Reykjavík Energy - Aktualności · Keep BHA
Transcript of Reykjavík Energy - Aktualności · Keep BHA
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Reykjavík Energy
Geothermal Utilization in Iceland
LOCAL and GLOBAL perspective
IGC Conference, March 6 - 2013
Bjarni Bjarnason
CEO
EBD-114-01
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World Primary Energy Consumption Fossil Fuels Remain Dominent but Renewables are on the Rise
World Consumption in Million Tonnes Oil Equivalent
Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2012
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30 °C/km
The Geothermal Resource
The total amount of
heat stored in the crust
is of the order of 5
billion EJ.
Mankind uses 400 EJ
annually for all energy
needs.
0.1% of the stored heat
would satisfy the global
energy consumption for
10,000 years.
Source: Flóvenz, 2008
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Direct Use
• Space heating
• Greenhouses
• Fish farming
• Industry
• Snow melting
• Swimming pools
Electricity
• Baseload
• Over 90% availability
Where does Geothermal fit in?
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Source: Data from BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2012
Geothermal Growth is Very Slow
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• Exploration risk
• Cost
• Lack of hydrothermal resources
• Lack of education and training
Why?
Solutions
• Research and Development
• Eduacation and sharing of experience
• Clearer risk profiles
• Enhanced systems
• Deep Drilling
• EGS
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H
L
Greenland
L
L
L
Iceland Located on the Mid Atlantic Ridge
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Primary Energy Use in Iceland 1940-2010 Geothermal was a critical game changer
Hydro
Geothermal
Oil
Coal
Geothermal
Oil
Hydro Peat
Coal
Sou
rce:
Ork
ust
ofn
un
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Space Heating in Iceland 90% Geothermal
Source: Orkustofnun
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Geothermal Useage in Iceland
Source: Orkustofnun and Lund 2010
Installed electric capacity • 663 Mwe
Direct use capacity
• About 1,800 MWth
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• In 2010 Iceland’s total economic benefit from geothermal was calculated to be about $480-830 million.
• That equals 4-6% of GDP
• Includes:
• Space heating benefits
• Related industry benefits
• Resource leasing
• Social impacts
Benefits to the Icelanders
Source: Kristofersson - Þjóðhagslegur ávinningur af jarðhitanýtingu
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Reykjavík in 1933
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Reykjavík today
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O2/y
ear
Reduction in CO2 emissions in Reykjavík due to space heating
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Emissions What if Oil was used for Space Heating in Reykjavík instead of
Geothermal?
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• Policy
• Low long term cost
• Forward thinking
• Oil crises
What made this possible?
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Comparison of Energy Prices 3 person home – 100 m2
Number of Big Macs
10
75 51
39
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This is Reykjavík Energy
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Water 1909 Electricity 1921 Hot water 1930
Fiber optics 1999 Sewage 2006
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Major Geothermal Companies
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• Cost • Risk • Surface footprint • Reservoir management • Induced seismicity • H2S emissions
Challenges
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• SulFix
• CarbFix
• Deep Drilling
With Challenges Come Opportunities
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19. des 2011 CarbFix – Almenn kynning, staða og fjárhagur
CarbFix and SulFix - Gases dissolved and reinjected
Gas separation station separates CO2 and H2S from less soluble gases.
Hellisheidi Power Plant: Annual emissions 40,000 tons CO2 and 16,000 tons H2S.
CO2 and H2S dissolved in water and pumped back into the reservoir at 500 m depth.
Figure: HAA (2009)
Geotermal fluids in the reservoir react with dissolved CO2 and H2S resulting in mineral precipitation.
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The basic processes
Photo: J. Alean
Basalt CO2 dissolved in water Carbonates Photo: H. Sigurdardottir
Photo: J. Alean
Basalt H2S dissolved in water Sulfur and Sulfides
September 17-19 TOUGH symposium 2012
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Deep Geothermal Drilling
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10 km 20 km
Magma chamber
Borehole
Krafla caldera
Krafla geothermal power station
Dike
0
10
0 Lake
Mývatn
Krafla Geothermal Area
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• Drill 4-5 km deep holes 450-600°C
• Supercritical fluid with higher energy density
• Power magnified 10x
Iceland Deep Drilling Project
Conventional dry-steam well
IDDP well
Downhole temperature 235°C 430-550°C
Downhole pressure 30 bar 230-260 bar
Volumetric rate of inflow 0.67 m3/s 0.67 m3/s
Electric power output ~ 5 MWe ~ 50 MWe
Source: IDDP
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Drilling
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Challenges
Drilling technology
Keep BHA <150°C ° in rock of 500°C
Steal casings
Thermal stresses ΔT~500°C (930 °F)
Cementing
3500 m and 400°C
Long pumping time, high temperature difference from top to bottom
Well logging
Currently, no logging tools >300°C (570°F)
Source: IDDP
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• One of the cleanest energy sources
• About 100,000,000 tonnes of CO2 have been saved in Reykjavík by using geothermal water for heating houses
• Sustainable energy source
• Tremendous economic benefit for Iceland
• Exciting research and development ongoing
Conclusion
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Source: Data from BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2012
Geothermal Growth is Very Slow
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Women in the workforce of RE
27,3% 28,2%
29,3% 30,2% 29,7% 29,0%
30,6%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 nóv
Allir starfsmenn
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Women in the Management of RE
19,0% 19,7% 20,3%
27,4% 28,1%
32,3%
41,9%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 nóv
Stjórnendur
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Combined
19,0% 19,7% 20,3%
27,4% 28,1%
32,3%
41,9%
27,3% 28,2%
29,3% 30,2% 29,7% 29,0%
30,6%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 nóv
Stjórnendur Allir starfsmenn
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19,0% 19,7% 20,3%
27,4% 28,1%
32,3%
41,9%
5
10
15
20
25
30
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 des
Stjórnendur EBITDA
Female Managers and EBITDA
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Thank you
Foresight – Efficiency – Integrity