Revolution from Above: Stalin’s Purges

• Do Now: Create a caption for the image below

• IB Topic 3: Authoritarian states– Theme 2: Establishment

of authoritarian and single party states• Methods: Use of Force• Nature, Extent &

Treatment of the Opposition

10/18/13

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What do you already know? (Background)• Source A: Extract from Hope Against

Hope by N Mandelstam, London, 1971, in which Nadezhda describes her husband’s treatment.

• Source B: Bukharin’s confession taken from the official report of court proceedings of his trial in Moscow, in March 1938.

• Source C: Extract from an article entitled The Results of the Trial, written by Trotsky and published in his Opposition Bulletin of 1938.

• Source D: Extract from Mastering Modern World History by Norman Lowe, London, 1997.

• Source E: Contemporary photograph of a watchtower at a Gulag camp in Chukotka.

• Osip Mandelstam

• Nicolai Bukharin

• Leon Trotsky

• Secondary Source Information

• Gulags

Stations DirectionsProcedure:• Approx. 6-7 minutes per

station

• Each station = Paper 1 question (1-3)– 2 sets of stations (1-3 & 1-3)

Per 5 Groups:

1a. Alex A, Maslov, Miguel

2a. Coby, Alex S, Claire

3a. Hannah, Brandon, Nicole P

1b. Trent, Daniel S, Chris

2b. Deven, Alex P, Nicole C,

3b. Daniel M, Zoe, Steph, Ralph

Stations DirectionsProcedure:• Approx. 6-7 minutes per

station

• Each station = Paper 1 question (1-3)– 2 sets of stations (1-3 & 1-3)

Per 6 Groups:1a. Emma, Noah

2a. Alexis, Riddle

3a. Sarah, James

1b. Carina, Sam, Eric

2b. Annie, Zack

3b. Ryan, Jyothi

Stations DirectionsProcedure:• Approx. 5-6 minutes per station

• Each station = Paper 1 question

– 1st & 2nd stations: write down notes/ bulleted points to answer questions

– 3rd & 4th station: Use notes to begin narrative

Per 9 Groups:1. Justin, Sam M, Victoria

2. Emily, Lucas

3. Sam C, Tori

4. Kiersten, Ezra

5. Hunter, Shane

6. Jake, Brett,

Question 1 (a & b): Understand Historical Sources

• 1a: Why according to Source B, did Bukharin make a re-evaluation of his past?

• 3 marks = give at least 3 specific pieces of evidence from the document

• Paraphrase to save time

• 1b: What message is conveyed by Source E?

• 2 marks = 2 clear and separate points re: message of the source

• Ex. "One message conveyed by the source is ______, because the source represents ________. A second message conveyed by the source is ______, because the source _________.”

Question 2: Compare and Contrast Historical Sources as Evidence

In what ways do the views expressed in Source C support the conclusions expressed in Source D?

• Use O-P-V-L to aid in comparisons/contrasts

• Very often = a primary vs. a secondary/ historiography source

• 3 Comparisons• 3 Contrasts

• 1-2 paragraphs two paragraphs that include a running comparison/ contrast of the two sources

• Ex: "The sources contrast in .......... While Source __ conveys .........., Source __ suggests ............."

Question 3: Explain the Importance and Limitations of the Source (O-P-V-L)

• With reference to their Origin and Purpose, assess the value and limitations of Sources A and B for historians studying Stalin’s purges

• Evaluate the sources separately

• In narrative form (2 paragraphs, not bulleted lists)

• Ex. "The origin of this source is ....... (what, who, when, where - take from the source details) The purpose of this source was ...... (why it was made, for whom). The source is valuable because ...........(refer to origin). The source is also valuable because ......... (refer to purpose). The source is limited because ...........(refer to origin). The source is also limited because ......... (refer to purpose)."

Closure

• What is the most challenging component of Paper 1?

Mandelstam in 1934, first arrest Mandelstam in 1938, second arrest, a few months before he died in the camps

Bukharin, Nikolai (1888-1938)Bolshevik before the revolutionArchitect of NEPEditor of Pravda 1918-1929Head of Comintern 1926-1929

Formed bloc with Zinoviev, Kamenev and Stalin in 1923 against Trotsky

Broke with Stalin in 1928 to lead the Right OppositionExpelled in 1929 from the party for his thoughts, he recanted soon afterwardsExecuted after the Third Moscow Trial in 1938

Under Gorbachev, Bukharin’s wife revealed that his confession was forced and published his hitherto secret rebuttal

Bulletin of the Russian Opposition1929 to 1941

voice of the communist opposition in USSR“Old Bolsheviks”

fought to keep the October Revolution and Communist International on the proletarian

internationalist course for which Lenin fought.

Andrey VyshinskyState Prosecutor in Moscow Show Trials

The most northeasterly region of present day Russia

“at the edge of the earth, one of Russia’s most remote and

impoverished regions, a frozen expanse bigger than Texas, with a

population that could fit in the Astrodome”

-NY Times, 2007

“During the cold war, Chukotka was a closed border zone, bristling with military

installations that are now abandoned lots filled with the rusting detritus of Soviet power. Government permission is still

required before a visit, but the Arctic beckons and is, slowly, opening itself to the

possibilities of a new Russia”-NY Times, 2007

http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/22/weekinreview/22myers.html?_r=0

How to Paper 1:

Questions 1: Understand Historical Sources

• 5 marks• Approx. 8-10 min. on exam

• Always 1a & 1b

• 1a: Reading comp– 3 marks give 3 facts/example

• 1b: 2 messages or meanings of a photo or cartoon (but not always)– 2 marks 2 meanings

Question 2: Compare and Contrast Historical Sources as Evidence

• 6 Marks– 3 compare, 3 contrast

• Approx. 15 min. on exam

• Very often = a primary vs. a secondary/historiography source

• 1-2 paragraphs that include a running comparison/ contrast of the two sources– Can be 1 long paragraph or 2

short paragraphs– Must include specific facts

• Your Must address comparisons and contrasts IN RELATION TO THE QUESTION!

• Ex: "The sources contrast in .......... While Source __ conveys .........., Source __ suggests ............."

Question 3: Explain the Importance and Limitations of the Source (O-P-V-L)

• 6 Marks – O&P x 2, V x 2, L x 2

• Approx. 15 min. on exam

• O-P-V-L as part of annotations– Convert into narrative form

• Narrative form:– Origin should reference 5W+H– Purpose = in relation to the

task– Be explicit about Value and

Limitations

• Evaluate the sources separately

• In narrative form (2 paragraphs, not bulleted lists)

• Ex. "The origin of this source is ....... (what, who, when, where - take from the source details) The purpose of this source was ...... (why it was made, for whom). The source is valuable because ...........(refer to origin). The source is also valuable because ......... (refer to purpose). The source is limited because ...........(refer to origin). The source is also limited because ......... (refer to purpose)."

Common Limitations…• Subjective (Emotionally Laden)

• Evidence: Language, Tone, Style

• Public vs. Private

• Proximity to Event

• Selective use of information

• Political Bias

• Historian - National/Social Influence/Bias

• General texts lack depth/detail

• Language Issues (access to foreign documents/ translation)

• Soviet Secrecy & Manipulation of Statistics

• Lack of access to Communist Archives(pre-1991 USSR)

• Face Saving

• Propaganda

• Exaggeration

• Motivation for?

Question 4…

• 3 arguments agree, disagree, both

• Format:– Intro + Thesis

– Body 1: Answer the question using strongest argument, document support, outside info & historiography

– Body 2: Present the other side of the argument, use contrasting document support, outside info & historiography

– Body 3: A balanced response to the essay question…still using document support, outside info & historiography

Answer the Q – Opposing View – Justify the 2

8 Marks 20+ minutes

Question 4 in General• Use key information identified in initial read through of documents

(this is why we annotate)

• What outside information (facts) can you add?– Includes historiography

• Develop 2-3 arguments that can be made based on the document evidence

• Write a brief essay outline (2-3 minutes)

• Q4 is a mini-essay

Using these sources and your own knowledge, explain to what extent you agree with the verdict of Source D,

“the purges were successful in eliminating possible alternative leaders and terrorizing the masses into

obedience, but the consequences were serious”