RóG¹/ 4)L6G...Qî :U 6 N [ RóG¹ 8.ä)ãQ RóG¹ 10 P() LgA Q RóG¹ 12 jÛ,eRóG¹@ö)ã 14...
Transcript of RóG¹/ 4)L6G...Qî :U 6 N [ RóG¹ 8.ä)ãQ RóG¹ 10 P() LgA Q RóG¹ 12 jÛ,eRóG¹@ö)ã 14...
DK
LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE, MUNICH, AND DELHI
Mike Graul
Camilla Hallinan Martin Wilson
Sunita Gahir Andrea Pinnington
DK Claire Bowers Georgina Hayworth
DTP Andy Hilliard, Siu Ho, Ben Hung Andy Smith
Poppy Newdick
DK
For Cooling Brown Ltd.: Arthur Brown Steve Setford
Tish Jones Louise Thomas
www.dk.com
DK Karen Whitehouse
Kelly Maish Katherine Linder
2007 DK 345 Hudson Street,
New York, New York 10014
2013
( ) 978-1-4654-0441-1
© 2013 2013
All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
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1900 2000 2100 — 8 7 33
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1858 . James Williams1818–90
—
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the Gilmore company1930
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1935Wallace Carothers of the
DuPont™ chemical company
1939
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Gilmore company
1950
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Bay of Biscay France
1000 6000 3300 10000
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Sussex England
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4 1.5LNG240 910
Will O The Wisp
Noviy Urengoy western Siberia Russia
600
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LNG LiquidNatural Gas
160˚C600
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440 —
3300 —
2000
Tampa, Florida
95%
22
1500015000
182028000 3800
CBMCBM
7000001%
1500025000
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25
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.1769 - 1839
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1848. James Young
1811 1883
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tarmacadamtarmac
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4 D
4 D
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Paul NealRed Adair 1915–2004
1962
John WayneHellfighters
1968 1991
77
33
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the
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latf
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2000
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ROVs
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ROVsTV
12
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20
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TAPS
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the tanker Exxon Valdez
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12%22%
65 2010 2 3
307 8
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68°F 20°C
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480–660°F 250–350°C
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1000 2000 365
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Reva G-Wiz
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G-Wiz 40 64kw/h
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3.3%5.0%
5.4%12.3%
15.3%
51.4%
20000 77000
F12 0.4
46
PVCPVC HDPE
47
ParkesineAlexander Parkes 1813–90
1861
1907Leo Baekeland
1863–1944
—
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1933ICI
PVC
PVCHDPE
HDPE
LDPE
LDPE
CD
48
18
DVD MP3
CFRP CRPCRP
1961Stephanie Kwolek b 1923
aramid fibers
Kevlar®EFTE
ETFEMunich Germany
Allianz Stadiumthe Bayern Munich
19. Hadji
Taghiyev 1823–1924Titusville Pennsylvania . Jonathan Watson 1819–1994
.L. 12D John D Rockefeller 1839–1937
. Edward Harkness 1874–1940. Haroldson
Hunt 1889–1974 . . Jean Paul Getty 1892–1976
20
Standard OilCleveland
20 20 30 Esso
Exxonmobile
51
BP
1990
Roman Abramovich
2000 BP
500 Wal Mart
2600230 12
NOCs
. Michael Ballack
10
1 Saudi Aramco
2 National Iranian Oil Co
3 Gazprom —
4 Qatar Petroleum
5 Kuwait Petroleum Co
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2007 240
Nigerian Nacional Petroleum Co
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OPEC
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1914 1918
MohammedMossadegh 1882 1967
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CO2
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Bay oil field in Alaska
5
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1988
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41%
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2030
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8600 — 42030
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25 203000
(2006)
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. Conoco PhillipsGulf of
Paria
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66
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Karhai Markaz Vocational Training CenterStatoil
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(HIV/AIDS)
HIV AIDS
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10010 5000 1987
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1856.
1857
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Rochas20
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1885
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1914–1918
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(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)OPEC J D
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1975
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(SPR)2005
6.58
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1979–198113
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(LNG)
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20031980
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2015
2008
147
2005
• E&Phttp://www.energy4me.org
•http://www.energy4me.org/sources/oilgas/petroleum_museums.htm
•http://resources.schoolscience.co.uk/SPE/index.html
•http://www.mms.gov/mmskids/explore/explore.htm
•http://www.energyzone.net/
•http://www.earthsciweek.org/forstudents/index.html
•www.eia.doe.gov/kids/index.html
•
http://www.fossil.energy.gov/education/index.html
•http://www.howstuffworks.com/oil-
refining.htm
•http://www.shell.us/views/energy_minds.html
•
www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/index.html
•the Smithsonian Institute
http://americanhistory.si.edu/fuelcells/basics.htm
•www.nei.org/scienceclub/index.html
•www.ase.org/section/_audience/consumers/kids
•http://42explore.com/recycle.htm
•
www.niehs.nih.gov/kids/recycle.htm
72
IndexABC
Abramovich, Roman, 51Adair, Paul Neal, 33advertising, 15aerogel, 38Alaska, 30, 39, 41, 70alembics, 12alkanes, 16Anglo-Persian (Iranian) Oil Company, 52, 69
anticlines, 24–25Arab sheikhs, 50–51, 52aramid fibers, 49Argand, Aimé, 10–11, 68aromatics, 16, 70asphalt, 16, 27, 68Babylon bitumen, 9, 27, 68Bakelite, 48Baku, 12Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline, 38, 70
barrels, 42beauty products, 46benzene, 19biofuels, 51, 60–61biogas, 20, 70Bissell, George, 12bitumen, 8, 9, 16, 17, 19, 26, 68
blowouts, 33, 70Bordino, Virginio, 14bores, 29, 32
BP, 51butane, 21candles, 47carbohydrates, 17, 60carbon dioxide, 54–55, 70carbon-fiber reinforced plastics, 49
careers, 64–65, 71Carothers, Wallace, 15cars, 14-15, 44–45, 51, 55, 60, 61, 66, 69
Carthage, 9caulking boats, 8Chéret, Jules, 10–11China, 8, 53, 57cholesterol, 17Christmas trees, 32, 37coal, 22–23, 55, 62coal gas, 21, 22, 68coal tar, 27coke, 43condensate, 16, 20consumption of oil, 6, 52-53, 56-57
cracking, 42-43, 69crude oil, 6, 12, 16, 42-43, 68, 69
DEderricks, 12, 13, 32detergents, 46diesel, 45, 55, 61divers, offshore oil rigs, 35
Drake, Edwin L., 12, 69drilling, 8, 12, 30–33, 36–37drugs, 47earthquakes, 39Egyptian mummies, 9electricity, 58, 59, 62–63energy, 18, 44–45, 58-59, 60–63engines, 44-45, 70environmental concerns, 51, 54–55
essential oils, 17ethane, 48-49, 70Exxon Valdez, 41, 70ExxonMobile, 50–51, 67
FGfarming, 7, 60faults, 24, 39fires, oil wells, 13, 33flaring, 66flexicokers, 43forams, 19Ford, Henry, 14formation of oil, 18–19fossil fuels, 22, 54fractional distillation, 42fuel cells, 61gas, 16-17, 20–21gas oil, 42gasoline, 6, 14-15, 42, 45, 51, 55, 66gasometers, 21gas stations, 14–15, 50
Gesner, Abraham, 12Getty, Jean Paul, 50global warming, 54gravity meters, 29greenhouse effect, 54gushers, oil wells, 13, 69
HIJKHarkness, Edward, 50HDPE, 48helium, 21houses, energy-saving, 59human body, 17, 58Hunt, Haroldson, 50hybrid cars, 44hydrocarbons, 16–17hydroelectric power, 63hydrogen cars, 61isobutane, 21jet fuel, 45kerogen, 19, 24kerosene, 12, 10–11, 14, 27, 42, 68, 69
Kuwait, 52, 53, 70
LMNLDPE, 48lighting, 7, 10–11, 21LNG (liquid natural gas), 20–21, 70
Lukasiewicz, Ignacy, 12, 69
magnetic surveys, 29Mars, drilling, 31mass-production, 14, 69materials made from oil, 46–49
McAdam, John Loudon, 27methane, 17, 22-23, 60–61,Mossadegh, Mohammed, 52
mummies, 9museums, 69, 71nanotechnology, 31naphthenes, 16, 42natural gas, 16, 20–23, 57, 70
Nigeria, 51, 67nodding donkeys, 13nuclear power, 62, 71nylon stockings, 15
OPoctane, 16–17oil crisis (1973), 52, 70oil fields, 13oil rigs, 32-37, 54-55, 71oil sands, 26oil seeps, 27oil shales, 26oil spills, 41oil terminals, 41oil wells, 12-13, 29, 32-33OPEC, 52, 70paraffin wax, 47Parkes, Alexander, 48
Parkesine, 48peat, 62petrochemicals, 46–47petroleum, 16, 46-47, 64photosynthesis, 18photovoltaic cells, 63phytoplankton, 18pigs, pipelines, 38pipe stills, 42pipelines, 20, 38–39, 70
pitch, 16Pitch Lake, Trinidad, 27plankton, 18plants, 17, 54, 60plastics, 15, 48–49, 71politics of oil, 52–53polycarbonates, 49polyethylene, 48polymers, 48–49, 71polypropylene, 48polystyrene, 48power plants, 44, 62-63production, 56–57propane, 21, 71PVC, 48
RSracing fuels, 45Raleigh, Sir Walter, 27recycling waste, 59, 71refineries, 12-13, 42–43, 61, 69, 71
reserves of oil, 56-58
resource curse, 51roads, 27, 55Rockefeller, John D., 50, 69rocks, 19, 21, 24-25, 29, 32
roughnecks, 35, 65roustabouts, 35, 65Russia, 50-53, 69, 70saving oil, 58–59seismic surveys, 28, 30, 37ships, 40–41, 68, 69Smith, William, 25social responsibility, 66–67
solar power, 51, 62, 63sour gas, 20sour oils, 16steam cars, 14steroid hormones, 17street lamps, 21substitutes for oil, 60–63supermarkets, 6, 58supertankers, 40sweet oils, 16
TUV Taghiyev, Hadji, 50tankers, 20-21, 40–41tar, 16tar pits, 27tar sands, 26tarmacadam, 27, 68technology, 28–31
terpenes, 17terrorism, 39tidal power, 63timeline of global oil age, 68–70
torches, 10–11town gas, 21Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, 39, 70
transportation, 7, 44-45, 58traps, 18, 19, 24–25, 71turbines, 64, 63Ukraine, 70United Arab Emirates (UAE), 50, 53
US oil sources, 57vegetable oil, 61
WXYZwarfare, 8-9, 52-53waterpower, 63Watson, Jonathan, 50wealth, 50–51websites for information, 71
whale oil, 10–11wildcat wells, 14, 29wildcatters, 14Williams, James, 12“will-o’-the-wisp”, 20wind power, 62–63Yamani, Sheikh, 52Young, James, 27
Dorling Kindersley would like to thank: Karen Whitehouse for editorial work; Dawn Bates for proofreading; Hilary Bird & Heather MacNeil for the index; Claire Bowers, David Ekholm-JAlbum, Clarie Ellerton, Sunita Gahir, Joanne Little, Susan St Louis, Steve Setford, & Bulent Yusef for help with clip art; David Ball, Kathy Fahey, Neville Graham, Rose Horridge, Joanne Little, & Sue Nicholson for the wall chart; Margaret Parrish for Americanization on the original edition; Margaret Watson (SPE); Kelly D. Maish for redesign and composition work; Katherine Linder for image manipulation.
The publisher would also like to thank the following for their kind permission to reproduce their photographs:
Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-center; f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top
2 Dorling Kindersley: Judith Miller/Ancient Art (tc); Oxford University Museum of Natural History (cb). Wikipedia: (bl). 3 Dorling Kindersley: Natural History Museum, London (tl). 4 Dorling Kindersley: Judith Miller/Luna (bc); The Science Museum, London (l). 5 Woodside Energy Ltd. (www.woodside.com.au): (tr). 6 Courtesy of Apple. Apple and the Apple logo are trademarks of Apple Computer Inc., registered in the US and other countries: (c). Corbis: Derek Trask (bl). Getty Images: Stone +/Tim Macpherson (tr). Science Photo Library: Paul Rapson (tl). 6-7 Corbis: Lester Lefkowitz (bc). 7 Alamy Images: Worldspec/NASA (tr). Getty Images: Photographer's Choice/Joe McBride (tc). 8 Alamy Images: Visual Arts Library (London) (b). 9 Alamy Images: Popperfoto (c). The Bridgeman Art Library: Private Collection, Archives Charmet (tc). Dorling Kindersley: The Trustees of the British Museum (tr, bl, br); Judith Miller/Cooper Owen (fcl). TopFoto.co.uk: HIP/The British Library (c/Castle). 10-11 Dorling
Kindersley: The Science Museum, London (c). 10 Dorling Kindersley: The Science Museum, London (bc). Mary Evans Picture Library: (tl). 11 Alamy Images: Lebrecht Music and Arts Photo Library (br); North Wind Picture Archive (tr). Dorling Kindersley: Dave King/Courtesy of The Science Museum, London (tl); Judith Miller/Ancient Art (bc). 12 akg-images: (cl). Corbis: Bettmann (tc, ca). Oil Museum of Canada, Oil Springs, Ontario: (bl). 12-13 Specialist Stock: Mark Edwards (bc). 13 Corbis: Underwood & Underwood (br). Getty Images: Texas Energy Museum/Newsmakers (tr); Three Lions (tc). Library Of Congress, Washington, D.C.: (bc). 14 Corbis: Bettmann (bc); Hulton-Deutsch Collection (bl). Dorling Kindersley: National Motor Museum, Beaulieu (tl, cr). 15 The Advertising Archives: (tr, cr). Alamy Images: John Crall/Transtock Inc. (l). Corbis: Hulton-Deutsch Collection (c). Dorling Kindersley: The Science Museum, London (cb). 16 Dorling Kindersley: Natural History Museum, London (bl). Getty Images: National Geographic/Sarah Leen (tl). 16-17 Science Photo Library: Laguna Design (c). 17 Science Photo Library: Paul Rapson (br). 18 NASA: Jeff Schmaltz, MODIS Rapid Response Team, GSFC (tr). Specialist Stock: Darlyne A. Murawski (bl). 19 Alamy Images: Phototake Inc. (tr). Dorling Kindersley: Rough Guides (tl). NASA: Susan R. Trammell (UNC Charlotte) et al., ESAIC, HST, ESA (bc). Dr Richard Tyson, School of Geoscience and Civil Engineering, Newcastle University: (clb). 20 Getty Images: Alexander Drozdov/AFP (tr). Mary Evans Picture Library: (tl). 20-21 Alamy Images: Bryan & Cherry Alexander Photography (b). Dorling Kindersley: National Maritime Museum, London (c). 21 Alamy Images: CuboImages srl (bc); Angel Svo (tr). Corbis: Hulton-Deutch Collection (tc). 22 U.S. Department of Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory: (br). 23 Canadian Society for Unconventional Resources: (cr). Woodside Energy
Ltd. (www.woodside.com.au): (bl). 24-25 Specialist Stock: Walter H. Hodge (b). 25 Dorling Kindersley: Natural History Museum, London (c/Sandstone). Landsat 7 satellite image courtesy of NASA Landsat Project Science Office and USGS National Center for Earth Resources Observation Science: (tl). The Natural History Museum, London: (br, c). 26 Corbis: Lara Solt/Dallas Morning News (tl). Rex Features: Norm Betts (bl). 26-27 Rex Features: Norm Betts (b). 27 Corbis: (tc). Dorling Kindersley: National Maritime Museum, London (c); Natural History Museum, London (tl). Getty Images: Hulton Archive (tr). The Natural History Museum, London: Michael Long (cla). Science & Society Picture Library: (bc). 28 Petrobras: (br). Science Photo Library: Chris Sattlberger (cra). Woodside Energy Ltd. (www.woodside.com.au): (bl). 29 Corbis: Bob Rowan/Progressive Image (cra); Tim Wright (tr). Micro-g Lacoste: (tl). Woodside Energy Ltd. (www.woodside.com.au): (b). 30-31 Corbis: Greg Smith (bc). 30 Photographic Services, Shell International Ltd.: (bc). 31 Getty Images: exi5/iStock Vectors (tl). NASA: (br). 33 Corbis: Lowell Georgia (br). Getty Images: Paul S. Howell/Liaison (tl). Specialist Stock: Russell Gordon (bl). 34 Corbis: Greg Locke/Reuters (tl). Getty Images: National Geographic/Justin Guariglia (bc). 35 Corbis: Stephanie Maze (bl). Dorling Kindersley: Natural History Museum, London (br). Getty Images: Image Bank/Cousteau Society (cr). 36 © BP p.l.c.: (br). Saudi Aramco: (tl). Transocean: (tr). 37 SERPENT Project: (bl). Statoil: Norsk Hydro (tc). Transocean: (br). 38 Alamy Images: G.P. Bowater (crb). Getty Images: Mustafa Ozer/AFP (bc). NASA: JPL (bl). ROSEN Swiss AG: (c). 38-39 Corbis: Ted Streshinsky (tc). 39 Alamy Images: Bryan & Cherry Alexander Photography (b). Corbis: Lloyd Cluff (tr); Langevin Jacques/Corbis Sygma (tc). 40 Auke Visser, Holland: (cb). 40-41 Alamy Images: Stock Connection Blue (c). 41 Alamy
Images: Roger Bamber (cr). Corbis: Karen Kasmauski (br). Getty Images: Stone/Keith Wood (tc). 42 Corbis: Roger Ressmeyer (cr). Dorling Kindersley: Peter James Kindersley (clb). Science Photo Library: Paul Rapson (bc). 43 Alamy Images: AGStockUSA, Inc. (tc); G.P. Bowater (tr). Corbis: Kazuyoshi Nomachi (b). 44 Corbis: Matthias Kulka (bl); Lake County Museum (tl). 45 Alamy Images: kolvenbach (cl); mark wagner aviation-images (b). Getty Images: Lonely Planet Images/Jim Wark (tl). 46-47 National Geographic Stock: (c). 46 Science Photo Library: NASA/ESA/STSCI/E.KARKOSCHKA, U.ARIZONA (cl). 47 Science Photo Library: Eye of Science (c). 48 Dorling Kindersley: Judith Miller/Wallis & Wallis (tl); Judith Miller/ Luna (cr). Wikipedia: (tr). 49 Alamy Images: imagebroker/Stefan Obermeier (br); Kari Marttila (tl/Aramid). Dorling Kindersley: Paul Wilkinson (clb). Getty Images: Science & Society Picture Library (cb); Greg Wood/AFP (tr). Science & Society Picture Library: (tl). 50 Corbis: Jose Fuste Raga (b). Mary Evans Picture Library: (tr). 51 © BP p.l.c.: (c, br). Corbis: dpa (cl); Ed Kashi (bl); brian minkoff/Demotix (tr). Getty Images: Alex Livesey (tc). 52 Alamy Images: Patrick Steel (cl). Corbis: Bettmann (bc). Getty Images: Hulton Archive (tl); Carl Mydans/Time Life Pictures (clb). Library Of Congress, Washington, D.C.: Warren K. Leffler (tr). 52-53 Corbis: Peter Turnley (c). 53 Corbis: Andi Albert/Arcaid (tl). 54 Alamy Images: ImageState (c). Corbis: AgStock Images (tr). Dorling Kindersley: NASA (bl). 55 Corbis: David Lefranc (tr); R&T/Brian Blades (l). Dorling Kindersley: Garry Darby, American 50s Car Hire (b). 56 Alamy Images: Paul Glendell (ftr). Dorling Kindersley: Alan Keohane (cl); Clive Streeter/Courtesy of The Science Museum, London (tr). TOTAL UK Limited 2005: (c). Vattenfall Group: (cr). 56-57 © BP p.l.c.: (Background). Corbis: Matthias Kulka (t). Dorling Kindersley: Garry Darby, American 50s Car Hire (bc). 57 Getty Images: Photographer's Choice/David Seed
Photography (tr). Magenn Power Inc. (www.magenn.com): Chris Radisch (br). 58 Alamy Images: Richard Cooke (l); Andre Jenny (tr). 59 Alamy Images: allOver Photography (br). Science Photo Library: Tony McConnell (tl); Alfred Pasieka (cl). 60 Alamy Images: David R. Frazier Photolibrary, Inc. (tl). Specialist Stock: Joerg Boethling (bl). 60-61 BMW Group UK: (bc). 61 Biodys Engineering: (br). Daimler AG: (tc). Getty Images: Yoshikazu Tsuno/AFP (tr). 62-63 Getty Images: Stone/David Frazier (c). 63 Corbis: Otto Rogge (br); Paul A. Souders (tl). 64 Photographic Services, Shell International Ltd.: (br). Woodside Energy Ltd. (www.woodside.com.au): (tr, bl). 65 © BP p.l.c.: (tc, c, cr). Statoil: (bc, tr). Transocean: (tl). 66 Corbis: Ocean (cl). Getty Images: De Agostini (br). 67 Corbis: Sophie Elbaz/Sygma (tr). Getty Images: SM Rafiq Photography/Flickr (bc); Tom Stoddart Archive/Hulton Archive (tl). 68-69 © BP p.l.c.: (Background). 68 Alamy Images: Egyptian, Ptolemaic Period (332-30 BC)/The Bridgeman Art Library Ltd. (bl). Specialist Stock: Knut Mueller (tr). 69 Corbis: Bettmann (bl). 70-71 © BP p.l.c.: (Background). 70 © BP p.l.c.: (tl). Corbis: Natalie Fobes (bl). Getty Images: Jerry Grayson/Helifilms Australia PTY Ltd. (br). 71 Courtesy of Apple. Apple and the Apple logo are trademarks of Apple Computer Inc., registered in the US and other countries: (bc/Laptop). © BP p.l.c.: (br/On Screen). Dorling Kindersley: Peter Griffiths & David Donkin - Modelmakers (bl)
All other images © Dorling KindersleyFor further information see: www.dkimages.com
Acknowledgments