED TO SCABIES IN CHILDREN

Terry B.C et.al., (2011), conducted a study to investigate prevalence of scabies among children between

age of 1–15 years. Population of 125 children included in the study. Scabies was diagnosed by clinical

examination of each child and by the identification of the mite by microscopically. The prevalence rate was 77%,

peaking to 86% among the 5–9 years olds. The prevalence of scabies is high in children in the displacement

camps, suggesting that it may be a serious public health problem not only in these camps, but also in the entire

country. Scabies is due to environmental conditions like civil unrest, overcrowding, poor personal hygiene,

poverty and ignorance. This study concluded that control programs should be put in place and implemented in an

integrated nature, by reducing overcrowding, and by improving health education, personal hygiene, treatment

and surveillance among high risk populations.27

Amin T.T et.al., (2011), conducted a cross sectional study among male primary school children were

selected from urban and rural schools in Al Hassa, Saudi Arabia by a multistage sampling method. A personal

interview with the child established personal hygiene habits; followed by clinical dermatological screening. The

prevalence of transmissible skin disorders was 27.2% (CI=24.8-29.6) solitary transmissible skin disorders were

diagnosed in 7.8%, while 19.4% had multiple disorders common dermatomes identified include superficial

infections (fungal, bacterial, and viral), eczematous dermatitis and infestations (scabies and pediculosis). The

prevalence of transmissible dermatomes was higher in rural compared with urban school children. The study

concluded that both socio demographic and hygiene correlates play a significant different between urban and

rural population.3

Ogunbiyi A.O et.al., (2005), performed a study to determine the prevalence of skin disorders in public

primary school in Ibadan, southern Nigeria. A total 1066 students included in the study. A questionnaire for

assessing factors and a complete physical examination was carried out. The study included 529 (49.6%) boys and

537 (50.4%) girls of 375 children with a skin lesion, 162 (15.2%) had dermatophytosis, most often tinea capits,

50 (4.7%) had pityriasis versicolor and 50(4.7%) had scabies. They concluded that fungal infections and scabies

were the most common skin diseases in their study population, whereas allergic illnesses were nearly absent.19

[10]

Karim S.A et.al., (2007), conducted a community based study among children from six residential

Islamic education institutes in Dhaka. Multistage random sampling was used. Direct interviews were used to

collect the data and clinical check-up was performed. Out of 492 children, 92.5% were boys, 63.4% of fathers

and 98.5% of mother were either illiterate or had only received primary education, 55.1% of fathers were in low

paid labouring jobs, 71% had been re-infected. Disease severity and re-infection were associated with infrequent

washing of clothes and bed linen, overcrowded sleeping arrangements, and infrequent bathing with soap. This

was further related to household income. The study concluded that immediate attention should be given to

developing a sustainable long term intervention programme to combat scabies hyperendemicity, and to save

thousands of children from impending complications.15

Brooks B.A et.al., (2002), undertaken an observer – blinded randomized controlled trail at Vila central

Hospital, Vanuatu, to compare single dose oral ivermectin with topical benzyl benzoate for the treatment of

paediatric scabies. A total of 110 children aged form 6 months to 14 years were randomized to receive either

ivermectin 200 µg/kg orally or 10% benzyl benzoate topically. Follow up was at 3 weeks post treatment. Primary

outcome measures were the number of scabies lesions, the itch visual analogue score and nocturnal itch.

Secondary outcome measures were the skin’s reaction to treatment, the passage of worms in stool and other side

effects.8

III : LITERATURE RELATED TO INTERVENTION FOR SCABIES

Usha B et.al., (2000) , conducted a comperative study to investigate efficacy of oral ivermectin with

topical permethrin cream in the treatment of scabies. Eighty five consecutive patients were randomized into 2

groups. Totally 40 patients and their family contacts received 200 µg/kg body weight of ivermectin, and another

45 patients and their family contacts received a single overnight topical application of 5% permethrin cream.

Patients were followed up at intervals of 1,2,4 and 8 weeks. A single dose of ivermectin provided a cure rate of

70%, which increased to 95% with 2 doses at a 2 weeks interval. A single application of permethrin was

effective in 97.8% of patients. Permethrin treated patients recovered earlier. They suggested that ivermectin may

not be effective against all the stages in the life cycle of the parasite.28

[11]

Nnoruka E.N et.al., (2001), carried out a study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ivermectin in the

treatment of patients with scabies at the skin clinic of the university of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu. A total

of 58 patients with scabies were included in the study. Among them 13(22.4%) were children aged between aged

5-14 years. Oral ivermectin was given in a single dose of 200 µg/kg body weight to 29 patients. The remaining

29 patients had to apply 25% benzyl benzoate emulsion. There was a 93% resolution of pruritus with ivermectin

and 48% with benzyl benzoate. No side effects were observed with ivermectin. They concluded that oral

ivermectin was effective and safe alternative in both children and adults of Nigeria when compared to 25%

benzyl benzoate topical application.18

Carapetis J.R et.al., (1997), conducted a study to adopt, implement and evaluate a model of scabies

control in an Australian aboriginal community. They offered all residents treatment with 5% permethrin cream

visits were made during the ensuring 25 months to rescreen and to treat new cases of scabies and contacts. The

prevalence of scabies was reduced from 28.8% before the program to less than 10% during the entire period

(P<0.01) for each visit. The study concluded that simplified model of scabies control had a substantial effect on

scabies prevalence.10

Taplin D et.al., (1991), performed a study to investigate community control of scabies among Kuna

Indians in the San Blas Islands of the Republic of Panama. Permethrin 5% cream was introduced as the only

treatment in a programme to control scabies on an island of 756 inhabitants and involving workers recruited

locally. Prevalence fell from 33% to less than 1% after person was treated.26

Henderson C.A et.al., (1992), designed an open study to investigate the optimum treatment of school

children in rural Tanzania, East Africa. In one school, where 34 children (7%) were infested, treatment with

Benzyl benzoate was distributed to the affected child and those sleeping in close proximity. In another school

where 29 (6.4%) pupils were affected, the Benzyl benzoate treatment was given along with soap and some

scabicidal ointment (6% sulphur) to be used on residually affected areas. Again, the treatment was given to those

sleeping in proximity. One month later 46% were clear at the first school and a significantly higher proportion

(69%) at the second. They concluded that inefficient application of scabicidal treatment and lack of washing

contribute to scabies treatment failure.14

[12]

Walker G.J et.al., (2000), conducted a study to assess the effects and toxicity of topical and systemic

drug treatment for scabies. Randomized controlled trials were used in the study. Two reviewers assessed trial

quality and extracted data. Eleven trials were included. Compared with placebo in one small trial, ivermectin was

associated with a significant higher clinical cure rate at 7 days. Permethrin appeared to be more effective than

crotamiton and gama benzene hexachloride. They concluded that more research is needed for the safety and

effectiveness of ivermectin and malathion compared to permethrin, on community.29

Reid H.F et.al., (1990), conducted a study to determine the prevalence of scabies in an infested village;

to educate the resident on self-treatment and prevention by the use of 5% monosulfiram soap. In 59 households

(96.7% of the village) containing 313 persons, an educational session was held and a leaflet distributed on the

use and availability of the soap. A total of 13 persons (4.2%) from 8 households (13.6%) had scabies. After 2

weeks, 7 persons (2.2%) from 5 households (8.5%) were infested. Thus a cure rate of 85%. Was obtained.

Among the under 15 years olds, the numbers infected decreased from 10 to 3 while among the over 15 years

olds, the numbers infected increased from 3 to 4, neither reading significance at the 5% level.21

Abedin S et.al., (2007), conducted a comparative trial of topical permethrin and oral ivermectin in a

closed population of 84 children living in a urban hostel of Delhi, to compare the efficacy of mass treatment of

scabies with permethrin cream and oral ivermectin. After mass treatment with 2 doses of oral ivermectin, one

case was recorded in following 6 months, as compared to 22 cases in preceding 6 months when children were

treated with a single application of 5% permethrin. The study concluded that mass treatment of scabies with

ivermectin in an endemic population is more efficacious as compared to topical permethrin application in

reducing the baseline prevalence, decreasing the chain of transmission and chances of reinfection.1

6.3(a) STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

“A study to assess the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme on prevention and

management of scabies among school students of selected residential school of kolar”.

[13]

6.3(b) OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

To assess pre-test level of knowledge on prevention and management of scabies among school children.

To assess the post-test level of knowledge on prevention and management of scabies among school

children.

To assess the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programmer on prevention and management of

scabies among school children.

To associate the pre test level of knowledge on prevention and management of scabies among school

children with their selected demographical variables.

6.3(c) OPERATIONAL DEFINITION:

Assess:

refers to the process of critical analysis and evaluation of knowledge regarding prevention and

management of scabies.

Knowledge:

refers to the ability of school children to answer the questions regarding prevention and

management of scabies.

Effectiveness:

it refer to the extent of video-assissted teaching programme in terms of knowledge on prevention

and management of scabies among the school children.

Video-assisted programme:

refers to a learning material includes power point presentation, video clips and leaflet which is

prepared in Kannada.

Scabies:

refers to parasitic skin infection which is caused by the itch mite sarcoptes scabiei and

transmitted by direct to skin to skin contact.

[14]

Residential school:

refers to an institution which is providing boarding and education for the school children.

School children:

refers to the children comes under the age group of 6-12 years

6.3(D) RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

H1: There is a significant difference between pretest and posttest level of knowledge regarding prevention and

management of scabies

H2: There is a significant associate between pre-test level of knowledge of school children with their selected

demographic variables.

6.3(E) LIMITATIONS

1. The study is limited to school children those who are present at the time of data collection.

2. This study is limited to school children who are willing to participate in the study.

3. The data collection period is limited to 4 weeks.

6.3(F) ASSUMPTIONS

1. School children may have inadequate knowledge regarding the scabies

2. Video-assisted teaching programme can increase the level of knowledge of school children regarding

prevention and management of scabies.

7. MATERIAL AND METHODS

This chapter gives a description of the research approach, research design, variables, the setting of the

study, population, sampling, research tool and methods of data collection and plan for data analysis.

7.1 source of data

Data will be collected from school children residing in a selected residential school at kolar [15]

7.2 methods of data collection

I. Research design

Quasi experimental design

II. Research approach

Pre-test post-test approach

III. Research variables

a. Dependent variables.

Level of knowledge regarding prevention and management of scabies among school children.

b. Independent variable

Video-assisted teaching programme regarding prevention and management of scabies among

school children.

c. Demographic variables

This includes age, sex, educational status, occupational status, type of family, religion.

IV. Setting

Study is planned to conduct in a selected residential school at kolar.

V. Population

The population of the study will comprise of all 6 th and 7th standard students in a selected

residential school at kolar.

VI. Sample

The children who fulfill the inclusive criteria are considered as sample and sample size is 60. For

pilot study sample sizes 6.

VII. Criteria for sample selection

a. Inclusive criteria

1. Children who are between the age group of 9-12 years

[16]

2. Children who are willing to participate in the study.

3. Children who are present during the time of study.

4. Children who knows Kannada language.

b. Exclusive criteria.

1. Children who are below the age of 9 years and above 12 years.

2. Children who does not know Kannada language.

3. Children who are not willing to participate.

4. Children who are not present during the time of study.

VIII. Sampling technique.

Probability randomized sampling technique.

IX. Tool for data collection.

The structured questionnaire schedule consists of following sections.

Section A: Demographic data which gives base line information of age, sex, educational status,

occupational status, type of family, religion.

Section B: Structured questionnaire on knowledge regarding prevention and management of scabies

among school children.

X. Methods of data collection

After obtaining permission from concerned authority an informed consists from samples, the

researcher will collect data from samples.

Phase 1

Pretest will be conducted to assess knowledge of school children on prevention and management

of scabies with the help of structured questionnaire.

Phase 2

Video assisted teaching programme will be given to the school children regarding prevention and

management of scabies.

[17]

Phase 3

After a week post test will be administered to assess the level of knowledge on prevention and

management of scabies within the same group by using same questionnaire.

Duration of data collection

Duration of the study is 4 weeks.

XI. Plan for data analysis.

The data will be analyzed by means of descriptive and inferential statistics.

a) Descriptive statistics

1. Mean, medium, mode, standard deviation, will be used to assess the knowledge of school

children on prevention and management of scabies.

2. Frequency and percentage distribution will be used to distribute the samples based on

demographic variables

b) Inferential statistics

1. Paired “t” test will be used to assess the effectiveness of video assisted teaching program on

prevention and management of scabies.

2. Chi-square test will be used to associate the pre test level of knowledge of school children

with their selected demographic variables.

XII. Projected outcomes

After the study, the investigator will able to know the knowledge of school children regarding

prevention and management of scabies based on pre test findings video- assisted teaching programme

will be given to school children. It will help them to be aware of the cause and risk factors and mode of

transmission of scabies and to take necessary actions to prevent scabies.

7.3 Does the study require any investigations or intervention to be conducted on patients or other human

or animal?

No

[18]

7.4 Has the ethical clearance been obtained from your institution?

Yes,

1. Permission will be obtained from the concerned authority of an institution.

2. Informed consent taken from school children or samples those who are willing to participate in the

study.

8.LIST OF REFERENCES

1. Abedin S et.al., (2007), Indian journal of Pediatrics, “Efficacy of permethrin cream and oral

ivgermectin in treatment of scabies”74(10), Pg.915 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17978449.

2. Alsamarai A.M et.al., (2009), Journal of infection in developing countries, “Frequency of scabies in

Iraq” 3 (10), Pg.789-93. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20009281.

3. Amin T.T et.al., (2011), Rural Remote health “Skin disorders among male primary school children in

All Hassa, Saudi Arabia”,11 (1), Pg.-1517. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21355670.

4. Amro A et.al., (2012), International Journal of infectious disease, “epidemiology of scabies in the

west bank, Palestinian territories” 16 (2) , Pg. No.117-20. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22142897.

5. Amyl L Mccroskey, Department of Emergency Medicine, Detroit Receiving Hospital.

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/785873.

6. Atlanta, scabies fact sheet, centres for disease control and prevention, 2005.

http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/scabies.

7. Basavanthappa B.T (2000), “A text book of Nursing Research” (2nd edi.), Jaypee publishers, New

Delhi, Pg. No.92.

8. Brooks P.A et.al., (2002), Journal of Paediatrcs and Child Health, “Ivermection is better than benzyl

benzoate for childhood scabies in developing countries”, 38 (4); Pg.401-4

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12174005.

9. Buchlmann M et.al., (2009), Infection control hospital and epidemiology , “Scabies outbreak in an

interview care unit with 1,659 exposed individuals”, 3 (4) , Pp.354-60.

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19254159.

[19]

10. Carapetis J.R et.al., (1997), Pediatrics infectious Diseases journal “Success of a scabies control

program in an Australian aboriginal community”,16 (5), Pg.494-9, journals. www.com/pidj/abstract.

11. Emodi L.J et.al., (2010), African Health Sciences, “Skin diseases among children attending the

outpatient clinic of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital,” 10(4); Pg.362-6.

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21416038.

12. Feldmeier H et.al., (2009) Journal of American Academy of dermatology “The epidemiology of

scabies in an impoverished community in rural Brazil”,60 (3), Pg. 436-43.

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19064303.

13. Gulati P.V et.al., (1977). International Journal of Dermatology, “scabies in a semiurban area of

India”, an epidemiologic study”16(7), Pg.594-8. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/914413.

14. Henderson C.A et.al., (1992), Tropical Doctor, “Treatment of scabies in rural east Africa – a

comparative study of two regimens” 22(2), Pg.165-7. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/

15. Karim S.A et.al., (2007), Public Health, “Socio-demographic characteristics of children infested with

scabies in densely populated communities of residential madrashas, 121(12), Pg.923-34.

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17884117.

16. Land Wehr D et.al., (1998), International Journal of Dermatology, “Epidemiologic aspects of scabies

in Mali, Malawi, and Cambodia”37(8), Pg.588-90. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9732003.

17. Lassa. S et.al., (2011), British Journal of Dermatology, “epidemiology of scabies prevalence in the

U.K. from General practice records”, 164 (4) Pg. No.1329-34.

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21574970.

18. Nnoruka E.N et.al., (2001), Tropical Doctor, “Successful treatment of scabies with oral ivermectin in

Nigeria” 31(1); Pg.:15-8. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11205591.

19. Ogunbiyi A.O et.al., (2005), Pediatorics Dermatology, “Prevalence of skin disorders in school

children in Ibadan, Nigeria” 22(1), Pp.6-10. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15660888.

20. Project Guardian, A voluntary organization; “a study on scabies among school children, Andrews

High School; Kolkata.

[20]

21. Reid H.F et.al., (1990), Epidemiology and Infection, “Scabies infestation, the effect of intervention by

public Health education”,105(3), Pg.595-602. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2249723.

22. Rotti S.B et.al., (1985), “Prevalence of scabies among school children in a rural block of coastal

Karnataka”, 51 (1); Pg.35-7. www.ijdvl.com/artical.asp

23. Sachdev T.R et.al., (1982) Journal of Indian Association of communicable Diseases, A ‘Study on

prevalence of scabies in a resettlement colony and its association with some socio cultural and

environmental factors” 5(3-4), Pg.88-91.www.reserchgate.net/publication/11143432.

24. Sato H et.al., (1989), The Hokkaido Journal of medical science, “Statistical studies on scabies at

division of dermatology, Urakawa Red Cross Hospital” 64(2) Pg. 139-45.

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2471682.

25. Sharma R.S et.al., (1984) Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, “An epidemiological study

of scabies in a rural community in India”, 78(2); Pg.157-64.www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6742927.

26. Taplin D et.al., (1992), Lancet “Community control of scabies; a model based on use of permethrin

cream” 337(8748) Pg:1016-8. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1673175.

27. Terry B.C et.al., (2011) Public Health “Sarcoptes Scabei Infestation among children in a displacement

camp in sierra Leone” 115(3), Pg.208-211. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11429717.

28. Usha V.J et.al., (2000) American Academy of Dermatology, “A comparative study of oral ivermectin

and topical permethrin cream in the treatment of scabies”42(2), Pg.236-40.

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10642678

29. Walker G.J et.al., (2000), Cochrane Database Systematic reviews, “Intervention for treating scabies”,

2000(3). www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10908470

30. Wikipedia; The free encyclopedia on scabies. http://en.wikipedia.org/scabies.

[21]

09 SIGNATURE OF THE CANDIDATE

10 REMARKS OF THE GUIDE

11 NAME AND DESIGNATION

11.1 GUIDE

11.2 SIGNATURE

11.3 CO-GUIDE

11.4 SIGNATURE

11.5 HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

11.6 SIGNATURE

12 REMARKS OF PRINCIPAL

12.1 SIGNATURE

[22]