RFID- For Library ManagementFirst A. Jagtap kiran Ganpat, Second B. Prof. Mrs Kulkarni P. P. ,Third C. Patil Rahul Keru

Abstract With a large volume of materials today’s libraries carry, locating the exact position of material is time consuming. This is not true just for poorly managed libraries, but also for well maintained libraries. In the former case, the problem is rather serious. Even though material is somewhere in the library, if we cannot locate the material, the fundamental roles of the library may be challenged. In the latter case, one still needs to go through a tedious shelf searching process to locate the material.

In this study we propose an affordable RFID based library management system named R-LIM which eases the process of locating material in the library. In an earlier version of R-LIM, expensive RFID antennas had to be placed on every shelf to acquire location information. In this new version, we replace the antennas with inexpensive tags to make the system more affordable. By associating book-tag IDs with shelf-tag IDs through periodic tag scanning, we can identify the exact location of the material we are searching for.

Keywords- Active tag, barcode, passive tag, RFID

I. INTRODUCTION

A library is a collection of information, sources,

resources, and services: it is organized for use and maintained by a public body, an institution, or a private individual. In the more traditional sense, a library is a collection of books.

Today Library can be managed manually or automatically(by using barcode) , in manual management there is librarian he can maintain all the data (entry of books) but this method is very time consuming and if the volume of the library is to large then there is required number of hours also to search the particular books .

Most libraries use bar-codes to manage library Items. Bar-codes provide identification of items, which eases library management processes to some degree. For example, check-in and check-out can be performed by scanning bar-code labels. However, true automation cannot be realized with bar-codes, mainly because the labels need to be scanned manually. Recently, the RFID technology has been introduced to give more freedom to ID processing. RFID is an electronic identification technology which recognizes data in a microchip embedded in a tag, a label, or a card through remote antennas. It is the fundamental building block of the emerging ubiquitous computing paradigm. In RFID applications, the ID stored in a tag is read through wireless RF communication. The basic functionality of

the application is similar to that of the bar-code system, but unlike bar-code labels, RFID tags can be read remotely without putting the reading device close to the tag. Line-of-sight scanning is not necessary because RF signals can pass through most non-metallic objects. Microchips used for RFID tags are so small that they can be placed in a sheet of paper for practical use. Since the tag price is coming down constantly and the technology is getting more mature, we will see more and more RFID applications in much different area Library is one of the applications. By using RFID in the library we can manage the library wireless so this method will save time to search the particular book or CDs

RELEVANCE: Most libraries use bar-codes to manage library Items. Bar-codes provide identification of items, which eases library management processes to some degree. For example, check-in and check-out can be performed by scanning bar-code labels. However, true automation cannot be realized with bar-codes, mainly because the labels need to be scanned manually that labels are attached to the books. RFID is the latest fast growing technology to be used in library for minimizing the theft of documents and as an access control systems. RFID-based systems move beyond security to become tracking systems that combine security with more efficient tracking of materials throughout the library, including easier and faster charge and discharge, inventorying, and materials handling. RFID is a combination of radio-frequency-based technology and microchip technology .The information contained on inbuilt microchips in the tags affixed to library materials is read using radio frequency technology regardless of item Orientation or alignment and distance from the item. The tags can be read at a distance of up to two feet by each of two parallel exit sensors. The devices used for circulation are usually called “readers” while the ones used at building exits are usually called “sensors”. The technology used in RFID systems can replace both EM (Electro-Mechanical) or RF (Radio Frequency) and even the barcodes theft detection systems

2.PRESENT HISTORY & PRACTISES

RFID has been widely used in number of applications. Whether we realize it or not, radio frequency identification (RFID) is an integral part of our life. RFID increases productivity and convenience. RFID is used for hundreds, if not thousands, of applications such as preventing theft of automobiles and merchandise; collecting tolls without stopping; managing traffic;

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gaining entrance to buildings automating parking; controlling access of vehicles to gated communities, corporate campuses and airports dispensing goods providing lift access tracking library books buying Hamburgers and the growing opportunity to track a wealth of assets in supply chain management. RFID technology is also being pressed into service for use in U.S. Homeland Security with applications such as securing border crossing sand intermodal container shipments while expediting low-risk activities

3. RFID- STRUCHER

RFID is an electronic identification technology which recognizes data in a microchip embedded in a tag, a label, or a card through remote antennas. It is the fundamental building block of the emerging ubiquitous computing paradigm. In RFID applications, the ID stored in a tag is read through wireless RF communication. The basic functionality of the application is similar to that of the bar-code system, but unlike bar-code labels, RFID tags can be read remotely without putting the reading device close to the tag. Line-of-sight scanning is not necessary because RF signals can pass through most non-metallic objects. Multiple tags can be read simultaneously as well. Microchips used for RFID tags are so small that they can be placed in a sheet of paper for practical use. Since the tag price is coming down constantly and the technology is getting more mature, we will see more and more RFID applications in many different areas. Library is one of the applications.

A typical RFID system consists of tags, readers, and antennas. A tag stores data in a microchip it holds. The tag is classified as either passive or active. An active tag has its own power source for communication. A passive tag acquires power from the RF signal generated by the reader’s antenna and uses it to send back data to the reader. An antenna coiled around the microchip is used for tag-side data transmission. Since the passive tag is cheaper and has a longer life time than the active one, it is more widely adopted in short range systems, such as library and IC card applications Figure 1 shows the basic building blocks of the RFID

Tag

Tag

Fig. 1 Basic block diagram of RFID

Typical RFID library systems consist of check in/out stations, self-checkout, drop off boxes, gatekeepers, inventory wands, and other miscellaneous components. All components operate around RFID tags attached to library items such as books and CDs.. With the RFID system, library material processing and Management becomes more convenient and versatile. However, some chronic problems of the library persist. One of the most serious problems of today’s library is location awareness. We need a method to provide the location information of objects involve din the application. This functionality is called localization. In a conventional library setting, users cannot easily locate the book he or she wants. If a book is misplaced, one needs to search many different places for the book. If the volume of the library is large, this process can take many hours or even days. Of course, with the barcodes or RFID systems, we can tell whether the book is in the library or not (by checking the rental/return status of the book), but we may fail to tell where the book actually is. If users cannot locate the items they want, the fundamental roles of the library will be challenged. Even when books are placed in the right positions, one normally searches through several shelves to locate the books. It takes some time as well.

In order to overcome the problem, we proposed the R-LIM (RFID-based Library Information Management) system. It extends typical RFID library systems to provide localization of library items.

In this system, we place RFID antennas on bookshelves and associate the tag ID of a book with an antenna ID at which the tag is read. Since the location of an antenna is fixed on a shelf, we can retrieve the current position of the item by consulting the tag/reader association. Users are provided with PDAs that hold localization information. This information guides users to the book shelf where the book is located. In front of the book shelf, pressing a button on the PDA triggers a wireless communication between the PDA and an LED controller. The controller turns an appropriate LED on, conveniently indicating the location of the item in search. Even though R-LIM handles the localization well, it is not cost-effective because RFID antennas need to be mounted on each and every book shelf. The total cost can easily sum up to a budget most libraries can not afford. Therefore, we need more affordable localization solutions. The revised R-LIM system developed in this study fulfills this requirement. In this version, we replace the shelf antennas with RFID tags, so that the additional cost imposed on the system for localization minimal.

4. RFID-BASED LIBRARY INFORMATION MANAGEMENT In this RFID we place at least one antenna on each & every book shelf. Since location of antenna is fixed on a shelf, by recording ID of antenna through which TAG is read we could associate the location of information book tag with information of antenna tag however this solution lakes practically because we have put expensive tag on each book shelf in this section we describe the overall strucher of RFID system and explain how it solve localization problem more cost effectively

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Reader Unit Antenna

Computer

4. RFID- COMPONET & STRUCHER

R-LIM provides the usual operations of typical RFID library systems these include check-in/out, self checkout/Drop -off, gate-keeping, and inventory Management.In addition, R-LIM provides location traceability of books. Users can easily locate library items through R-LIM localization. Figure 2 depicts the Overall structure of the localization system .The system consists of book tags, shelf tags, RFID reader, wireless LAN, IrDA communication modules,7-segment LEDs, LED controllers, a central DB server, and PDAs. On each shelf, tags integrated with 7-segment LEDs are installed in equally spaced intervals .We will call this tag a shelf-tag to avoid confusion with the tags labeled on books. We call a tag on the book a book-tag. A book-tag is labeled on each book as in ordinary RFID library systems. Portable RFID readers are used to read tags from both shelves and books .Localization information is maintained in the central DB. By retrieving the information from the DB, the PDA provides the location information of books. PDAs are also used for lighting an LED.

A. System operation

Fig.2 Structure of R-LIM localization System

A.1 Localization.

The book-tag holds the ID number of the book it labels. Books are placed on shelves as usual. Each shelf has multiple equally-spaced LED in front. Each LED is integrated with a shelf tag, which identifies the location of the LED. By scanning the shelf-tags (fixed position) and identifying the book tags in the range of

each shelf-tag, R-LIM localization builds (shelf tag ID, book tag ID) pairs in the DB. Since one book-tag can be detected in multiple shelf tag ranges, this association process needs to be carefully designed.

A.2 Information retrieval

Once the (shelf tag ID, book tag ID) pairs are constructed, we know around which LED a book is placed. The association information maintained in the central database system is then downloaded to mobile user devices (PDAs) .Users may search for items of interest using the PDA and move to an appropriate book shelf, following the location information provided by the PDA.

A.3 Locating the book in search: In front of the book shelf, the user triggers the lighting button on the PDA, and an LED near the book will be turned on. There is no need to search many shelves or to worry about misplacing books.

However, there might be a possibility that multiple users may search for books side by side. In this case, we do not know which search belongs to which person. Therefore, we use 7-segmentLEDs to display the ID numbers of the PDA on the LED.

A.4 RFID- Localization.

The key issue in RFID localization is to built the information around which shelf tag books tag are located. Namely we construct a function F which map book tag ID (IDb) to the shelf tag ID(IDs) in such away that ideally F(IDb) written (IDs) placed closed to IDb in the presenes of multiple IDs.resemles the process of determining the base station of PCS communication. in the PCS the base station receive strongest signal from PCS terminals chosen to communicate with PCS terminal the range within the base station is called Cell of the station. if we apply the PCS analogy to the RFID localization construction of F straightforward there for we are going to use the notation of which terminal belongs to which Cell,in which book tag belong to which shelf tag fig3 shows the similarity of those ideas

Fig 3 Analogy between PCS Cell and RFID localization

Conceptual similarity of those ideas are different in two functional aspects the first different is the way of they communicate. In PCS the base station communicate the terminal devices directly & measure the strongest signal. In RFID the direct communication among the tag are not possible. Communication is performed only between tag & reader the second problem is the signal intensity measurement RFID reader do not provide such a capability. Reader may be custom designed to provide

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the functionalitiy,but this will increase the system cost as was mentioned earlier ;cost is the most important factor for the successes of RFID. Even though intensity measurement of the signal is not possible, if we take advantage of the fact the tags color to reders are read more frequency, we can estemet the relative signal intensity (distance) between the reader and the tag. In this section, we describe our approach for determining self- tag cells using the tag read rate. We also devise an algorithm that associates a book-tag.ID with cells (SELF-TAG-ID).Using the algorithms, we define(IDb,IDs) pair for the localization function F(IDb) to determine the IDs placed near to the IDb.

B. SHELF TAG DETECTION ALOGORITUM

We define tag read rate in order to define the effective cell (range) of the shelf tag. by recording the read count of each shelf tag relative distance between the tag and readers can be determined. Assuming the reader is in the fixed position we allocate the counter for each tag and increase the value can be used for the cell determination (simple counter) fig 4 give the example

Fig 4.cell detection using simple counter

5. Conclusion The recent growth of library has brought up a challenging localization problem. if the current location of material cannot be identify a time consuming search process is inventible. Even when the book are located in the correct place the book search process is tedious taskIn order to ease the search process, we have developed RFID localization solution which extends the conventional RFID library system capability the original RFID system we gather the location information through RFID shelf antenna and associate the location information with LED attached to the front of the book shelf. By lighting the appropriate LED. we easily locate the library material we are searching for however the system lack practically because we are put expensive on each and every book shelf therefore in this we put a revised RFID system we replaced high cost RFID antenna with low cost Tag thus we make a system cost effective, the core of the system is the process of established the relationship between the book ID and the shelf ID for the Cell dection the highest read rate value is used.

REFERENCES

[1] Klaus Finkenzeller, Rachel Waddington, RFID Handbook: Radio-Frequency Identification Fundamentals and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, 2000

[2] RFID Journal,       http://www.rfidjournal.com/

[3] ISO/IEC JTC1, http://www.jct1.com

[4] EPCglobal,        http://www.epcglobalinc.com

[5] Checkpoint Systems,       http://www.checkpointsystems.com

[6] Millennium Library Systems,        http://www.iii.com

First A. KIRAN GANPAT JAGTAPDate of birth-28/12/1981He is completed graduation in Engg.in the Electronics and telecommunication at the COE Malegaon (bk), and presently appeared for the post graduation in the Engg. In Electronics and telecommunication at the KIT,s college of Engg,Kolhapur.

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