rguhs.ac.inrguhs.ac.in/cdc/onlinecdc/uploads/05_N028_40563.doc · Web viewThe word plastic has its...
Transcript of rguhs.ac.inrguhs.ac.in/cdc/onlinecdc/uploads/05_N028_40563.doc · Web viewThe word plastic has its...
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES KARNATAKA,
BANGALORE-560041
PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR DISSERTATION
1
1. Name of the candidate and
address
MR.PRALHAD V IDDALAGI
1ST YEAR M.Sc. NURSING,
EAST WEST COLLEGE OF NURSING,
#63, OFF MAGADI MAIN ROAD,
BANGALORE-560091.
2. Name of the institution East West College of Nursing,
3. Course of study and subject 1st Year M.Sc. Nursing,
Community health nursing.
4.Date of admission to course 07/06/2012
5.
Title of the Study:
“ STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE & ATTIDUDE REGARDING PLASTIC WASTE
MANAGEMENT ”
6. A BRIEF RESUME OF THE INTENTED WORK
6.1. INTRODUCTION
“WE DO NOT INHERIT THE EARTH FROM OUR ANCESTORS; WE BORROW IT FROM OUR CHILDREN”
–Antoine de saint exupery.
Economic growth and changing consumption and production patterns are
resulting into rapid increase in generation of waste plastics in the world. The world’s
annual consumption of plastic materials has increased from around 5 million tons in
the 1950s to nearly 100 million tons; thus, 20 times more plastic is produced today
than 50 years ago. This implies that on one hand, more resources are being used to
meet the increased demand of plastic, and on the other hand, more plastic waste is
2
being generated. In Asia and the Pacific, as well as many other developing regions,
plastic consumption has increased much more than the world average economic
development.7
Due to the increase in generation, waste plastics are becoming a major stream in
solid waste. After food waste and paper waste, plastic waste is the third major
constitute at municipal and industrial waste in cities. Even the cities with low
economic growth have started producing more plastic waste due to increased use of
plastic packaging, plastic shopping bags, polyethylene terephthalate (PET)bottles and
other goods/appliances using plastic as the major component.7
This increase has turned into a major challenge for local authorities responsible
for solid waste management and sanitation. Due to lack of integrated solid waste
management, most of the plastic waste is neither collected properly nor disposed of in
appropriate manner to avoid its negative impacts on environment and public health
and waste plastics are causing littering and choking of sewerage system.7
The word plastic has its roots in the Greek word “Plastikos” which means being
able to be moulded into different shapes. Plastic bags are moulded from basic
materials that are derived from oil, coal, & natural gas. They are so cheap to produce,
sturdy, plentiful, easy to carry & store.6
A simple definition could be any of group of synthetic or natural organic
materials that may be shaped when soft & then hardened, including many types of
resins, resinoids, polymers, cellulose derivatives, casein materials & proteins.6
Plastic (Polythene) bags which were introduced in the early 1980s have
become an indispensible commodity in the modern life style. Alexander Parkes
created the first man made plastic & publically demonstrated it at the 1862 great
international exhibition in London. The material called parkesine was an organic
material derived from cellulose that once heated, could be moulded& retained its
shape when cooled.6
In chemistry, plastics are large molecules called polymers composed of
repeated segments called Monomers with carbon backbone, polymers is a simply a
very large molecule made up of many smaller units joined together, generally end to
3
end, to create a long chain. The smallest building block of a polymer is called a
monomer. The smallest building block of a polymer is called a monomer. Polymer are
divided into 2 distinct groups 1) Thermoplastics (mouldable) 2) Thermosets (non-
mouldable) 6
The plastic materials are categorised in 7 types, based on properties &
applications. To make sorting & thus recycling easier. The universally accepted
standards making code has been developed to help consumers identify & sort the
main types of plastic. Those are polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high density
polyethylene (HDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), low density polyethylene (LDPE),
polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene(PS)&others.7
4
6.2. NEED FOR STUDY
Over the years plastic have brought economic, environmental & social advantages.
However their popularity has also meant a rise in plastic waste which brings its own
economic, environmental & social issues.12
In 2009 around 230 million tonnes of plastic waste were produced worldwide.
Environmental groups estimated that every year 500 billion to one trillion plastic bags
are manufactured & used worldwide & this results in a proportionate rise in plastic
waste in the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) streams in large cities.11
Increasing urbanization and industrialization have contributed for increased
plastic generation. This increase has been rapid since the middle of the 19th century
which has affected the quality of environment. The urban population has grown at a
rate of 19.9%to 34.41% during the last two decades. The growth of urban and rural
population is 2.1 %and 1.5% respectively during 1991-2001. One among the reasons
for urban population growth is migration of rural population to cities. Rapid population
growth, urbanization and industrial growth have led to severe problem of waste
generation in urban centers. India is the second fastest growing major economy in the
World with GDP growth rate 9.1 % for the year 2006-07.The average municipal solid
waste production is from 0.21 to 0.50 Kg per capita per day in India. The present urban
population is expected 341 million in 2010. The waste quantities are expected to
increase from 46 million tons in 2001 to 65 million tons in 2010. It is also reported that
per capita per day production will increase to 0.7 kg in 2050.It is estimated that
approximately 15722 tons per day (TPD) of plastic waste is generated on the basis of
per capita consumption based on population of India.8
Besides littering problem plastic waste especially carry bags are causing an
increasing number of environmental & health problems that includes choked soils,
blockage of drains, animal & aquatic deaths, food hazards.8
With formal and informal sector failing to collect plastic waste, the packaging &
PVC pipe industry are growing at 16-18% per year. The demands of plastic goods are
increasing from house hold use to industrial applications. It is growing at an annual rate
of 22%. The polymers production has reached to 8.5 million tonnes in 2007. The total
5
plastic waste consumption in India during last decade is 61,000tonnes (1996) to
8,500,000 tonnes (2007). National Plastic Waste Management Task Force (1997)
project has given the increased demands of different polymers (like Polyethylene,
Polypropylene, PVC, PET, Etc) in India.8
The plastic consumption per capita per year of world is 24Kg & that of India is
6-7Kg, recycling rate of world is 15-20%, that of India is 60% & occurrence of plastic
in solid waste in world is 7% & that of India is 9%. This indicates that the consumption
of plastic is more in India as compared with rest of the world.7
Bengaluru city statistics shows the area of 800 sq km, population (2008): 78
lakhs, 198 wards. Estimated MSW ( municipal solid waste) generation for 2009, from
all sources for BBMP (Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike) zones is ~ 3000tonnes
per day(tpd), Per capita waste ~ 350 grams per day (gmpd) (domestic waste),
households contribute to ~ 54% percent of the total waste; Markets &function halls
contribute to 20% and commercial establishment &institutions contribute to 17% and
others 9%. Among this solid waste the physical composition of plastic waste is 12%.16
Burning (of plastic bags) used as a plastic waste management method in some places
causes local air pollution & release toxic gases such as Furan & Dioxin leave unhealthy
residues that include heavy metals like lead & cadmium. Dioxins become permanent
fixture in the human body & they do not dissolve in human fats. It has been linked to
cancer, & it is known to affect immune system, reproduction, & hormone producing
endocrine glands. Burning also emits CO2 which affects the ozone layer.6
The methods of recycling & the technology used for the same at present are quite
outmoded & are in need of up gradation. It has also been observed that some of
industries even recycle the plastic waste which is totally unhygienic & such is a health
hazard for persons who use items made from such plastics & even used at times for
packaging of food stuff & medicines.12
The researcher felt that since increase in the prevalence rate of health &
environmental hazards due to the plastic waste are more. By assessing the knowledge
and attitude of adolescents about the proper management of plastic wastes, the
researcher can help them to improve the practices for proper disposal of plastics. All
these instances instigated the researcher to conduct this study to assess the knowledge
and attitude of adolescents regarding the environmental hazards due to mismanagement
of plastic wastes.
6
6.4 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Review of literature refers to the activities involved in identifying, searching for
information on a topic and developing an understanding of the state of knowledge on
that topic.
In this study review literature has been divided in the following headings:
Studies and literature related to Plastic waste management (PWM)
Studies and literature related to knowledge and attitude regarding Plastic waste
management
Studies and literature related knowledge of plastic waste management among
Adolescents.
1. Studies and literature related to Plastic waste management (PWM)
An article by “ Online journal of social sciences research”, volume-I,
issue-2 April-2012, has conducted the incidence of plastic waste & their effects in
Alice, South Africa, under the guidance of Remigious Mangizvo. The study envisages
how plastic grocery bags have critically polluted the river Tyume. The study was
conducted between January 2010 –June 2011 observation on how the community dealt
with plastic were made, visits were made to the various parts of the town which include
the different streets, the sites where casual dumping of solid waste is done the outskirts
of the town & the landfill. Interviews were conducted with residents as well as town
officials to establish their views on plastics. During the time of the study plastic bags
debris awash on the banks of Tyume river. Finally the study recommended the public
awareness & education campaigns & use of environmental R’s (Reduce, Recycle,
Reuse).6
A study conducted under “Central pollution board (CPCB)”, relating to
Assessment of plastic waste generation& its management at 2 airports & 3 railway
stations in Delhi. The study envisages data on plastic waste generated at 2 airports & 3
railway stations in Delhi about 6758Kg/day, of plastic waste is generated at 3 railway
stations & about 3662Kg/day at the 2 airports. The per capita plastic waste generation
is approx 9gm/day at railway stations & 69gm/day at airport. The methodology adopted
was desk research, field studies, data collection, analysis, interview, survey,&
7
legislation were also consulted. Finally the study recommended the rag pickers can be
included in the main stream of waste management system, plastic waste collection,
segregation, transportation, & disposal shall be privatized, separate dust bins should be
adopted, plastic recycling industries needed to upgrade, reusage of plastic in road
constructions, public awareness programmes, use of biodegradable plastics & an
independent waste management cell could be set up.8
A study conducted by “ Kenya national cleaner production centre Nairobi,
Kenya prepared a comprehensive plastic waste management strategy for the city of
Nairobi, reveals that the Nairobi city manufactures a total of 192,836 tons/year of
plastics from a raw material, out of which 25% (i.e. 49,022 tons/year) of the total
manufacturing comprises of plastic carrier bags an additional 27,813 tons/year of
finished plastic products are imported into the city of the total plastic carrier bags
produced in the city approx.-50% (24,511 tons/year) are less than 15 micron in
thickness. The total plastic consumption in Nairobi is 211,316 tons/year. As imported
& local production of plastic levels are 27,813 tons/year, 192836 tons/year
respectively. Out of this the annual plastic exports estimated at 9,333 tons/year, out of
this annual plastic consumption of 211,316 tons/year, 38,516 tons/year (18%) are
retained & reused, while 172,800 tons/year (82%) are indiscriminately dumped into the
environment with serious environmental consequences. The study proposed a
wonderful strategy that “ EXPANDED STAKEHOLDER REASPONSIBILITY” i.e,
motivating participation of neighbourhood association with City Council of Nairobi
(CCN) to drive this strategy under 3 phases i.e, Bridging phase (for 100 days), Short
term phase (for 3 years), Medium term phase (for 10 years) to implement in Embakasi
area of the city Nairobi.9
An article on setting up of pyrolysis plant for plastic waste conversion into
Industrial oil (Pyrolysis oil). Proposed by ‘Dr. T. Muraleedharan Nair’, “Common
Facility Services Centre Manjeri, Kerala”, the study focuses on the estimated plastic
waste generated in the country is approx.-10,000 tons/day. This project discusses the
pyrolysis of waste plastics into useful gaseous & liquid fuels along with carbon black.
The proposed project suggests conversion efficiency that is input capacity of
10,000Kgs mixed plastic waste per day can generate pyrolysis oil-6500 to 9000 lit,
hydrocarbon gas-500 to 1000Kg, & carbon black -500-700Kg. Proposed project
parameters envisages production capacity per annum is estimated the conversion of
8
31,20,000Kg of plastic wastes into 21,84,000 lit industrial oil, 1,56,000 Kg carbon
black & 1,56,000 Kg hydrocarbon gas.10
2. Studies and literature related to knowledge and attitude
regarding Plastic waste management
Study conducted by “Science Education Development Institute”, 2012 Volume
2 May, 2012 in Nigeria regarding Attitude towards recycling & Plastic waste
management by management students in Sunyani polytechnic, Ghana. The study aims
at contributing to the body of knowledge in the area of Plastic waste management by
examining students’ attitude towards Plastic waste recycling and the strategies for
recycling. The research is based on quantitative research design and a descriptive
survey of the students at Sunyani Polytechnic that were selected using convenience
sampling method for a sample of 139. Data were analysed using frequency, percentages
and One-Way Analysis of variance (ANOVA). Respondents’ knowledge and attitude
towards plastic waste recycling is good and positive. Numerous campaigns should be
launched/started through media (TV, Internet) as indicated by respondents as well as a
letting people to know about more affirmative benefit in terms of health, cost
minimization and risk minimization of social life when the society recycle. Future
studies in the study area should be based on comparative analysis using respondents
from other departments.13
In a hospital-based cross-sectional study performed from March to September
2009 in Pune town regarding disposal of plastic. Out of 500 study subjects, 201
(40.2%) were males and 299 (59.8%) were females; 237 (47.4%) were nurses, 132
(26.4%) were lab technicians and 131 (26.2%) were housekeeping staff. Totally 266
(53.2%) study subjects knew about BMW correctly, of which 138 (51.8%) were nurses,
114 (42.85%) were technicians and 14 (5.26%) were housekeepers. Only 8 (1.6%)
study subjects knew about categories of disposal of plastic. Total 353 (70.6%) study
subjects were having idea about segregation of plastic waste. Only 72 (14.4%) subjects
had knowledge about various methods of disposal of plastic. Majority of the study
subjects i.e. 479 (95.8%) had knowledge about various health problems related to
improper plastic disposal.14
9
A study conducted in Bangladesh to assess the knowledge of adolescents
regarding problems due to the use of plastic bottles. A random sample of 300
adolescents was taken and a questionnaire was used to all the study group. The result of
the study was, out of 300 adolescents only 23% of population know about the ill effects
of plastic bottle like GI problems, cancer etc.15
This study was done to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of students
regarding plastic waste management. Karimnagar town (Andhra Pradesh) has a
population of 5.2 lacks. It has 267 students in the community. Out of 267students, 47
were selected by systematic random sampling. A total of 500 study subjects were
selected from these community and the data were collected by one to one interview
using pre-tested pre-designed proforma. The result of this study is 30 % of students
dispose the plastic properly. others need proper helth education regarding plastic
disposal.15
3. Studies and literature related to effectiveness of STP
Investigator could not locate any studies regarding effectiveness of PTP on
hazards of plastic use. The related studies were included where methodology and
procedures are similar.
An evaluative study on a planned teaching programme on menstrual hygiene
developed for pre-adolescent girls based on learning needs in selected school .A study
on effectiveness of a planned programme on personal hygiene for children between 10-
12years in a selected school.15
The above cited studies revealed in various aspects of hazards in human and
population on experimental basis. However in India studies using all the aspects of
research process comparatively limited. Thus the review or literature is helped for
investigation.
6.5 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
“A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURED TEACHING
PROGRAMME ON KNOWLEDGE & ATTIDUDE REGARDING PLASTIC
WASTE MANAGEMENT AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN SELECTED SCHOOLS
AT BANGALORE’’
10
6.6 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
1. To assess the pre-test knowledge& attitude regarding plastic waste management
among adolescents.
2. To assess the post-test knowledge & attitude regarding plastic waste management
among adolescents.
3. To compare the pre-test & post-test knowledge and attitude of adolescents regarding
management of plastic wastes and its environmental hazards.
4. To evaluate the structured teaching programme.
5. To associate the pre-test knowledge score with selected demographic variables.
6. To associate the pre-test attitude score with selected demographic variables.
6.7 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS
Assess: In this study assess refers to estimate or judge the adolescents knowledge and
attitude regarding plastic waste management.
Effectiveness: It is a production of an intended result by the learners after the
structured teaching programme.
Structured teaching programme: It is a Systemic Structured lecture given by the
investigator for 45 to 60 minutes with the help of A.V. Aids on plastic waste & its
health hazards.
Knowledge: In this study knowledge refers to the correct meaningful verbal response
of adolescents on plastic waste management.
Attitude: It refers to settled way of thinking or feeling, typically reflected in
adolescents’ behaviour.
Plastic waste: The waste produced by the plastic.
Adolescents: In this study adolescents mean between the age group of 13-19 Yrs those
who are studying in school.
6.8 HYPOTHESIS
H1: There will be significant difference between pre-test & post-test score ofknowledge
and attitude among adolescents regarding plastic waste management.
11
H2: There will be significant association in the level of pre-test & post-test score of
knowledge and attitude among adolescents regarding plastic waste management with
selected demographic variables.
6.9 ASSUMPTIONS:The adolescents may have some knowledge and attitude regarding plastic waste
management.
7. METHODOLOGY:
7.1. RESEARCH APPROACH:Evaluative approach
7.2. RESEARCH DESIGN:Quasi experimental design
7.3. SETTING:
The present study will be conducted in selected urban schools of Hesarghatta,
Bangalore.
7.4. POPULATION:Target population selected for this study is adolescents (Age 13 to 18yrs) from urban
areas of Bangalore.
7.5. SAMPLE: Adolescents with 13-18yrs, residing in urban areas at Bangalore, who will fulfil
the inclusion criteria of the study, are the sample of this study
7.6. SAMPLE SIZE: N=50
7.7. SAMPLING TECHNIQUES:Satisfied random sampling technique
7.8. SAMPLING CRITERIA: Inclusion criteria
1. Adolescents from urban communities
2. Adolescents with 13-18Yrs of age
3. Adolescents who are willing to participate in this study
4. Those that can able to read & write Kannada & English.
12
Exclusion criteria
1. Adolescents who are not available at the time of study
2. Adolescents who are not willing to participate in this study
7.9. TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION
Tool 1: Demographic data sheet will be prepared by the researcher.
Tool 2:Structured self administered questionnaire to assess the knowledge on Plastic
waste management
Tool 3: Scale
7.10. VARIABLESIndependent Variable: Structured Teaching Programme.
Dependent variable: In this study level of knowledge and attitude regarding plastic
waste management is dependent variable.
Extraneous variable: Demographic variable such as age, religion, education, family
income of adolescents.
7.11. METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
After obtaining the permission from the concerned authorities and informed consent
from the samples the investigator will collect the data by structured teaching
programme method.
7.12. METHODS OF DATA ANALYSIS:
Appropriate descriptive and inferential statistics will be used
Descriptive statistics: Frequency, percentage, mean, median, mode and standard
deviation will be used to be explaining demographic variables and to assess the level of
knowledge of adolescents.
Inferential statistics:‘ t’test, Chi square test will be used to find the association
between selected demographic variables with the level of knowledge of adolescents.
13
7.13. DURATION OF DATA COLLECTION:Duration of data collection will be 6-8 weeks
7.14. PROJECTED OUTCOME:
The study will help the investigator to know the existing knowledge and attitude of
adolescents regarding plastic waste management.
7.15. Does the study require any investigation to be conducted on
patient or other human or animals? If so please describe briefly.Yes. It includes only collection of verbal information and delivery of information. No
invasive or trial of drug procedures are included.
7.16. Has the ethical clearance has been obtained from your institution
in case of Yes, the copy has been enclosed.
14
8. LIST OF REFERENCES:
1. Park K “Text book of preventive & social medicine” B/S Banarasidas Bhannot,
publishers; 17th Edition.
2. Denise F.Polit, BenedethP.Hungler; Nursing Research Principles and Methods;
Philadelphia, 6th edition, Lippincott Company; 1999.
3. ParulDatta, “Community Nursing,”1st edition, Jaypee publication, 271-272.
4. B.T.Basavanthappa, “Nursing Research” Second Edition ,Jaypee, 2008
5. Suresh K Sharma “Nursing Research & Statistics” 1st Edition, Elsevier Publishers
Haryana
6. Online Journal of Social Sciences Research, Vol-1, Isssue-2, April, 2012. Available
at www. Onlineresearchjournals.org
7. United nations Environmental Programme, Osaka/Shiga “Converting Waste Plastic
Into a Resource, 2009.
8. Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi, Available at www.cpcb.nic.in, 2009
9. Kenya National Cleaner production Centre, Nairobi, Kenya URL
[email protected], 2006
10. Dr. T. Murulidharan Nair “Common Family Service Centre” Manjeri, Kerala.
11. Mudgal “Science for Environment Policy” European Commission Plastic waste
redesign & biodegradability.
12. Dr. PawanSikka “Department of Science & Technology” Delhi, Plastic Waste
Management In India.
13. Science Education Institute, Nigeria, Volume-II, “Recycling & Plastic waste
Management” May, 2012
14. Online Journal Of India Available at www.onlinejournalofindia.com
15. PUBMED online medical journals/abstract publishers, www.pubmed.com
16. An article by Bruhat Bengaluru MahanagaraPalike, 2012, Available at
www.bbmp.com
17. A.D.A.M. medical encyclopedia. Atlanta: A.D.A.M., Inc.; c2005 [cited 2012 dec
26]: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
18. Wikimedia Foundation,San Francisco, Inc; c2010, cited 20 Nov 2012.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hypertension
15
16