Revolution in Text an Examination of Jose Rizal

8/17/2019 Revolution in Text an Examination of Jose Rizal

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REVOLUTION IN TEXT: AN EXAMINATION OF JOSE RIZAL’S

HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS (1886-1896)

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Submitted by

6 Rachel Cabello

15 Francesca Dimatulac

20 Nathalie Flores

24 Clarissa Illustrisimo

32 Noemi e!ia

33 Nicole i"a

3# $ileen Samson

3% Richelle Santos

40 &ianca Suare'

M!"# 41


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CHA$TER 1

INTRODUCTION

(his cha)ter )resents the bac*+round o, the study- the statement o, the )roblem- the

si+ni,icance o, the study- the sco)e and delimitations- the de,inition o, terms- and the conce)tual

and theoretical ,rame.or*/

AC;ROUND OF THE STUD5

ose Ri'al is considered by many to be the national hero o, the hili))ines/ Dubbed the

Renaissance an- he .as a +enius )ro,icient in more than t.enty lan+ua+es and eui))ed .ith

multi)le s*ills/ e did not only ho)e to secure his countrys social and )olitical re,orm- but also

.anted his countrymen to be +ien the same leel o, education that he had attained/

$s most students hae been tau+ht in school- Ri'al is .idely *no.n to be a re,ormist and

a +ood e7am)le o, noniolent o))osition/ (he researchers aim to test this conce)t/ reious

studies hae been made in the )ast re+ardin+ the to)ic/

8ne e7am)le o, this is the study o, uan Carlo / (e!ano 92011: .herein he elaborated on

the idea that Ri'al had ,ou+ht ,or liberty both ;by )en and by s.ord< meanin+ Ri'al had

encoura+ed re,ormism and reolution amon+ his countrymen/

In addition- accordin+ to Floro (/ =uibuyen 91>>6:- Ri'al had reali'ed that ;a )eace,ul

stru++le shall al.ays be a dream-< in his letter to his ?erman ,riend Ferdinand &lumentritt on

anuary 26- 1%%#/ (his statement could mean that Ri'al *ne. that re,ormism could lead to

no.here and that a di,,erent means must be used to achiee liberty/


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@ith re+ards to the mani,esto that Ri'al made on December 15- 1%>6- ?re+orio (/ Aaide

91>>>: stated that Ri'al only re!ected asonry and retracted his destructie statements about the

Church but did not retract his liberal ideas and conictions/ (his could mean that Ri'al had not

been com)letely innocent o, the acts o, rebellion and sedition accused on him/

&ased ,rom these )ast studies- the researchers .ill e7amine the ,ollo.in+ te7ts by ose

Ri'al Noli e (an+ere and Bl Filibusterismo includin+ a critical analysis o, his characters- as

.ell as the noels that ins)ired him such as ncle (oms Cabin- es iserables- (he Count o,

onte Cristo- and (he rince/

THEORETICAL AND CONCE$TUAL FRAME0:- .hen the )eo)le are

o))ressed by their leader or ruler- they rebel and reolt/ $ccordin+ to oc*e- the )eo)le are the

best !ud+e as to .hether or not their ruler is abusie/ (o stri) a ruler o, his )o.er- the )eo)le .ill

reolt to achiee liberty/ In this study- the researchers aim to sho. this reolutionary )attern in

ose Ri'als Noli e (an+ere and Bl Filibusterismo as ins)ired by the same )attern ,ound in

arriet &eecher Sto.es ncle (oms Cabin- Eictor u+os es iserables- $le7andre Dumas

(he Count o, onte Cristo- and Niccolo achiaellis (he rince/

@hen this )attern or archety)e is ,ound amon+ these si7 noels- Ri'al- there,ore- .as indeed the

ins)iration ,or the reolution led by $ndres &oni,acio in 1%>6 and that Ri'al had encoura+ed the

use o, ,orce as a means to attain liberty ,rom the coloni'ers/


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Fi+ure I (he theoretical ,rame.or*


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CONCE$TUAL FRAME6 reolution and started the Fili)ino resistance and u)risin+/


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Fi+ure II (he conce)tual ,rame.or*


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STATEMENT OF THE $ROLEM

(his study has identi,ied the common idea that ose Ri'al .as only limited to bein+

re,ormist and has no a))roal or at least sym)athies ,or a reolution/ (his study see*s to test this

conce)t and aims to ans.er the ,ollo.in+ uestions

1/ @hat are the similarities bet.een Ri'als noels and ,orei+n literature

2/ @hats the common archety)e common amon+ the 6 noels

a/ iterary characters

• Characteristics G descri)tions

3/ @as Ri'al a re,ormist or a reolutionary

SI;NIFICANCE OF THE STUD5

(his e7)loratory and interte7tual research aims to )roe throu+h the e7amination o, his

te7ts that ose Ri'al e7hibited a reolutionary nature and that he had entertained the idea o, an

u)risin+ a+ainst the S)anish coloni'ers/ (he study .ill bene,it the ,ollo.in+

T#e F.+.%.&s - (e!ano 92011: elaborated in his study that i, Fili)inos .ere to aim ,or a

better nation- it is im)ortant to hae a more inHde)th study o, ose Ri'als )olitical ideolo+ies/

In his dissertation- =uibuyen 91>>6: contradicted the common misconce)tion that asserts

Ri'als o))osition o, the 1%>6 reolution led by $ndres &oni,acio/ (his- he said- causes a

;distortion o, the )ast< thus )reentin+ Fili)inos ,rom hain+ a ;better understandin+ o, their

nations history/


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(here,ore- this study .ill bene,it the Fili)inos since this .ill )roide them .ith a better

understandin+ o, Ri'als )olitical thou+hts and ideolo+ies and )erha)s a))ly them in the )resent/

$lso- the Fili)inos .ill become more united .ith a better sense o, their history es)ecially since

ose Ri'al became one o, the catalysts ,or their nations inde)endence/

T#e H.s'!.&s (he researchers e7)ect that throu+h this study- the historians .ill

)roide a more accurate )ers)ectie on the li,e o, Ri'al to sho. a clearer ima+e o, the reno.ned

national hero/

T#e S'*e&'s (his study contains historical conte7t that .ill hel) enrich their

*no.led+e re+ardin+ the reolts durin+ the S)anish Coloni'ation eriod in the hili))ines-

)articularly the reolution led by $ndres &oni,acio in 1%>6/ (he study .ill also )roide a critical

analysis on the di,,erent characters o, Ri'als noels/

T#e Me!&-, Re!0.s's H I, )roen that Ri'al indeed encoura+ed and e7)ressed

sym)athy to reolution throu+h his literary .or*s- this study .ill hel) them disseminate their

)etitions re+ardin+ the re,orms they .ant in the society throu+h the same method Ri'al used

literary te7ts/

SCO$E AND LIMITATIONS

(he study .as )rimarily conducted in order to e7)ose Ri'als su))ort re+ardin+ the armed

stru++le throu+h the e7amination o, his .ritten documents ,rom 1%%6H1%>6/ (his includes Noli

e (an+ere 9(ranslation by Charles Derbyshire- 1>12: and Bl Filibusterismo 9(ranslation by

Charles Derbyshire- 1>12:/ For the reie. o, ,orei+n related literature- the +rou) .ill ,ocus on

arriet &eecher Sto.es ncle (oms Cabin 91%52:- Eictor u+os es iserables 91%62:-


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$le7andre Dumas (he Count o, onte Cristo 91%44:- and Niccolo achiaellis (he rince

91515:/

(he researchers are not *no.led+eable enou+h to ma*e alid inter)retations o, Ri'als .or*s/

For this reason- interie.s .ill be conducted .ith some )ro,essionals- .ho are ?rade > and

?rade 10 Fili)ino teachers ,rom St/ Scholasticas $cademy ari*ina ,or SJ 2013H2014- ,or

additional in,ormation and consultation/

DEFINITION OF TERMS

(he ,ollo.in+ terms are de,ined o)erationally

He! (his re,ers to a )erson .ho has attained many +oals and has ualities that earns

him the admiration o, many/ $ hero may also re,er to a saior/

Re=+*'.& (his re,ers to the usually iolent attem)t by many )eo)le to end the rule o,

the +oernment and start a ne. one/

Re=+*'.&!, (his re,ers to a )erson .ho is in su))ort o, or en+a+es in an armed

reolution es)ecially re+ardin+ )olitics/

A!"#e',%e (his re,ers to a )attern ,rom .hich co)ies can be made- a uniersal theme

that mani,ests itsel, di,,erently on an indiidual basis/

Re!0 (his re,ers to the action o, im)roin+ or chan+in+ ,or the better by remoin+

or correctin+ ,aults and )roblems +radually/

Re!0.s0 (his re,ers to a doctrine- )olicy- or moement o, re,orm/

Re!0.s' (his re,ers to a )erson .ho su))orts or is an adocate o, re,ormism/


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$!%/& (his re,ers to the s)readin+ o, ideas- in,ormation- or rumor ,or the

)ur)ose o, hel)in+ or in!urin+ an institution- a cause- or a )erson/

$!%/&.s' (his re,ers to the )erson .ho is inoled in )roducin+ or s)readin+

)ro)a+anda/

I+*s'! (his re,ers to the Fili)inos .ho .ere able to study and be educated durin+

the S)anish coloni'ation )eriod/

I&. (his re,ers to ho. S)anish coloni'ers call the indi+enous Fili)inos .ho belon+ed

to the bottom o, the social class/

N+. Me T&/e!e (his translates to ;(ouch e Not< or ;Dont (ouch e< in Bn+lish/

E+ F.+.>*s'e!.s0 (his translates to ;(he Filibusterin+< in Bn+lish/

Re>e++.& (his re,ers to an e,,ort by many )eo)le to chan+e the +oernment or order o,

a country throu+h the use o, )rotests or iolence/

Se.'.& (his re,ers to the act o, doin+ somethin+ that turns )eo)le to +o a+ainst and

disobey their +oernment/

E?e"*'.& (his re,ers to the act o, *illin+ someone es)ecially as )unishment ,or a

crime/


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CHA$TER

(his cha)ter deals .ith the reie. o, local and ,orei+n literature and studies releant to the

)ro)osed study/

RELATED LITERATURE

(he reie. o, literature on this study analy'es related literary .or*s in line .ith the reolution

and .ith the reolutionary nature o, ose Ri'al/ iterature about ose Ri'als li,e and .or*s are

si+ni,icant to the entire research because it d.ells u)on Ri'als )erce)tion o, a reolution and his

contribution to the nations history as a re,ormist/ o. he had ins)ired the 1%>6 reolution led

by $ndres &oni,acio and contributed to the nations inde)endence are also si+ni,icant to this

study/

FOREI;N

$ccordin+ to $li) 91>61:- Ri'al has al.ays been *no.n as a .ellHtraeled man/ e .ent to

,orei+n lands to study- .or*- and learn about the di,,erent cultures the .orld has to o,,er/ In his

e7tensie traels- he )ic*ed u) a ,e. thin+s ,rom the )eo)le and the alues that he immersed

himsel, in/ e .ent around instillin+ in himsel, the )rinci)les o, a true renaissance man/ e

educated himsel, on a .ide ariety o, to)ics- s)annin+ ,rom the arts- medicine- and een military

tactics thou+h he .as still a bi+ )ureyor o, )eace/

Durin+ his education in S)ain- he en+a+ed in multi)le underta*in+s to ,ully ,urther enhance his

bein+/ e dabbled in numerous ,ields such as +eo+ra)hy- literature- arts- reli+ion- )olitics-


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science- economy- and sociolo+y/ In his study o, literature- he .as e7)osed to the thou+ht

)roo*in+ and underrated )ieces o, his time/ &ein+ multilin+ual- he mostly read his boo*s in

their ori+inal lan+ua+e such as French- ?erman- Bn+lish- and S)anish/

In addition- accordin+ to aubach 91>36:- ncle (oms Cabin .as )robably the most )rominent

boo* that Ri'al has read .hich eentually ins)ired him to .rite his +reatest .or*- Noli e

(an+ere/ (he author- arriet &eecher Sto.e- mostly ,ocused on the slaery )roblem in the south

durin+ the mid to late 1> th century/ It is a boo* on antiHslaery and ,ocuses on the li,e o, titular

character ncle (om as he tries to surie li,e as a slae durin+ the )reHciil .ar era/ (he .hole

o, the story o)ened Ri'als eyes to the horrors and eils o, slaery and o))ression/ e een

a))roached his ,ello. intelli+entsia about .ritin+ a boo* that could )ossibly a,,ect the

hili))ines !ust as ncle (oms Cabin a,,ected the nited States/

Ri'al also read .or*s by Eictor u+o and $le7andre Dumas/ &oth authors notably hae- one

.ay or another- s)ar*ed a certain sense o, nationalism in their countrymens hearts/ (hey both

had a )enchant ,or .ritin+ about societys underdo+s and the outcasts/ (hrou+h es iserables

and (he Count o, onte Cristo- the authors sho.ed .hat it .as li*e in the .or*in+ class o,

Frances seedy underbelly durin+ the 1%00s/ (hey sho.ed the o))ression that the u))erclassmen

enacted on their countrys )oor/ ose Ri'al .as ins)ired and ho)ed to do .hat these +reat men

did ,or France/ e sa. his status as one o, the nobility o, his country as an o))ortunity ,or him

to s)read his testimony/

Since es iserables also com)asses the eents durin+ the French Reolution- it can be

concluded that Ri'al .as .ell a.are o, the moement o, the bour+eois to.ards liberty- euality-

and ,raternity/


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&esides Sto.e- u+o- and Dumas- Ri'al also *ne. Niccolo achiaelli and had read

achiaellis (he rince/ $ccordin+ to ococ* 91>>#:- Ri'al ;reco+ni'es the dan+ers that ne.ly

inde)endent countries ,all into/< (hats .hy he only .anted to as* ,or re,orms and chan+es

because he belieed that the hili))ines needed S)ain and that both countries can .or* to+ether

,or )ro+ress/

ose Ri'al .as a .ellHread man and behind eery +reat- intelli+ent man is the su))ort o, een

+reater boo*s and literature that has- in one .ay or another- )ro,oundly a,,ected their mind and

.ay o, thin*in+/ is )re,erence sho.s his nationalistic s)irit and his desire ,or intellectual and

)olitical re,orm ,rom the S)anish re+ime/

LOCAL

&esides bein+ a reader- Ri'al .as a .riter as .ell/ e had .ritten uite a number o, )oems-

essays- and stories since he .as youn+/ &ein+ one o, the luc*y ,e. .ho .ere able to study

oerseas- Ri'al had been a.are o, and e7)osed to the liberal ideas in Buro)e/

(hus be+an his uest- to+ether .ith other re,ormists- ,or re,orms- s)eci,ically- eual ri+hts-

assimilation- and re)resentation in the S)anish +oernment/ (he e,,orts o, the )ro)a+andists

.ere not totally .asted- accordin+ to Romero- Santos- and Sta/ Romana 92003:/ (he +oernment

.as not com)letely dea, to their cries/ (heir .ay o, res)ondin+ .as throu+h la.s such as the

roincial Re,orm o, 1%%6- the &ecerra a.- and aura a. o, 1%%3/ (hese- ho.eer- +reatly

disa))ointed the Fili)inos because these .erent the re,orms they .ere loo*in+ ,or/

&ecause o, this- Ri'al neer sto))ed in his uest ,or social !ustice- een e7tendin+ his reolution

a+ainst stu)idity/ e .anted the intellectual o, the Fili)ino society to read his .or* to be ins)ired


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to ta*e u) arms and ,i+ht ,or their ,reedom/ e .anted )eo)le to use his .or* to ins)ire national

)ride that .ould hel) them +et their country bac*/

$l.ays thin*in+ about his country- he made )lans ,or their reolt and also started a i+a

Fili)ina and a Fili)ino community in &orneo .hile he .as in on+ Kon+/ e said that the

community .as the least he could do i, he .ouldnt be success,ul in his re,ormation/

(he idea o, nationalism .as )resented in many .or*s o, Ri'al- but his ;,irst ur+ent call ,or

nationalism< accordin+ to Crisostomo 91>>>:- .as in Noli e (an+ere/ (his noel e7)osed the

o))ression and abuses e7)erienced by the Fili)inos ,rom the S)anish administration includin+

the ,riars and the ciil +uards/

Ri'al e7)lained that the atin title Noli e (an+ere meant Ldo not touch me or Ltouch me not

and .as ta*en ,rom the +os)el o, St/ u*e .hich later turned out to be a mista*e since it came

,rom the +os)el o, St/ ohn in a letter to Feli7 idal+o in 1%%#/

(he story o, Noli e (an+ere starts as Crisostomo Ibarra returns home to San Die+o/ ain+

been e7)osed to liberal and modern ideas .hen he stayed in Buro)e ,or seen years- he )lans to

build a school ,or the indios .ith the ho)es that education .ill be the means throu+h .hich his

country .ill )ro+ress/

@heneer a threat to his li,e occurs- Ibarra sees Blias- .ho saes him !ust in time/ Blias- .ho

turns out to be a descendant o, the man o))ressed by Ibarras ancestors- see*s Ibarras hel)

instead o, ta*in+ reen+e on him/ e sees the intellectual- modern Ibarra as a catalyst ,or the

chan+e he .ants in the state/ e became a s)o*es)erson o, the abused and the ictims/ In the

end- he encoura+es Ibarra to start a reolution- but Ibarra re,uses/ Ibarra sho.s Ri'als mindset

that S)ain and the hili))ines are but one nation .herein ;loyalty to one is loyalty to the other


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(hrou+hout the noel- many con,licts arose and in the end- Ibarra .as accused o, startin+ the

u)risin+ in San Die+o and .as dubbed an ;erehe< and ;,ilibustero12:- Ri'al sho.s his

o.n inner con,lict throu+h Ibarra and Blias ar+ument/ (o reolt or not to

(hrou+h the intellectual Ibarra and en+e,ul Blias- Ri'al reali'ed ho. the coloni'ers hae

become too dea, to listen to the )ro)osed re,orms/ ;@as ,orce the last resort then< Crisostomo

91>>>: .rote/ ;$ million Ibarras .ould indeed be useless no./<

In the noel- Crisostomo Ibarra as a man accused o, many thin+s not o, his o.n doin+- !ust li*e

Ri'al himsel,/ Ri'al to the 1%>6 reolution .as li*e Ibarra to the u)risin+ in San Die+o/ (hey

.ere both accused and ,ound +uilty in a crime they did not commit/ Some een say that the

reolt in Bl Filibusterismo .as $ndres &oni,acios basis ,or the onset in anila/


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(hrou+h the character o, (asyo- on the other hand- Ri'al com)lains o, both the )eo)le and the

coloni'ers/ $ccordin+ to him- ;the +oernment sees nothin+- hears nothin+- nor does it decide

anythin+- e7ce)t .hat the curate o, the roincial causes it to see- hear- and decide/<

(he Fili)inos- too- hae their ,air share o, de,ects/ ;(his )eo)le do not com)lain because it has

no oice- it does not moe because it is lethar+ic/< 9Cha)ter 25- Ri'al as translated by

Derbyshire- 1>12:

Ri'al .rote all these because Noli e (an+ere .as about the hili))ines as a .hole/ It did not

)ut the blame solely on the S)anish coloni'ers because the Fili)inos themseles hae their o.n

.ron+doin+s and de,ects as )ortrayed by di,,erent characters in the noel/

Durin+ and lon+ a,ter the S)anish coloni'ation )eriod- Noli e (an+ere +oes unread not solely

because it discusses sensitie matters but also because most )eo)le )ersistently aoid the noel/

(hat .hich literally translates to Ltouch me not or Ldont touch me has indeed become

untouchable/

Noli e (an+eres seuel- Bl Filibusterismo- or ;(he Filibusterin+< in Bn+lish- ;.as Ri'als

contribution in acuaintin+ the )eo)le .ith the demands o, the reolution so that they .ould

hae su,,icient basis ,or .hateer decision they .ere to ta*e-< accordin+ to ro,essor Ricardo

ascual o, the niersity o, the hili))ines/

In the story o, Bl Filibusterismo- Simoun- ,illed .ith hatred and an+er- returns to the hili))ines

a,ter 13 years .ith a )lan to oerthro. the +oernment/ e yields +reat in,luence bein+ a !e.eler

and an adiser o, the ca)tainH+eneral/ e encoura+es the +oernment o,,icials to corru)t and

o))ress the )eo)le more/ In this .ay- he thin*s the )eo)le .ill soon be ,ed u) and start to reolt

a+ainst their o))ressors/


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I, in Noli e (an+ere- Ibarra beliees that S)ain and the hili))ines are ;t.o )arts o, one

nation6- Ri'al .as ,aced .ith a di,,icult

decision/ (he Kati)uneros .ere )lannin+ to +et him out o, (alisay- Da)itan and brin+ him to

a)an/ (o esca)e or not to esca)e (o esca)e .ould mean admittin+ his uilt/ $ccordin+ to

Crisostomo 91>>>:- ;e .ould be branded a co.ard- too- and a ,u+itie/< (o esca)e .ould also

mean su))ortin+ the reolution and hel)in+ the hili))ines to be a ,ree- inde)endent nation/ In

the end- Ri'al re,uses Ealen'uelas o,,er/

Ri'als e7cuses and reasons led to his countrymens ,rustrations and to another man named

$ndres &oni,acio risin+ u) to ta*e action/

;$t that moment- ose .as thin*in+ o, the man $ndres &oni,acio .hose name hardly ran+ a bell

in his mind but .hose coura+e- )atriotism- and or+ani'ational ability im)ressed and ama'ed him/

ore than thirty thousand members- .ith thousands more comin+ inM @hat *ind o, a man .as


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this ?at $ndres that he could .ield such s)ell and )o.er oer multitudes is admiration almost

turned to absolute a.e and disbelie, .hen Ealen'uela told him &oni,acio .as a lo.ly )easant-

.ithout any ,ormal education- born to a ,amily so )oor youn+ $ndres had to manu,acture an sell

canes and )a)er ,ans to hel) ,eed his youn+er brothers and sisters- and that he .as a sim)le

.arehouseman- bode+uero- at the time he ,ounded the Kati)unan/< 9oauin- 1>>6:

RELATED STUD5

FOREI;N

$ccordin+ to orris 9ose Ri'al and the Challen+e o, hili))ines Inde)endence:- the identity o,

the Fili)ino )eo)le .as not merely determined solely by the contributions o, Ri'al/ Ri'al .as an

educated man and throu+h him- &oni,acio and the Kati)unan had become success,ul/ (his

)roed his stron+ in,luence amon+ the o))ressed Fili)inos .ho hae lon+ been su,,erin+/ I,

Ri'al had not s)earheaded the enli+htenment o, the Fili)inos- there .ouldnt be a hili))ine

nation/ Ri'al has accustomed that the success o, the reolution is the result o, the )artici)ation o,

all the sectors o, the society/ Ri'al belieed that his as)irations ,or the country could be attained

by )eace,ul means- but in an article in a Solidaridad entitled- ;(he hili))ines a Century

ence-< he ac*no.led+ed .hat could )ossibly ha))en throu+hout the )rocess/

(he real )ersonality o, Dr/ os Ri'al remains as an undisclosed case in the hili))ines today/

(hou+h Ri'al is ac*no.led+ed as a national hero- seeral criticisms still arise ,rom his enemies/

(ime tests all o, historys +reatest ,i+ures and ho. much the critics try to brin+ Ri'al do.n/

ndeniably throu+h his .ritin+s- Ri'al has enli+htened and u)li,ted the s)irit o, nationalism

amon+ his countrymen/ $lso throu+h his .or*s- Ri'al )aed the .ay by creatin+ the authentic


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identity o, Fili)inos/ Not only did Ri'al sacri,ice his o.n li,e ,or the loe o, the country- but

more im)ortantly ,or the releance o, humanity and in )re)aration ,or the +enerations to come/

&ein+ one o, the ,e. )riile+ed Fili)inos .ho .ere able to study- ose Ri'al had many

achieements as a student/ e had many s*ills and talents such as dra.in+ and scul)tin+/ &ut

)erha)s t.o o, the most notable o, these achieements are his noels Noli e (an+ere and Bl

Filibusterismo/ It .as throu+h these .or*s that eentually result to the countrys ,reedom ,rom

the S)anish coloni'ers/

orris 9ose Ri'al and the Challen+e o, hili))ines Inde)endence: lays Ri'als li,e and .or*s

side by side .ith that o, ohandas ?handhi and Rabindranath (a+ore in India and Sun JatHsen

in China/ (his ;First Fili)ino


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In the Noli e (an+eres seuel- Bl Filibusterismo- Ibarra returns to the hili))ines in dis+uise/

e see*s reen+e a+ainst the society that turned a+ainst him and his ancestors and se)arated him

,rom his loed one/ I,- in the Noli e (an+ere- Ri'al seems to be o))osin+ iolence throu+h

Ibarras re,usal to !oin the u)risin+ in San Die+o- he no. seems to be adocatin+ the use o, ,orce

throu+h the character o, Simoun in the Bl Filibusterismo/

(hrou+h both the Noli e (an+ere and Bl Filibusterismo- he had sho.n the e,,ects o, the

S)anish coloni'ation on the Fili)inos and the numerous )ossibilities i, eer S)ain stays any

lon+er/ &y the time these .or*s .ere in circulation- Ri'al belieed he had done all he could/

LOCAL

$ccordin+ to Floro =uibuyens study Ima+inin+ the Nation Ri'al- $merican e+emony and

hili))ine Nationalism 91>>6:- there .ere t.o ideas that )er)etuated in the late 1>th century/

(he ,irst idea states that it .asnt )rimarily Ri'als +oal to create an inde)endent Fili)ino nation

but- instead- the his)ani'ation o, the hili))ines/ (he second one centers on Ri'als a i+a

Fili)ina and &oni,acios Kati)unan as it asserts &oni,acio as a )oor laborer and that Kati)unan

.as an or+ani'ation ,or the )oor and i+norant/

@ith re+ards to the ,irst conce)t- it .as em)hasi'ed that as early as 1%%#- Ri'al has e7)ressed

that inde)endence throu+h )eace,ul stru++le is nothin+ but a dream and that see*in+ assimilation

to S)ain .as a mista*e- as stated in his t.o letters to his ,riend Ferdinand &lumentritt in 1%%#/

Ri'als last )oem .as disseminated to the reolutionaries throu+h &oni,acios translation/ Ri'als

.ords .ere ;sin dudas- sin )esar< or ;.ithout doubts- .ithout +loom< as translated by Nic*

oauin meant that Ri'al had a better understandin+ o, the .ar that .as +oin+ on/ e is in some


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.ays connected to it/ e admires those .ho are ,i+htin+- but he does not entirely a+ree .ith their

means/

$ccordin+ to =uibuyen 91>>6:- .hen Ri'al chose to die in martyrdom in 1%>6- the reolutionary

masses immediately turned to him as an ins)iration ,or the reolution/ is li,e and .or*s .ere

ie.ed as a reenactment o, the asyon .herein Christs su,,erin+- death and resurrection .ere

)ortrayed/ (o them- Ri'als martyrdom mar*ed him as the (a+alo+ Christ/

Dr/ ose Ri'al is *no.n to many as a re,ormist .ho .anted )eace and re,orms in the hili))ines/

&ut in his noel- Bl Filibusterismo- the second installment o, his ,amous .or* Noli e (an+ere-

reolution .as uite iid in the character o, Simoun/ Formerly *no.n as Don Crisostomo

Ibarra- Simoun returns to the story to aen+e the death o, his loe aria Clara and ta*e reen+e

on those .ho maltreated him/

Simoun )lotted t.o reolutions durin+ the course o, the story but both .ere unsuccess,ul/

$ccordin+ to (e!ano 92011:- this certain eent caused a number o, uestions to arise about Ri'al

not lettin+ the t.o reolutions ha))en/ I, the style Ri'al used in creatin+ both reolutions .as

,urther e7amined- it can be ,ound that Simoun used the di,,erent classes in the society to cause a

hu+e chaos that .ould .rec* the social system o, colonialism ,rom the inside/

(he reolution in the noel .as ultimately based on emotions and not on intellectual means/ In

,act- it seems to be that Ri'al made sure that these t.o reolutions neer ha))en/ @hen Simoun

,ound out about aria Claras death- the ,irst reolution did not )ush throu+h/ (he same +oes ,or

the second one- due to Isa+anis loe ,or aulita- he snatched the lam) containin+ the bomb and

the second reolution .as no more/ Ri'als messa+e is clear a reolution should not be based on


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)ure emotion/ (here should be a dee)er reason and the )eo)le inoled in it should hae a better

understandin+ o, these reasons/ $s .hat Father Florentino said to Simoun in the latter )art o, the

story- ;.hen our )eo)le is un)re)ared- .hen it enters the ,i+ht throu+h ,raud and ,orce- .ithout a

clear understandin+ o, .hat it is doin+- the .isest attem)ts .ill ,ail- and better that they do ,ail/<

9Cha)ter 3>- Ri'al as translated by Derbyshire- 1>12:

SUMMAR5

(his reie. o, both literature and studies has enriched this research by )roidin+ a more inHde)th

analysis o, Ri'als t.o noels- includin+ his characters- the dialo+ues- and the settin+- and by

sho.in+ his seeral in,luences/

&esides hain+ been educated both in the hili))ines and oerseas- ose Ri'al .as an aid

reader- .hich es)ecially sha)ed his thin*in+- s)ea*in+- and .ritin+/ Sto.es ncle (oms Cabin-

u+os es iserables- Dumas (he Count o, onte Cristo- and achiaellis (he rince

became the motiation and ins)iration ,or Ri'als Noli e (an+ere and Bl Filibusterismo/ (he

characters in his o.n literary .or*s re,lected Ri'als )ast- as .ell as his o.n o)inion and ideas/

o.eer- Ri'al has made it clear throu+h his .or*s that the ,ault is not only on the S)anish

coloni'ers because the Fili)inos themseles hae their o.n ,air share o, shortcomin+s/

(hese si7 literary .or*s .ere ,ound out to contain a common archety)e .hich is )arallel to ohn

oc*es Second (reatise on Ciil ?oernment .hich states that the )eo)le- .hen drien by their

rulers to misery throu+h o))ression and abuse- tend to reolt to achiee ,reedom/

In addition- this reie. stren+thened the researchers stand that Ri'al .as not only a re,ormist-

but a reolutionary as .ell based on an inHde)th analysis o, t.o o, his literary .or*s/ (his


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cha)ter also em)hasi'es on Ri'al bein+ a catalyst ,or the be+innin+ o, the reolution +ien his

in,luences on $ndres &oni,acio ,or the 1%>6 reolt/

$t one )oint- Ri'al himsel, had been tem)ted to i+nite a reolution a+ainst the S)anish re+ime-

but he reconsidered many ,actors such as .ea)onry- )ro)er timin+- etc/ @ithout all these- he had

)redicted that the Fili)inos .ere bound to lose- no matter ho. noble their intentions are/ $lso- he

made it a )oint that a reolution should not be ,ueled by sel,Hinterest- as made eident by his

literary characters/ o.eer- he .as also a.are o, the ,act that the )ro)osed re,orms are set to be

re!ected- and so he belieed in the ineitability o, startin+ a reolution only under the ri+ht

circumstances/

is .or*s may hae been banned ,rom uniersities and deemed ;untouchable


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CHA$TER 7

(he )ur)ose o, the study is to )roe throu+h the e7amination o, his te7ts that ose Ri'al

e7hibited a reolutionary nature and that he had entertained the idea o, an u)risin+ a+ainst the

S)anish coloni'ers/ (he )ur)oses o, this cha)ter are to describe the methodolo+y used in the

study- e7)lain ho. the res)ondents .ere identi,ied- .hat sam)lin+ techniue .as used- describe

the )rocedure used in collectin+ the data- and )roide an e7)lanation o, the statistical tool used

to inter)ret the data/

METHOD OF RESEARCH

$ historical method o, research .as used ,or this study/ Series o, literary e7aminations .ere

conducted in order to intensi,y the search ,or interte7tual connections amon+ the selected

documents and accounts/ In this study- the researchers used secondary sources/ $n interie. .as

also administered amon+ the identi,ied indiiduals- the ?rade > and ?rade 10 Fili)ino teachers-

.ho are *no.led+eable in the ,ield o, study/ (he study +enerally calls ,or massie ,acts- ideas

and )reious studies .hich .ill su))ort the researchers claim o, Ri'al e7hibitin+ a reolutionary

nature throu+h his te7ts/ (he study also used ,orei+n literature to loo* ,or the reolutionary

archety)e e7)lained in the ,irst cha)ter o, this study/ (he researchers chose a historical method

o, research and desi+ned a uestionnaire ,or interie. in order to systematically establish the

certain ,acts that .ill attem)t to )roe that ose Ri'al .as a reolutionary/


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RES$ONDENTS @ SUJECTS OF THE STUD5

For this study- the techniue used to identi,y the res)ondents is the criterion sam)lin+ techniue/

atton 91>>0: .rote that criterion sam)lin+ identi,ies sub!ects .ho ,all under the s)eci,ied

criteria- thus ensurin+ the uality o, the res)onse/ (hrou+h this techniue- the )redetermined

criteria can also ,ilter only the in,ormationHrich cases that are to be used ,or the research/ For this

case- the researchers hae identi,ied the criteria to be

a/: St/ Scholasticas $cademy ari*ina teachers ,or the school year 2013H2014

SUJECT AREAFACULT5

CBrs/ Carolyn Soriano

rs/ yra (in+son

s/ Cheril $cuiatan

r/ De7ter ?on'ales

rs/ (eresa an+ilinan

FIIIN8rs/ arycil abasan

rs/ yra ?uirre

rs/ ani,lor $di+ue

rs/ Ro.ena antaleon


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rs/ Blsie Ramire'

rs/ Sheryl Cinco

BN?ISrs/ a/ Conce)cion De Dios

rs/ enere Nasiad

s/ anina I+lesias

rs/ ?race $bdon

s/ a/ Cecilia De eon

s/ Charity Faith Faminiala+ao

rs/ $nita Ramos

s/ Sherlyn Caluma

$(B$(ICSrs/ Catherine atrocinio

s/ erlina otas

rs/ Nelia Aa,ra

rs/ ina Sierra

rs/ Rosario $rmada

s/ $nunciacion ?abor


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Dr/ oselito ascual

rs/ Ro.ena Aamora

SCIBNCBs/ ose)hine (ion+son

s/ Cynthia Delos Reyes

s/ ary ?lorace acob

rs/ Rhodora &enito

r/ Reynald $l,red Recede

r/ $mor allari

rs/ Karen Cardino'a

rs/ a/ Isabelita Soriano

S8CI$ S(DIBSrs/ arilou acis

s/ Cecilia analastas

rs/ Ro.ena Dela e"a

r/ ar Ban orales

s/ $ilyn $na+aran

s/ &eerly ?race $ber+os


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(Brs/ ill $nn Daya+

s/ Charisse ?ueco

s/ emelyn $r'a+a

s/ Ba araata

r/ $rman 8deillas

$Bs/ Rosita $s)ilan

s/ Ro.ena Rauidan

rs/ In+rid Del,ino

s/ arlyn a+hubasan

s/ eni,er &i+lan+Ha.a

s/ anice Derilo

rs/ ?loria Diuco

TOTAL: 7

b/: (eachers ,rom the Fili)ino area

FIIIN8 rs/ arycil abasan


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rs/ yra ?uirre

rs/ ani,lor $di+ue

rs/ Ro.ena antaleon

rs/ Blsie Ramire'

rs/ Sheryl Cinco

TOTAL: 6

c/: ?rade > and ?rade 10 teachers

rs/ ani,lor $di+ue

rs/ Ro.ena antaleon

rs/ Blsie Ramire'

rs/ arycil abasan

rs/ Sheryl Cinco

TOTAL:

(hus- the criteria narro.ed the res)ondents into ,ie teachers- namely rs/ ani,lor $di+ue-

rs/ Ro.ena antaleon- rs/ arycil abasan- rs/ Sheryl Cinco- and rs/ Blsie Ramire'/

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS


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(he uestionnaire that .ill be used in the study .as deelo)ed by the researchers/ It .ill +ather

additional in,ormation about the analysis and inter)retation o, Ri'als t.o literary .or*s ,rom

)eo)le .ho are *no.led+eable about the to)ic/ (he res)ondents .ere chosen usin+ the criterion

sam)lin+ techniue/

=uestion number one ,irst listed some o, Ri'als li,e e7)eriences 9Ri'als education at the $teneo

unici)al de anila- his )lan to hold the land on .hich he .as the uniersitys tenant- his e7ile

in Da)itan- the im)risonment o, his mother- (eodora $lon'o- and his ,riendshi) and

corres)ondence .ith Ferdinand &lumentritt: .hich may hae )ossibly ins)ired the reolutionary

idea in his noels/ (he res)ondents are to choose as many as )ossible ,rom +ien o)tions/

=uestion number t.o )resented a )reious ,indin+ that ose Ri'als literary characters mirrored

his o.n sel,/ (he interie.ee is to chec* the bo7 o, the character that is most li*ely to be a

re,lection o, Ri'al himsel,/ (here should only be one ans.er/ (he choices are Crisostomo Ibarra-

Blias- iloso)o (asyo- Simoun- Kabesan+ (ales- and &asilio- .ho are all main characters ,rom

Ri'als t.o noels/ (hese o)tions .ere chosen as they .ere the names commonly ,ound in the

reie. o, related literature/ I, the interie.ee has an ans.er .hich is not amon+ the choices-

there is an o)tion .herein he or she can s)eci,y his or her s)eci,ic ans.er/ In this item- the

interie.ee is already )resented the choices so as to aoid hain+ too many )ossible ans.ers/

(he third uestion e7amines the interie.ees o)inion as to ho. Ri'al may hae in,luenced the

Fili)inos idea o, )atriotism and liberty in +eneral terms- such as in education- )olitics- etc/ (his

item addresses the ,irst uestion in the statement o, the )roblem- .hich is about ho. Ri'al could

hae ins)ired a reolution throu+h his te7ts/


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(he ,ourth item as*s ,or the interie.ees o)inion as to .hether or not ose Ri'al .as a

re,ormist/ I, his or her ans.er is yes- then he or she is to state the reasons .hy this .as so/ I, the

ans.er is no- then the interie.ee is to moe on to the ne7t item/

(he ,i,th item as*s ,or the interie.ees o)inion as to .hether or not ose Ri'al .as a

reolutionist/ I, the ans.er is yes- then the interie.ee is to state ho. he or she came u) .ith

this conclusion/

(here are ,ie uestions )resented in the uestionnaire/ (hese uestions .ere deelo)ed ,rom

)reious ,indin+s in the reie. o, related literature and studies and also ,rom the statement o, the

)roblem/ (he uestionnaire .as ,ormulated in accordance to the +uidelines set by iller

9(i)sheet =uestion @ordin+: ,or ma*in+ an e,,ectie uestionnaire/

1/ $oid doubleHbarreled uestions/

2/ $oid erroneous assum)tions/

3/ Clari,y ambi+uous and im)recise terms or brea* them do.n into seeral uestions/

4/ De,ine terms ery s)eci,ically .hen necessary/

5/ $oid loaded- leadin+- emotional- or eocatie lan+ua+e as it can bias res)onses/

6/ $oid con,usin+- technical- or academic terms/

#/ &alance uestions to ma*e )ositie and ne+atie res)onses ;o*


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>/ $oid com)le7 sentences

(he ans.ers to the uestions rely mostly on the interie.ees o)inion and )ers)ectie and .ill

be used as additional in,ormation ,or the conclusion/

DATA ;ATHERIN; $ROCEDURE

(he data ,or this research are +athered ,rom the uestionnaires that .ere disseminated to the

?rade > and ?rade 10 Fili)ino teachers in St/ Scholasticas $cademy ari*ina ,or SJ 2013H

2014 namely rs/ ani,lor $di+ue- rs/ Ro.ena antaleon- rs/ arycil abasan- rs/ Sheryl

Cinco- and rs/ Blsie Ramire'/ (he uestionnaire- +ien to the res)ondents on February 2014- is

com)rised o, ,ie com)rehensie uestions that are related to the interie.ees )erce)tion about

the idea o, Ri'al bein+ a reolutionary aside ,rom the eminent ,act that he is a re,ormist/ (he

uestionnaire .as ,irst sent throu+h eHmail to the Bn+lish teacher- s/ Sherlyn Caluma- to ensure

that the uestions ,ormulated .ill stron+ly +enerate in,ormation that .ould alidate the research-

be,ore the uestionnaires .ere to be distributed to the res)ondents/

(he researchers did not conduct any surey since the research does not reuire the o)inions o,

the )o)ulation .ho do not meet the criteria set usin+ the Criterion Sam)lin+ (echniue/ (his

techniue .as a))lied in order to obtain substantial data ,rom )eo)le .ho are directly inoled

in this ,ield o, study/

$ll the uestionnaires are )ro)erly or+ani'ed and com)iled ,or analysis/ (he res)ondents

returned the uestionnaires also in February 2014/ o.eer- some o, the res)ondents ,ailed to

ans.er some o, the items due to un*no.n reasons/ $lso- one o)tion in the ,irst item in the

uestionnaire 9B7ile in Da)itan: .as ,ound to be inalid since Ri'als e7ile in Da)itan ha))ened


33/51

a,ter his t.o noels .ere already )ublished and in circulation/ Substantial in,ormation +athered

.ill be used ,or analysis and conclusion/

CHA$TER


34/51

(his cha)ter )resents the data +athered and collected/ (he data .as +athered ,rom the res)ondents chosen

throu+h the criterion sam)lin+ techniue/ (he data .ill be )rocessed to ans.er the )roblems )resented in

the ,irst cha)ter o, this study and .ill act as additional in,ormation ,or the conclusion/

(he uestionnaire .as deelo)ed by the researchers and ,ollo.ed the +uidelines set by iller 92013:/

(hese uestionnaires .ere disseminated to the res)ondents on February 2014/ Four out o, the ,ie

res)ondents returned the uestionnaires- resultin+ to an %0O res)onse rate/

(he ,ollo.in+ are the contents o, the uestionnaire/

=uestion 1H @hich amon+ Ri'als li,e e7)eriences listed belo. )aed the .ay ,or the inclusion o,

reolutionary thou+hts in his noels Noli e (an+ere and Bl Filibusterismo 9Choose as many as

)ossible/:

8ne o, the choices 9B7ile in Da)itan: in the ,irst uestion .as ,ound out to be inalid a,ter the

uestionnaires .ere disseminated to the res)ondents/ (he o)tion is inalid since Ri'als t.o noels .ere

already )ublished be,ore he .as e7iled in Da)itan and so this li,e e7)erience may not be a )ossible

ins)iration ,or his noels/ (he researchers- in the ,indin+s analysis- did not consider ;B7ile in Da)itan< as

an ans.er i, eer the res)ondents included that o)tion/

=uestion 2H $ccordin+ to )reious studies- Ri'als main characters re,lected his o.n sel,/ @hich o, the

,ollo.in+ characters may hae been Ri'als ;mirror


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=uestion 4H ?ien the theoretical bases in =uestions Q1 and Q2- do you )ersonally beliee that Ri'al .as

a RBF8RIS( 9I, yes- .hat ma*es you say so I, no- s*i) to Q5/:

=uestion 5H ?ien the theoretical bases in =uestions Q1 and Q2- do you )ersonally beliee that Ri'al .as

a RBE8(I8NIS( 9I, yes- .hat ma*es you say so:

M!s E+s.e R0.!eB M!s L&.+! A./*e M!s Re&

$&'+e&

M!s M!,

L>s&

*es'.& 1 Im)risonment o,

(eodora $lon'o

Im)risonment o,

(eodora $lon'o

Ri'al attends $teneo

unici)al de anila

as a day scholar-

Ri'als ,ather .as

com)elled to )roe

that he had no

*no.led+e o, his

sons )lan in order to

hold the land on

.hich he .as the

uniersitys tenant-

im)risonment o,(eodora $lon'o

No res)ons

*es'.& Crisostomo Ibarra-

Blias- iloso)o (asyo-

Simoun- Kabesan+

(ales- &asilio- Isa+ani-

lacido enitente

Blias Crisostomo Ibarra Crisostomo

*es'.& 7 &oth noels sho.

.hat .as truly

ha))enin+ to thecountry and )eo)le at

that time/

@hen Fili)inos see*

,or !ustice- loe-

)eace- and order

No res)onse (he abusie

in his noel

treatment amcharacters m

o, ,reedom

)atriotism/


36/51

*es'.& e .as a re,ormist

he .anted chan+es in

)olitics- education-

and reli+ion/

Ri'al .as neither a

re,ormist nor a

reolutionist/ e .as

considered a

)ro)a+andist/

No res)onse Jes- he ree

t.o noels

that need to

corrected- r

and chan+e

*es'.& e .as a reolutionist

also but a silent one/

e .ould not s)ea*

about it o)enly but

uses his .ritin+s to

sho. one side o, him

.hich some o, his

characters in his

noels )ortray/

$ns.er not a))licable No res)onse $ns.er not

Fi+ure III resentation o, data

CHA$TER

SUMMAR5

(he )ur)oses o, this study eole around ose Ri'al and his reolutionary nature .hat

techniues he had used in his noels to encoura+e a reolution- his o.n o)inion o, an armed

stru++le based on his o.n te7ts- and a )attern common amon+ his noels and other ,orei+n

literature/ (his study reuired a critical e7amination o, Ri'als literary .or*s- more s)eci,ically-

Noli e (an+ere and Bl Filibusterismo/ (he ,orei+n .or*s included .ere ncle (oms Cabin by

arriet &eecher Sto.e- Eictor u+os es iserables- $le7andre Dumas (he Count o, onte

Cristo- and Niccolo achiaellis (he rince/ iterature about Ri'als li,e- .or*s- and

contributions to the country- as .ell as )reiously made studies related to the to)ic- .ere

si+ni,icant to this study/

(o ma*e this research more alid- the researchers made interie.s .ith e7)erts- .ho .ere

chosen throu+h the criterion sam)lin+ techniue/ (hrou+h this techniue- the res)ondents .ere


37/51

narro.ed do.n to ,ie o, the ?rade > and ?rade 10 Fili)ino teachers ,rom St/ Scholasticas

$cademy ari*ina in the school year 2013H2014/ (he research instrument used .as deelo)ed

by the researchers and ,ollo.ed the +uidelines set by iller 9(i)sheet =uestion @ordin+:/

(he uestionnaire .as deelo)ed by the researchers and +ien to the res)ondents on February

2014/ (he ,irst uestion aimed to *no. .hat li,e instances o, Ri'al could hae )ossibly

in,luenced his t.o noels/ =uestion number t.o o, the research instrument listed Ri'als main

literary characters 9Crisostomo Ibarra- Blias- iloso)o (asyo- Simoun- Kabesan+ (ales- and

&asilio: and the res)ondents .ere to choose .hich o, the characters re,lected Ri'al the most/ I,

the res)ondents select the o)tion ;Crisostomo Ibarra


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In Sto.es ncle (oms Cabin- reli+ion )layed a bi+ role in the lies o, the character/ (his is

similar to ho. the characters in Ri'als Noli e (an+ere and Bl Filibusterismo lied their lies/

(he only di,,erence is that ncle (oms ,aith )layed a )ositie role in his li,e .hile Christianity

in Ri'als t.o noels is )ortrayed .ith abusie and corru)t ,riars such as adre Damaso- adre

Camorra- adre Sali- etc/ $lso- there .ere se7ual abuses e7)erienced in both noels/ For

e7am)le- aria Claras real ,ather .as adre Damaso- .ho ra)ed ia $lba- aria Claras

mother/ $lthou+h not stated e7actly in the noel- it is im)lied that aria Clara su,,ered se7ual

abuses inside the conent/ In ncle (oms Cabin- Bmmeline .as a se7 slae to Simon e+ree-

the o.ner o, the )lantation/

In u+os es iserables- ean Eal!ean is similar to Crisostomo Ibarra/ &oth .ere .ron+ed and

!ud+ed by society/ arius- in a .ay- is also similar to Ibarra/ arius- a )art o, the insurrection-

mirrors Simoun in the reolution/ $s arius became the oice ,or the o))ressed in the

reolution- Blias also became the s)o*esman ,or his countrymen .hile )lannin+ the u)risin+/

In (he Count o, onte Cristo- Ri'als Crisostomo Ibarra and Dumas Bdmond Dantes shared

many similarities/ $mon+ these is .hen Crisostomo Ibarra returned to the hili))ines as Simoun

to see* reen+e ,rom the )eo)le .ho condemned him/ $s in (he Count o, onte Cristo-

Bdmond Dantes returns to arseilles as Aatarra to aen+e his bein+ im)risoned des)ite bein+

innocent/ $lso- Simoun became a rich !e.eler .hile Aatarra ,ound the treasures o, S)ada and

used it to ma*e himsel, the count o, onte Cristo/

(he themes in achiaellis (he rince are similar to some o, the characters )rinci)les/ For

e7am)le- achiaellis idea o, sel,H)reseration and sel,Hinterest 9Cha)ter 3- 1515: is li*e


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Simouns .ay o, thin*in+/ ;et the un,it )erish and only the stron+est surieM< 9Cha)ter #-

Ri'al as translated by Derbyshire- 1>12:

oreoer- the researchers ,ound the reolutionary archety)e common amon+ Ri'als .or*s and

other ,orei+n literature/ (his )attern- ,irst )resented by ohn oc*e in his Second (reatise on

Ciil ?oernment- e7)lains that .hen leaders or rulers become abusie o, their )o.er- it leads to

the )eo)les misery/ (his misery .ill ur+e the )eo)le to reolt a+ainst their leaders to achiee

liberty/

First- in Ri'als t.o noels- the reolutionary archety)e is eident in Blias and Simoun/ $s .as

mentioned earlier- Blias ,rom Noli e (an+ere- e7)erienced in!ustices as i, he inherited them

,rom his +rand,ather- his ,ather and his uncle- and een his t.in sister/ Since he had met

Crisostomo Ibarra- .hom he *ne. to be in,luential and intelli+ent- he .anted Ibarra to .or*

.ith him in an armed stru++le ,or ,reedom/

Simoun ,rom Bl Filibusterismo- on the other hand- is actually Crisostomo Ibarra bac* ,or

reen+e/ e encoura+ed +reed and corru)tion in the +oernment to )ush the )eo)le to their limits

and reolt/ Kabesan+ (ales- a,ter hain+ his land ta*en ,rom him by a cor)oration- his dau+hter

uli ta*en in as a slae- and his ,ather (andan+ Selo im)risoned- decided to .or* .ith the tulisan/

$ccordin+ to Simoun- ;(he eil is not in that there are tulisanes in the mountains and

uninhabited )artsthe eil lies in the tulisanes in the to.ns and cities-< 9Cha)ter 11- Ri'al as

translated by Derbyshire- 1>12: li*e himsel, and li*e all the +oernment o,,icials and ,riars/

Kabesan+ (ales .as one o, those .hom Simoun )lanned the reolt .ith/

In Sto.es ncle (oms Cabin- the masters- althou+h some .ere *ind- still end u) sellin+ their

slaes- treatin+ them more as ob!ects rather than )eo)le/ Simon e+ree o, the e+ree )lantation


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.as an abusie master to his slaes/ (he abuses .ere not only beatin+s- but also se7ual

harassments and reli+ious )ersecution/ $lthou+h ncle (om did not ,i+ht bac*- he rebelled

a+ainst e+ree by still secretly readin+ the &ible and hel)in+ the other slaes instead o, beatin+

them/ In the end- ,reedom came to ncle (om too late- !ust as he .as about to die a martyr death/

(he ri+id social structures .ere the cause o, the in!ustices in u+os es iserables/ roblems

li*e the maltreatment o, .omen and ,aulty !ustice system ur+ed the )eo)le to the moements-

insurrections- and barricades o, the French Reolution/

@hen the ca)tain o, the shi) died- Bdmond Dantes o, Dumas (he Count o, onte Cristo .as

tas*ed to delier a letter Na)oleon &ona)arte- .ho .as e7iled in the island o, Blba/ Na)oleon

.as a )rominent ,i+ure durin+ the French Reolution- and he eentually became the em)eror o,

the French Bm)ire/ (he Count o, onte Cristo )resented many &ona)artist ideas/ Bdmond

Dantes .as a+ainst the )olitical in!ustices es)ecially in re+ards to the )unishment ,or di,,erent

crimes/ i*e &ona)arte- Dantes .anted indiidual ri+hts/ (he tyranny in )olitics .as e7)lained

by Noirtier/ ;In )olitics / / / there are no men- but ideasno ,eelin+s- but interests in )olitics .e

do not *ill a man- .e only remoe an obstacle/< 9Dumas- 1%44: ain+ been ,ramed- Dantes .as

denounced and im)risoned since &ona)artist ideas .ere ille+al/ Fourteen years in )rison instilled

)atience and the lon+in+ to be ,ree in Dantes/ e became ,riends .ith $bbe Faria and learned o,

the treasures a.aitin+ him in onte Cristo/ @hen $bbe Faria .as ,ound dead- Dantes )retended

to be the cor)se/ $s the su))osedHtoHbe cor)se .as thro.n out into the sea- Dantes s.ims his

.ay to ,reedom and to reen+e/

achiaellis (he rince discussed ho. ;it is better to be ,eared than loed/< (he reolutionary

archety)e in (he rince is in the )ers)ectie o, the leader/ $ccordin+ to achiaelli- the abuses


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;must be done at once< so that the )eo)le may easily recoer ,rom them and they .ill hae no

chance to harbor rebellious thou+hts/ (he ,aors and +ood deeds- ho.eer- ;must be done slo.ly

and not at once so their im)act .ould last lon+er/< I, eer the ruler does not ,ollo. achiaellis

rule and does the abuses ,or a lon+ time- the )eo)le .ill be+in to reolt to dis)lace their leader/

$lso- the researchers conclude that Ri'als .ritin+s indeed .ere a catalyst ,or the 1%>6

reolution led by $ndres &oni,acio/ oauin 91>>6: e7)lained ho. Simouns ,irst )lanned reolt

.as the &oni,acios basis ,or the onset in anila/ $ccordin+ to ro,essor Ricardo ascual o, the

niersity o, the hili))ines- Bl Filibusterismo .as someho. a manual ,or a reolution- .herein

Ri'al im)lied the needs and demands o, an u)risin+/

Finally- the researchers there,ore conclude that ose Ri'al is both a re,ormist and a reolutionist/

&y de,inition- a re,ormist is one .ho adocates ,or chan+e to an e7istin+ )roblem or ,ault/ $

reolutionist- on the other hand- is one .ho en+a+es in an armed attem)t to end the rule o, the

+oernment and start a ne. one/ $ccordin+ to ?ille+o 91>>0:- Ri'al ,aored both reolution and

re,ormism/ o.eer- as accordin+ to Ri'als letter to Ferdinand &lumentritt on anuary 26- 1%%#-

;a )eace,ul stru++le shall al.ays be a dream-< 9ose Ri'al National Centennial Commission:

.hich means he had *no.n all alon+ that re,ormism could lead no.here/ (his statement o, Ri'al

can also be inter)reted as his admission o, the ineitability o, a reolution/ o.eer- he only

sa. reolution as a second o)tion i, eer re,ormism .as to ,ail/

(hrou+h his t.o literary .or*s- Noli e (an+ere and Bl Filibusterismo- Ri'al de)icted his

o)inions o, both re,ormism and reolution/ is characters- such as iloso)o (asyo and

Crisostomo Ibarra- )ortrayed the re,ormist Ri'al/ (he t.o ,i+ures only .anted chan+e in the

e7istin+ +oernment/ (hey .anted education- eual ri+hts- his)ani'ation- etc/ Crisostomo Ibarra


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een belieed that S)ain and the hili))ines are ;t.o )arts o, one nation< and that ;loyalty to

one is loyalty to the other/< iloso)o (asyo- also- *ne. that Ibarra .as to ,ail/ o.eer- ;some

+rain .ould hae suried the catastro)he to +ro. and sae the s)ecies ,rom destruction and to

sere a,ter.ards as the seed ,or the sons o, the dead so.er/ (he e7am)le may encoura+e others

.ho are only a,raid to be+in/< (his can be inter)reted as Ri'al beliein+ that een thou+h he may

,ail in his re,orms- others .ill be ins)ired to continue .here he had le,t o,,/

Blias and Simoun embodied the reolutionist Ri'al/ (hese t.o characters- in Noli e (an+ere

and Bl Filibusterismo res)ectiely- .ere reolutionists ,or a reason/ Blias- a man o, mis,ortunes-

encoura+ed Ibarra to start a reolution/ e enumerated the reasons the inhuman )unishments-

tyrant +oernment o,,icials- etc/ e een belieed that the hili))ines .as su,,erin+ ,rom a

;chronic malady>>:- ;Ibarra and Blias re)resented Ri'al himsel,/< Since Ibarra is

considered as a re,ormist and Blias as a reolutionary- it can be concluded that Aaide belieed in


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Ri'als re,ormistHreolutionary nature/ ?ille+o 91>>0: e7)lained ho. re,orm and reolution are

not totally o))osites/ $ccordin+ to Crisostomo 91>>>:- Ri'al belieed in both means/ Ri'al een

admired $ndres &oni,acio- the ,ounder o, the Kati)unan- accordin+ to oauin 91>>6:/

Constantino 91>#0:- a Ri'alist- )roed that ose Ri'al did a))roe o, the thou+ht o, an armed

reolution throu+h di,,erent literary and historical re,erences/ For e7am)le- the characters in his

noels Noli e (an+ere and Bl Filibusterismo de)icted their attraction to the thou+ht o,

reolution/ (he case o, Blias ,rom Noli e (an+ere and Kabesan+ (ales ,rom Bl Filibusterismo-

.ho .ere both abused by S)anish authorities- )roes that an armed stru++le ,or ,reedom is

needed/ $lso- the )lots o, these noels sho.ed that Ri'al belieed that the reasons to reolt

a+ainst S)ain are alid/

=uibuyen 91>>6: stressed ho. Ri'als martyrdom ins)ired the reolutionary masses o, his time-

een u) to the e7tent that Ri'als name and .ords became the rallyin+ cry ;in times o, stru++le

.hether in trium)h or de,eat/< (e!ano 92011: belieed in Ri'als reolutionary nature .ith the

uestion- ;ho. could the Kati)unan hae used Ri'al i, he really .ere nothin+ more than a

staunch re,ormist<

o.eer- accordin+ to Ramire' B/ 92014:- Ri'al ;.as a re,ormist he .anted chan+es in

)olitics- education- and reli+ion- and he .as a reolutionary also- but a silent one/< I, Ri'al

indeed .as also a reolutionary- ho. come he did not rally side by side .ith &oni,acio durin+

onsets and moements

$ccordin+ to oauin 91>>6:- the lac* o, eerythin+- ,rom the ri+ht timin+ to the su,,icient

.ea)ons- .as Ri'als e7cuse ,or not bein+ able to ,i+ht ,or the countrys inde)endence so o)enly/

e .as not a+ainst the ob!ectie- but the means o, obtainin+ it/ @hen Simoun as*ed adre


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Florentino as to .hy ?od did not su))ort his )lans o, a reolution- the )riest ans.ered it .as

because Simoun ;chose means that e could not sanction/< 9Cha)ter 3>- Ri'al as translated by

Derbyshire- 1>12:

Ri'al is an adocate o, both re,orm and reolution- accordin+ to Crisostomo 91>>>:/ (he

re,ormist Ri'al .anted a Fili)ino re)resentatie in the S)anish Cortes and the ,reedom o, the

)ress- and disa))roed o, the ,riars meddlin+ .ith education/ (he reolutionary Ri'alon the

other hand and ironically enou+h- belieed that the S)anish coloni'ers .ould not a))roe nor

listen to the re,orms/ (here,ore- these re,orms .ill be acted u)on by ,orce/ (he only )roblem .as

that the Fili)inos .ere bound to lose in case o, an u)risin+ due to in,eriority in eerythin+ in

.ea)ons- resources and e7)eriences- and this )roblem .as Ri'als reason ,or not !oinin+ the

reolution/

$lso- throu+h Simouns t.o unsuccess,ul reolutions in Bl Filibusterismo- it can be concluded

that Ri'al .anted to ma*e it clear to the )eo)le that a reolution should not be based on )ersonal

intentions/ $ccordin+ to adre Florentino- ho.eer much .ise the )lan is- i, the )eo)le inoled

are un)re)ared and do not clearly understand the cause o, the u)risin+- the )lan .ill ,ail/ (o

Ri'al- a reolution must hae a dee)er meanin+- and the )eo)le inoled in it should hae a

)ro)er understandin+ o, .hat is +oin+ on/ $lso- the time should be ri+ht- the )eo)le )re)ared-

and the arms su,,icient/

RECOMMENDATION

(he ,ollo.in+ recommendations are )resented to ,urther im)roe this study ,or ,uture

researchers/


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1/ Interie.s .ith )ro,essors s)eciali'in+ in Ri'al studies and historians are recommended

instead o, ?rade > and ?rade 10 Fili)ino teachers/ (his may )roide a more inHde)th

)ers)ectie and analysis es)ecially i, the researchers .ere to d.ell more on Ri'als

)rinci)les and mindsets/

2/ (he +rou) also recommends ,or ,uture researchers to see* hel) ,rom Bn+lish teachers

re+ardin+ archety)es and )arallelisms in literature/

3/ (he researchers only used si7 literary .or*s Ri'als Noli e (an+ere and Bl

Filibusterismo- Sto.es ncle (oms Cabin- u+os es iserables- Dumas (he Count

o, onte Cristo- and achiaellis (he rince/ For ,uture researchers- it is recommended

to use more literary .or*s in ,indin+ the reolutionary archety)e/ $n e7am)le .ould be

Dic*ens $ (ale o, (.o Cities/4/ For this study- the boo*s that the researchers used .ere limited only to those ,ound in St/

Scholasticas $cademy ari*ina hi+h school library/ It is recommended that boo*s ,rom

other libraries be used as .ell/

ILIO;RA$H5

$li)- B/ 91>61: H I Traced Rizal’s Footsteps in Foreign Lands $li) T Sons

Clucas- S/ 91>>#- uly: Construction as a Curriculum Organizer for Technology

Education- Cha)ter 5 &lac*sbur+- Eir+inia

Constantino- R/ 91>#0: H Dissent and Counter-Consciousness =ue'on City alaya

&oo*s- Inc/

Crai+- $/91>13: H Lineage Life and La!ors of "ose Rizal #hilippine #atriot $ % &tudy of

the 'ro(th of Free Ideas in the Trans-#acific %merican Territory anila hili))ine

Bducation Com)any


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Crisostomo- I/ 91>>>: T(ilight of a )ero and Other *or+s on Rizal Ne. Day

ublishers

De edro- / 92005: Rizal through a glass dar+ly$ % &piritual ,iography niersity o,

$sia and the aci,ic- earl Drie- 8rti+as Center- 1605 asi+ City

Dumas- $/ 91%44: The Count of onte Cristo Retrieed ,rom

htt)GGboo*s/+oo+le/com/)hGboo*s

idUa7%8>S0E=CT)+U(16Tl)+U(16TdUri'alVtheVcountVo,VmonteVcristoTsourceU

blTotsU,@77,+6Tsi+U8F$et+?Cb?NAro@067+6*(4BThlUenTsaUWTeiU1X

s,1K,?Wi$eF5JC4C+TredirXescUyQUone)a+eTUri'alO20theO20countO20o,O20monte

O20cristoT,U,alse Se)tember 13- 2013

Fol*estad- &/ 9200%: %nalysing Inter.ie( Data$ #ossi!ilities and Challenges

Buros)here/ Retrieed ,rom

htt)GGeuros)heres/or+G,ilesG2010G0%GBuros)hereX@or*in+Xa)erX13XFol*estad/)d, H

December 30- 2013-

?ille+o- &/ 91>>0: H Re/uiem for Reformism$ The Ideas of Rizal on Reform and

Re.olution

u+o- E/ 91%62: Les isera!les

oauin- N/ 91>>6: Rizal in &aga National Centennial Commision- and Ri'al

artyrdom Centennial Commission


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ose Ri'al National Centennial Commission Bn+lish Bdition Eol/ II &oo* 2- arts 1 and

2- The Rizal-,lumentritt Correspondence

aubach- F/ 91>36: an and artyr The Life and *ritings of Dr0 "ose Rizal -

hili))ines Community ublishers Incor)orated

oc*e- / 916%>: &econd Treatise On Ci.il 'o.ernment

achiaelli- N/ 91515: The #rince

iller- / Tipsheet$ 1uestion *ording Du*e Initiatie on Surey ethodolo+y/

December 2%- 2013- ,rom htt)GG.../dism/ssri/du*e/edu

orris- / H "ose Rizal and the Challenge of #hilippines Independence$ Retrieed ,rom

htt)GG.../schillerinstitute/or+GeducGhistGri'al/html H 8ctober 14- 2013

ascual- R/ 91>62: The #hilosophy of Rizal edro &/ $yuda and Co/

atton- / 91>>0: 1ualitati.e Research and E.aluation ethods Sa+e ublications Inc/

atton- / 92001: 1ualitati.e Research and E.aluation ethods Third Edition Sa+e

ublications Inc/

=uibuyen- F/ 91>>6- ay: Imagining the 2ation$ Rizal %merican )egemony and

#hilippine 2ationalism olitical Science De)artment- niersity o, a.aii- anoa

Ri'al- / 91>>#: H #rophecies of "ose Rizal a!out the #hilippines$ from the pen of the

.isionary national hero phenomenal re.elations and coded messages a!out e.ents past

present and future$ destiny of the #hilippines as inter)reted by ococ*- ohn ichael


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Ri'al- / 91>12: El Fili!usterismo 3The Reign of 'reed4- translated by Derbyshire-

Charles in anila Retrieed ,rom htt)GG.../+utenber+/or+G,ilesG106#6G106#6HhG106#6H

h/htm H Se)tember 13- 2013

Ri'al- / 91>12: 2oli e Tangere 3The &ocial Cancer4- translated by Derbyshire-

Charles in anila Retrieed ,rom htt)GG.../+utenber+/or+G,ilesG6#3#G6#3#HhG6#3#Hh/htm H

Se)tember 13- 2013

Romero- / C/- Santos- / T Sta/ Romana- / 92003: H Rizal and the De.elopment of

2ational Consciousness$ C ress Inc/

Sto.e- / 91%52: 5ncle Tom’s Ca!in

(e!ano- / 9Se)tember 22- 2011: ,y #en and ,y &(ord$ De)artment o, olitical Science-

Colle+e o, Social Sciences and hiloso)hy- niersity o, the hili))ines- Diliman

(e!ano- / 92011: ai+ling #agsusuri ng Re!olusyon ni Rizal$ De)artamento n+

Fili)ino at aniti*an n+ ili)inas- Kolehiyo n+ $rte at iteratura- nibersidad n+ ili)inas-

Diliman

Ealde'- / 9200#: Dr/ ose Ri'al and the @ritin+ o, his Story- anila Re7 &oo*store-

Inc/

Aaide- ?/ 91>>>: H "ose Rizal$ Life *or+s and *ritings- anila $llHNations ublishin+

Co/- Inc/

Retrieed on htt)GGasian!ournalusa/comGanHunauthori'edHhistoryHo,HtheH)hili))inesH

)%2%2H113/htm H Se)tember 15- 2013


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Retrieed on htt)GGen/.i*i)edia/or+G.i*iGBlX,ilibusterismo H Se)tember 13- 2013

Retrieed on htt)GGen/.i*i)edia/or+G.i*iGIlustrado H Se)tember 11- 2013

Retrieed on htt)GGen/.i*i)edia/or+G.i*iGosOC3O$>XRi'al H Se)tember 13- 2013

Retrieed on htt)GGen/.i*i)edia/or+G.i*iGiXYltimoXadiZs H Se)tember 13- 2013

Retrieed on htt)GGen/.i*i)edia/or+G.i*iGNoliXeX(OC3O$1n+ereX9noel: H

Se)tember 13- 2013

Retrieed on htt)GGlemonraindro)/blo+s)ot/comG2013G04G.hyHri'alH,aoredHcountHo,H

monteHcristo/html H 8ctober 11- 2013

Retrieed on htt)GGo7,orddictionaries/comGde,initionGamericanXen+lishGe7ecution

Ue7ecution H Se)tember 11- 2013

Retrieed on htt)GGo7,orddictionaries/comGde,initionGamericanXen+lishGheroUhero H

Se)tember 11- 2013

Retrieed on htt)GGo7,orddictionaries/comGde,initionGamericanXen+lishGre,ormUre,orm

H Se)tember 11- 2013

Retrieed on htt)GGo7,orddictionaries/comGde,initionGamericanXen+lishGre,ormist

Ure,ormismQre,ormistXX% H Se)tember 11- 2013

Retrieed on htt)GGo7,orddictionaries/comGde,initionGamericanXen+lishGreolution

UReolution H Se)tember 11- 2013


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Retrieed on htt)GGo7,orddictionaries/comGde,initionGamericanXen+lishGreolutionary

Ureolutionary H Se)tember 11- 2013

Retrieed on htt)GGo7,orddictionaries/comGde,initionGen+lishGarchety)eUarchety)e

8ctober 11- 2013

Retrieed on htt)GGo7,orddictionaries/comGde,initionGen+lishG)ro)a+andaU)ro)a+anda H

Se)tember 11- 2013

Retrieed on htt)GGo7,orddictionaries/comGde,initionGen+lishG)ro)a+andist

U)ro)a+andist H Se)tember 11- 2013

Retrieed on htt)GGo7,orddictionaries/comGde,initionGen+lishGrebellionUrebellion H

Se)tember 11- 2013

Retrieed on htt)GGscholar/lib/t/eduGthesesGaailableGetdH%20>%H

1>46GunrestrictedGcha)ter3/)d, H December 2%- 2013

Retrieed on htt)GGssam/edu/)hGem)loyeesGhsO20,aculty/html December 2%- 2013

Retrieed on htt)GG.../cli,,snotes/comGliteratureGlGlesHmiserablesGboo*Hsummary H

8ctober 11- 2013

Retrieed on htt)GG.../!oseri'al/)hGb+01/html H Se)tember 13- 2013

Retrieed on htt)GG.../merriamH.ebster/comGdictionaryGsedition H Se)tember 11- 2013

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Retrieed on htt)GG.../slideshare/netGneilre+aladoGri'alHcha)terH% 9Slide # o, #: H

8ctober %- 2013

Revolution in Text an Examination of Jose Rizal

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Transcript of Revolution in Text an Examination of Jose Rizal