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tion and economic exploitation. In addition, Payeras theorized the causes

for the demise of Guatemala's pre-Hispanic populations. According to

Payeras's historical analysis, the indigenous populations of LatinAmerica

were on the verge of developing the national consciousness that would

have facilitated accelerated economic development when the Spanish ar-

rived. Hence in Guatem,ala the indigenous people were unable to resist

colonization: Lacking the unity and national consciousness necessary for

forming an organized resistance that could successfully oppose the invader,

the nationalliberation struggle was unable to develop, despite the initial

resistance-dispersed and disorganized-by empires in disarray. The subse-

quent capitalist development made it so that the indigenous society,already

in a process

of

decomposition, was penetrated bynew contradictions, those

of

dependent capitalism

Lospueblos

85).

In this description of the effect of colonialism on indigenous Guatema-

lans, Payeras richlyechoes Rostow's discussion of reactive nationalism. Just

as in Rostow's homoeroticized theory of colonialism, Payeras's traditional

ancestors proved incapable

of

fending off colonial capitalism and its dis-

torted development. Their nascent national resistance was impotent in the

faceofSpanish penetration. In an echo aswell ofthe Requerimiento's terms

of

subaltern subjection, Payeras's Arielian ancestors are positivel) abjectin

their submission:theyare in a process

of

decomposition even

beforec p

italist penetration. Indeed, Payeras is Rostow's reactive nationalist, for

Payerasmarches in the footsteps ofhis defeated ancestors, responding with

Calibanian resistance to humiliation, determined to rectify the damage

caused by colonial capitalism with a new and improved nationalliberation

struggle. Soonce again wesee the tropes of developmentalist, revolutionary

subjection reiterated in a distinct1yAmerican register of racial and gender

categories.

Of course, even while ethnic identity is represented as secondary to class

I

consciousness in Payeras's description of Lacho, Jorge, Julian, and Mario,

indigenous peasants are absolutely primary to the revolutionary mission of

the EGP.Payeras represents the guerrillas as self-determined and determin-

ing revolutionary agents in the jungle, and yet all the while they are search-

ing for those who will be the target oftheir revolutionary errando Thus we

come to the second acknowledgment

of

the indigenous peasantry in Paye-

ras's narrative. Atthe end

of

the first chapter, the guerrillas finally stumble

on some native inhabitants, and-again in accordance with the formula for

revolutionary subjection-the Fridays of Guatemala:s uncivilized jungle-

space must ultimately mirror the guerrillas' own transformation:

D,uA,...IAMn~.

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Seealso

Butler,

Judith; MellamoRigobertaMenchy

asme nacalaconciencia:authorial

voicein; Zapatista Armyfor National

Liberation, communiqus of:author-

ial voicein

Agrarian reformo SeeMexico;Sandi-

nista National LiberationFront agri-

cultural policy

Alarcn, Norma, 65

Alfred, Helen, 292 n.3

Allianza Civica(AC),245,333n.67

Almond, Gabriel, 26

Althusser, Louis,3, IIO,176

American studies. 152;U.S.exceptional-

ism in, 14,262-63

Anzalda, Gloria,261-62, 280;

BorderlandsjLaFrontera

281-87

Arbenz Guzman, Jacobo, 68

AreaofPeople s Property (APP),II4,

127,129,14,141,36 n.20

Arrighi, Giovanni, 23

Asociacin de Mujeres Nicaragenses

LuisaAmanda Espinoza (AMNLAE),

136

Association ofRural Workers (ATC),I3,

122,125,136,147

Asturias, MiguelAngel,310n.6

AtlanticCharter,

n ex

utobiographyfMalcolmX,26; autho-

rial voicein, 265, 273,276; and colo-

nialism, 263,268-69, 272-77, 337

nn.l0-II; consciousness in, 266-73,

289-9; and masculinity, 266-67,

274,276-77,337 n.12;representation

of subaltern in, 33,267-74,336 n.5,

338n.15;subjectivity in, 263, 265-78

Avendao, Amado, 244

Aztln, 279; queer, 13,15.SeealsoNa-

tionalism: Chicano

Baker,Houston, Jr.,265, 276

Baran, Paul, 292 n.l, 297 n.18

Bartra, Armando, 325n.38

Bartra, Roger,325n.38

Bastos,Santiago, and Manuela Camus,

3II n.7

Batalla, Bonfil, 319n.ro

Batista,Fulgencio, 68, 82,30 n.6

Beverley,John, 156-58, 310nn.5-6, 3II

n.8

Bhabha, Homi, 268, 272, 291n.l, 300

n.3, 336n.4

Blauner, Robert, 54

Boas, Franz, 153

Boomwriters, 153

Borge,Toms, 92

Brenner, Robert, 128

Bretton WoodsConference, 8,18-21,

292 n.3

Bukharin, Nikolai, 18