RFID Tags
22
RFID Tags Prasanna Kulkarni Motorola ILT Workshop Smart Labels USA February 21, 2008
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Transcript of RFID Tags
RFID Tags
Prasanna KulkarniMotorola
ILT WorkshopSmart Labels USAFebruary 21, 2008
1
AgendaAgenda• RFID tags
– Brief overview– Roadmap of key attribute needs
• Existing tag technologies• Emerging tag technologies
– Critical technology needs– Prioritized R&D needs
– Recommendation– Discussion & Feedback
2
Passive RFID tagsPassive RFID tagsRFID tag creates association of an object with the data collection system
• Passive RFID tags attributes– No power source on-board
– Extracts power for operation from theRFID reader signal
– Tag life does not depend on the batterylife
– Inexpensive tags
– Easy to integrate with product orpackaging
• Passive RFID tags represent about77% of the RFID tags sold today
3KHz 3000GHz3MHz 3GHz
125-134 KHz 13.56 MHz 860-960 MHz 2.4GHz5.8GHz
Low Frequency
HighFrequency
Ultra-highFrequency
Super-highFrequency
ISO 18000-4
ISO 18000-6 A, B & C, EPC class0, EPCClass1 Gen1, EPC C1G2
ISO 18000-3, ISO 14443, ISO 18092
ISO 18000-2
Standards
Pallets and cases, airline baggage,supply chain
Ultra high frequency
Animal tracking, access control,gas cylinders
Low frequency
Ticketing, payment, smart cards,pharmaceutical, laundry
High frequency
Banknotes, secure documentsSuper high frequency
Typical applicationsOperating frequency
3
Active RFID TagsActive RFID Tags
• Active RFID tag attributes– Local power source (most common: battery)– Longer read range and ability transmit in challenging RF environment– Ability to integrate sensor or other device inputs– Data security through encryption– Tag life based on battery life and usage– Tags are usually more expensive and bulkier than passive tags
• Common active tags frequencies: 433 MHz, 315 MHz, 2.45 GHz, 5.8 GHz• Standards: ISO 18000-7, ISO 24730• Typical Applications:
Car clickers Asset tracking Smart active labels
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Roadmap of attribute needsRoadmap of attribute needsPassive RFID tags
– Cost of the tags• Continuously being reduced: Silicon scaling, novel assembly techniques,
component integration such as antenna on chip, novel technologies like chiplesstags
– Memory• Faster read write speeds: Novel memory structures like ferroelectric, MRAM etc• Higher memory density
– EAS integration• Compatibility with current EAS infrastructure
– Data security on the tag• Selective read, write, locking and killing of the data on the tag
– Tag size• Driven by antenna size, Size reduction for Item-level applications
– Tag environment• Temperature, humidity, radiation, chemicals,
5
Roadmap of attribute needsRoadmap of attribute needsActive RFID tags• RTLS application
– Locate range
– Location accuracy critical for ILT
– Location finding algorithm
– Battery life
– Operating environment for he tag• Smart active label application
– Added functionality: Temperature, humidity sensor other
– Sensor integration:
– Tag form factor
– Battery life
6
Emerging tag technologiesEmerging tag technologies
• Chipless RFID tags:– A promise to produce very low-cost, high-volume tags tag and ability to
integrate with product packaging– Printed transistor based– Surface Acoustic wave (SAW) based– Printed electromagnetic inks based
– Printed transistor based• Operating frequency:
– LF to HF operation– semiconductor mobility, channel lengths,– dielectrics
• Operating voltage• Memory size and type• Infrastructure compatibility• Physical size of the tag
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Critical technology needsCritical technology needs
• Passive RFID tags:– Tag memory
• Miniaturization of the memory cells• Novel memory structures like ferroelectric, magnetic memory for low power consumption
and high write speeds– Antenna type
• Printed antenna with high performance• Integration of antenna on the chip
– EAS functionality• Integration to current RFID• EAS backward compatibility• Dual functionality• Deactivation
– Tag data handling• Selective killing of the tag data• Selective locking of the tag data• Partitioned read zones protected by password
– Tag to tag communication– Tag on metal mounting at low cost
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Critical technology needsCritical technology needs
Active tags in RTLS Improved locate range:
High sensitivity reader design,efficient antenna and RF frontend design
Novel accurate location findingalgorithms for item level tracking
Solutions for tracking items in denseenvironment, orientation sensitivity
Battery life: Higher battery cell density
Low power consumption by ICs
Harvesting from the environment –solar, vibration etc
Networking: ability to operate onmultiple types of networks
Active tags in smart active labels Integration of sensor with RFIC Low cost display solution to present
key sensor output data Data security for the tag
Encryption
Mutual authentication Battery life
Higher battery cell density
Low power consumption by the IC
Printed batteries Cost of the tag Form factor: Large, credit card, label Tagged item location
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Prioritized R&D needsPrioritized R&D needs
MMLMTag detuning – closeproximity
MMHHTags vs metals andliquids1
HHLMTag read reliability(high read yield)1
MMLHTag size (x,y,z) and/orform factor*
MMLMTag cost
Intra-companyInter-companyAsset trackingProcessvalidationGaps
• The item-level RFID uses cases were categorized in four different clusters– Process validation
– Asset tracking
– Inter-company transaction
– Intra-company transaction
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RecommendationsRecommendations
Recommended actions to address near term needs (2008-2012)
Enable interoperability ofproducts by harmonizingstandards across allgeographies
N/AAdopt standards in productsValidate and help refine thembased on lessons learned
N/AAdoption ofstandards
Enable a strong portfolio ofopen source softwareclosely linked tostandards.Participate in test beds tovalidate both standardsand open source software
Fund test bedsProvide test beds to validateopen sourceIdentify and help close gapsValidate open source ROIDeploy in products andsolutions
N/AAvailability ofopen sourcesoftware andmiddleware
N/AIdentify/fund centers fortop research problemsconnected to the iNEMIILT roadmap
Guide university andconsortia research &encourage deployment inproduct lines
EM propogation theorycenters of excellence
Reading tags fordifficultapplications
Standards BodiesFunding Agencies
(NSF, MITI, 5thFramework, etc.)
IndustryUniversity & ResearchConsorita
Recommended Action
Near Term Need(2008-12)
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RecommendationsRecommendations
Recommended actions to address long term needs (2012+)
N/AFund extreme enivironmentmaterials and technologyresearch
Adopt materials andtechnologies for extremeenvironments into productofferings;Drive for lower cost toenable use
Investigate materials andtechnologies that withstandextreme environments perroadmap
Tags for extremeenvironments
Determine if plug-and-playphilosophy can be built intothe standards
N/ADrive standard, easy to useand configure solutions;Adopt open industrystandards
Train students to be RFID-savvy for both futureresearch and commercialengineering
Deploymentcomplexity
N/AFund centers of excellenceto enable the iNEMI ILTroadmap
Engage with Centers ofExcellence and enable thedevelopment ofcommercially viabletechnologies
Create centers ofexcellence for tunableantennas
Tunable antennas
Match standardsfunctionality with low costprice points by intelligentlyreducing requirements
Fund centers of excellenceto enable the iNEMI ILTroadmap
Participate in centers ofexcellenceEnable the supply chain tocommercialize and producelow cost ILT technologies
Create centers ofexcellence for low cost ILTtechnologies;Analyze and developoptions for enablingcommercialization
Low costtechnologysolutions for ILT
Standards BodiesFunding Agencies(ex. NSF, MITI, 5thframework, etc.)
IndustryUniversity & ResearchConsorita
Recommended Action
Long Term Needs(2012+):
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DiscussionDiscussion
• Barriers to RFID tag implementation– Cost
• Silicon strategy• Tag assembly and label conversion• Alternate technologies (chipless tags)
– Technology standardization• EPC, ISO standards• Global frequency spectrum
– Read reliability• Orientation sensitivity• Anti-collision• Read range• Harsh RF environments
13
DiscussionDiscussion
• Barriers to RFID tag implementation (continued)– Functionality
• Memory – read write speed• Low and high functionality tags• EAS
– Configurable Antennas• Modular antenna• Response to a wide UHF spectrum
– Data security• Encryption• Selective read / write
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Backup slidesBackup slides
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Roadmap Roadmap –– Active tags in RTLS Active tags in RTLS
Roadmap of attributes for real-time location systems (RTLS)
A multi-protocol supportingsystem
WiFi (802.11), UWB,Bluetooth
WiFi (802.11), ISO 24730,proprietary network, ultra-wideband GSM
Networking
$1 - $ 10$10 - $ 50$30 -$100Cost of the tag
3-10 years, low cost printedbatteries, energy harvesting(e.g solar cell)
3-10 years1-5 yearsBattery life
Standards based, novelsolutions to operate in denseenvironment
Standards based, novelsolutions to operate in denseenvironment
ISO 24730 based detectionSolution for denseenvironment oftracking items
Accurate item-level tracking0.3m to 1m
Item -level tracking1m to 3m
Zone tracking, item-leveltracking1.5m to 6m
Location accuracy
Novel accurate location findingtechniques
RSSI, TDOATriangulation, TDOA, RSSI,proprietary location method
Location findingalgorithm
300m indoor3000m outdoor
150m indoor2000m outdoor
100m indoor1000m outdoorLocate range
Long term (2017)Mid term (2012)State of the art (2007)Attributes
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RFID Tags RFID Tags –– State of the art State of the art
YesYesYesYesYesYesAnti-collision
Electro -magneticbackscattering
Electro -magneticbackscattering
InductiveCapacitive/inductive
Electro -magnetic
Electro–magnetic
Couplingmechanism
ISO-15693(sensor tag)
ISO18000-6(Parts A, B &C),EPC Class 0,EPC Class 1Gen 1 EPCclass1, Gen 2
ISO-14443, ISO-18092, ISO18000-3, EPCHF Gen 2
ISO 18000-2ISO/IEC 24730(2.4 GHz)
ISO 18000-7(433 MHz)
Interoperabilitystandards
Potential issueswith metal andliquids
Issues withmetal and liquids
Not severe intypicalenvironments
Not severe intypicalenvironments
Not severe intypicalenvironments
Not severe intypicalenvironments
Tag environmentimpact
30-300 tags/sec30-300 tags/sec1-20 tags/secRead rate
RF tag portion:up to 10 years,sensor lifebased on batterylife; 1-5 years
Up to 10 yearsbased on tagenvironment
Up to10 yearsbased on tagenvironment
Up to 10 yearsbased on tagenvironment
Based onbattery life andusage3-5 years
Based onbattery life andusage1-5 years
Tag life
$4 to $20$0.20-$0.80$0.20-$0.80$0.20-$2.00Expensive$5-$50
Expensive$5-$50
Cost
Passive2 sensor size2cmx2cm –
10cmx10cm2cmx2cm –4cmx10cm
0.5cm – 10mmLarge>5cmx5cm
Large>5cmx5cm
Form factor
EncryptionWrite, read lock,kill code,random number
Coding the chip,encrypted
EncryptionEncryptionEncryptionSecurity
ID size2 sensor
memory64-512bits64-128bits64-96bits2kbits2kbitsMemory size
<20 m<7m<3m<20cm<100m<100mRead range1
Semi-passiveUHFHFLF2.4GHz433MHzOperationfrequency
PassiveActiveAttributes
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Roadmap Roadmap –– Active tags in SAL Active tags in SAL
Active RFID Tags: Roadmap attributes for Smart Active Labels
YesNoNoTagged itemlocation (RTLS)
EPC, ISO standard, autonomousnetwork
EPC and ISO standard,Zigbee, proprietary
EPC and ISO standardbased, proprietary
Networking
LabelCredit card form factorCredit card from factorForm factor
Under $1$2 - $5$4 - $10Cost of the tag
Up to 3 yearsUp to 1 yearsUp to 1 yearBattery life
Up to 100mUp to 30m1-10mRead range
Password protected data,encryption
Password protected data,encryption
Password protected dataSecurity
Single use tagDependent on battery lifeSingle use, or multi-use tag
Dependent on battery lifeSingle use, or multi-use tag
Tag life
YesYesNoIntegrated EAS
Sensor integrated on silicon chip(e.g. MEMS)
Sensor integrated onsilicon chip (e.g. MEMS)
Sensor integrated on thetag with RFIC
Sensor integration
Environmental sensing, displayTemperature, time,humidity sensing, sourcetracking
Time & temperaturesensing, source tracking
Added functionality
Long term 2017Mid term 2012State of the art 2007Attributes
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Roadmap Roadmap –– Low functionality passive tags Low functionality passive tagsRoadmap of key attributes for ultra-low functionality passive tags
YesNoNoTag on metal mounting
Up to 0.01mWUp to 1mWUp to 100mWPower requirement at thetag
ReadableReadableDifficult to readProximity tags
YesYesNoPassword read
YesYesNoEAS
600 tags/s300 tags/s100 tags/secSpeed of reading
1-2 m1-2 m1-2 mRead distance
Si or polymerSiSiChip type
Totally integrated into theproduct
Partially integrated intoproduct, tag antenna printed onproduct
Label applied to productAttachment to product/packaging
Antenna integrated onchip
Printed antenna - coupled tochip
Antenna and chip on inlayAntenna type
WORM/RWWORM/ RWWORMMemory type
64-256 bits64-256 bits64-128 bitsMemory size (Licenseplate)
Min. 1 centMin. 5 centsMin. 12 centsCost
Long term (2017)Mid term (2012)State of the art (2007)Attributes
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Roadmap Roadmap –– High functionality passive tags High functionality passive tagsRoadmap of attributes for high functionality passive RFID tags
YesNoNoTag on metal mounting
High speed EEPROMFerro-electric RAM based high speed EEPROMCMOS EEPROMMemory write technologies
YesYesNoTag networks - tag to tagcommunication
YesYesNoEncryption
YesYesYesPartitioned read zones protectedby passwords
YesYesYesSelective locking of data on tag
YesYesNoSelective killing of data on tag
Integrated (MEMS)Integrated (MEMS )ConnectedSensors (temp/pressure/humidity/light)
ReadableReadableDifficult to readProximity tags
yesYesYesPassword read
yesYesYesEAS
600 tags/sec300 tags/sec100 tags/secSpeed of reading
1-10m1-6m1-3mRead distance
SiSiSiChip type
Totally integrated into the productPartially integrated into product, tag antennaprinted on product
Label applied to productAttachment to product
Antenna integrated on chipPrinted antenna - coupled to chipAntenna and chip on inlayAntenna type
RWRWRWMemory type
256-64kbits256-64kbits256bit -2kbitMemory size (license plate)
Min. 5 centsMin. 10 centsMin. 25 centsCost
Long term (2017)Mid term (2012)State of the art (2007)Attributes
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Roadmap Roadmap –– Printed TFT based RFID tags Printed TFT based RFID tags
Roadmap of key attributes for Printed TFT-based RFID tags
Widely availableLimited availabilityUnavailableAnti-collision
1cm2 – 5 cm
22cm2 – 10cm
24 cm2 - 25cm
2Physical size of thetag
RFID tag (chip + antenna) directlyprinted on product/packaging
Integrated RFID tag aslabel
Discrete components:antenna, RF and memory
Integration level
Compatible with UHFinfrastructure
Compatible with LF andHF infrastructure
Very littleInfrastructurecompatibility
Up to 3mUp to 1m<4cmRead range
Read/write manyWrite once read many(WORM)
Read onlyMemory type
1Kbit128 bits4-32 bitsOn-board memory
HF-UHFHFLF to HFOperating frequency
Long term 2017Mid term 2012State of the art 2007Attributes
