otiGAN OF THE MOZAMBrouE LIBERATION v ' 1-flELiiMiP

REVOLUTION

JUNE 25

MOX/1MBII1M-REVOLUTION

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE MOZAMBIQUE LIBERATION FRONTFRELIMO

INDEPENDENCE ISSUEDEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION - FRELIMOLOURENQO MARQUESPEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF MOZAMBIQUE

N.o61

C O N T E N T S

Editorial: With our People's victory over colonialism andthe establishment of the independent State of Mozambi-que, a new phase of struggle has begun Page 1

FRELIMO delegations visit five socialist countries Pages 3 and 4

President Samora in Tanzania and Zambia, two bastions ofsupport and solidarity during the armed struggle againstPortuguese colonialism Page 5

In the month which preceded independence our Presidenttoured Mozambique, holding meetings with the People inevery province from the Rovuma to the Maputo. Picturesof the tour. Pages 6 to 8

Independence was marked by celebrations and cu l tura lactivities throughout the country. Report and pictures Pages 9 to 12

The National Anthem of the People's Republic of Mozam-bique Page 13

Proclamation of Independence and the birth of the People'sRepublic of Mozambique. Full text Pages 14 to 16

By decision of FRELIMO'S Central Committee Comrade Sa-mora Moises Machel was entrusted with the task of Pre-sident of the People's Republic of Mozambique. Declara-tion of the CC, read by Comrade Marcelino dos Santos,Vice-Presideflt of FRELIMO Page 17

The President's Message to the Nation on IndependenceDay . Pages 18 to 23

The Constitution of the PRM.. Pages 24 to 27

The first Council of Ministers of the PRM .................. Page 28

El

..,„, uro r «mauw,, of the People's Republic of Mozambique on June 25, 1975, therevolutionary process in our country entered a new phase, the phase of People's Demo-cracy, during which the lessons of the liberated zones during ten years of armed struggle...in K- applied at the level of the nation. We are now engaged in the task of destroying

an instrument of exploitation and oppression,serves the interests of the working masses.

This phase will be a period of intense struggle. National independence was a precon-dition for the destruction of the system of capitalist exploitation in our country; but inde-pendence by itself does not destroy exploitation, and after June 25 millions of Mozam-bicans living outside the zone liberated during the armed struggle continued to be oppressedby the eld system. Ihj ei^my, his guns silenced, continued to use every means at his

x;But ft was in order to destroy exploitation and establish j*&bji>|jrSF Democratic Powerthroughout Mozambique that FRELIMO fought Portuguese colonialism. To allow a handfulOf old and new exploiters to thwart this goal would be tovbetrqy all those who sufferedand died in the war, indeed to betray every w^ehaj ;e)(| " peasant in Mozambique.It woukfHbe etd turn ow vfcUKyJnta a new situation, therefore, demanded thatwe implement the policies of FRELIMO and transform our revolutionary objectives intoreality with the minimum of delay. To this end certain measures have already been

All land _has bee| ^ i| ^ | ^ is controlled by theO

The colonial educational system is being dismantled. Under this system the type _.education a child received depended on the colour of his skin and the wealth of his parents.There were private schools run by exploiters to create new exploiters. There were mis-sionary schools to produce docile, mystified Mozambicans who would serve the exploi-ting class without complaining. Now all schools have become the property of the Stateand education is based on the principle that books and study are tools to be used for the

of our

All hospitals, clinics and consulting rooms now belong to the People. The colonial-capi-talist health system served to enrich private doctors while the majority of the populationwere denied a basic medical service because they were too poor to pay. Now, privatemedical practice has been abolished and the State is building a medical service which willcater for all, regardless of wealth.

Private lawyers, whose services were available only to the rich, have been bannedpractising and the whole judicial system is being changed to conform with ourtionary objectives.

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Funerals were used by the colonial bourgeoisie to divide, exploit and humiliate the People,by creating different classes of burial and forcing even the poorest bereaved families to paycrippling sums. This form of exploitation has also been stopped. The Government hastaken over all funeral parlours and a uniform price has been fixed.

These initial shots in the battle against injustice and inequality have removed land and thebasic services from the area of exploitation, placing them firmly in the hands of the People.This has guaranteed immediate benefits for the People and created the conditions for na-tional development according to FRELIMO's revolutionary line but it has also sharpenedthe contradictions between the labouring classes and the enemies of progress and socialjustice. Heightened vigilance is therefore necessary at this time to combat any attemptsby the enemy to sabotage national and ideological unity and deflect the course of theRevolution. And in this respect, the People themselves, organised throughout the countryin «Grupos Dinamizadores», play the crucial role. These groups, through which, the Peopleare gaining political experience and democratic control over their day to day lives in towns,villages and places of work, are soon to be supplemented at national level by organisationsof workers, peasants and youth, as a result of decisions taken by the meeting of the Cen-tral Committee between June 19 and 21 this year.

The People's democratic organisations are vital institutions in the struggle to cementunity, increase production and ensure vigilance. Equally vital are the Mozambique People'sLiberation Forces, who are a force not only for national defence but also for productionand political mobilisation. The FPLM, without whose heroism and sacrifices our countrywould still be under colonial domination, bring to the new struggle an incomparable ri-chness of combat experience.

Thp maaaiVAC taken en far ara nnl\ a hpninninn Ahaari lie ninantir- tacb-c in inr-roacinnso far are only a beginning. Ahead lie gigantic tasks in increasinglie justice and establishing democratic methods of

in the fields of agriculture, industry and commerce. And what makes these tasksparticularly tough is the catastrophic situation bequeathed to our country by colonialism, asituation characterised by poverty, illiteracy and unemployment for the many and wealthand privileges for the few. We found the bank vaults empty, the country bled white.

But despite this situation we have no doubt of our victory. During ten years of armedStruggle FRELIPvlO faced an implacable enemy backed by the armaments, money and pro-paganda of imperialism, but our motto never changed: Victory is certain!

Today we recognise the tremendous difficulties that will be encountered in fulfilling theobligations enshrined in the Constitution of our People's Republic, in destroying the basisOf poverty and eliminating underdevelopment

But FRELIMO pledges today that there will be no retreats or compromises, no let up inthe battle against exploitation, no rest until our goals are reached. We

-£l|$jj iui£'vtp the expectations of our People, nor the fears of our enemies.We shall not fail to

THE STRUGGLE CONTINUES!

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STRONGER LINK:ALSS

the period of Transitional Go-........».n in Mozambique, FRELIMOdelegations led by our PresidentComrade Samora Machel, made im-portant visits to five of the socialistcountries, whose vanguard parties, go-vernments and peoples displayedexemplary internationalist solidaritywith the Mozambican People duringthe long years of armed struggle. InDecember last year one of theselegations visited the Gernuin Demo-cratic Republic and the SocialistRepublics of Bulgaria and Romania;in reoruary and iviarch this year Pre-sident Samora led another to thePeople's Republic of China and theDemocratic People's Republic of Ko-rea. These visits, which included dis-cussions with Party and Governmentleaders in each of the countries, re-sulted in the strengthening of existinglinks of political solidarity and impor-tant new agreements on future eco-nomic co-operation.

ft: President Samora Machel pre-sents a Mozambican carving toKim II Sung, Head of State of theDemocratic People's Republic of

• Below: The President of FRELIMCin Peking with Prime MinisterChou En-lai of the People's Re-public of China.

The FRELIMO delegation in S

c6* President Samora with Nicolae Ceausescu, Secre'ary-General of the Romanian Communist Party and PresidentState Council. Right: the President with Erich Honecker, First Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party of tte GDR

PRESIDENT SAMORA TOURS TANZANIA AND

In May thgation led by the President of FRELSMO.Comrade Samora Machel, toured Tanza-nia and Zambia, two countries whosePeoples were constant companions in ourstruggle against Portuguese colonialism.During these tours the delegation tookpart in a number of public meetingsmarked by the same spirit of militant soli-darity which characterised our relationsduring the armed struggle. Addressing themeetings President Samora acknowledgedthat the Peoples of these two countries,in performing their revolutionary duty andgiving total support to our struggle, hadplaced themselves in the front line as tar-gets for the enemy's bombs and bullets,suffering death, injury and privation. Butby joining hands with the MozambicanPeople and participating in the liberationof Mozambique they had extended thebase for the African Revolution. "Allsmall pockets of colonialism which haveresisted up to now will be destroyed," saidPresident Samora. "We want to say thankyou not only in the name of Mozambique— but also in the name of Africa."

.

Right: President Samora in Tanzania withPresident Nyerere. Below: at a rally inZambia with President ICaiinHo

In the last few weeks of the life of the TransitionalGovernment the President of FRELIMO, accompaniedby the Vice-President and other militants, made atour of each of Mozambique's ten provinces, begin-ning in Cabo Delgado in the north on May 24 and en-ding on June 23 in the capital, Lourenco Marques, inthe southernmost province of Maputo.

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For the Mozambican Revolutiontfti tt ^oUr |«had valuable consequences, securing significant ad-vances on two key fronts. Firstiy, it served to em*-phasize that no region, no ethnic, tribal or religiousgroup, occupies a special or privileged place in ourcountry. Thus the tour reinforced and consolidatednational unity from the Rovuma to the Maputo, theessential weapon in the struggle to liberate Mozam-jique. Secondly, ^-'pflind^^&ig orientation db(F% —FRELIMO were conveyed to the whole population ina more direct way than ever before, through the matf -who k:d the armed struggle to victory and who. asPresident, symbolises these principles and that orien-tation. A collection ci^*#jjjfai^^fa^i

dent Samora during this tour at meetings with thePeople iliroughout the country is already being pre-pared, and wiH be published soon.

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In Cabo Delgado, the President meets two veterans cf the ar.ried struggle

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The President inspects a guard-of-honour on his arrival in Louren?o Marques on June 23

T8ON CELEBRATES

From June 21 until June 29 the totalindependence of Mozambique, product of ten years of armed struggleagainst Portuguese colonialism, wascelebrated in every town, village andhouse from the Rovuma to the Ma-puto. Everywhere homes and streetswere decorated with banners andposters, watchwords of FRELIMOand s^ognns hailing independenceWith tha active participation of theMozambique People's Liberation For-ces, the People expressed their joyin all types of festivity — notably per-formances of revolutionary drama;<nd song and traditional music anddancing — and a variety of sportingevents was held, including manytournaments with teams frx>ni frien-dly countries.

l-i Lourenco Marques, hundreds ofguo3is from countries and organisa-tions which supported F R E L I M Oduring the armed struggle joined theresidents of the capital and the sur-rounding areas in the main eventsof the nationwide celebrations. Forthe occasion, streets, shops, houses,schools and other public buildingswere adorned with a profusion ofFRELIMO flags, revolutionary slogansand banners bearing the national em-blem.

Revolutionary spectacles were per-formed in the city's cinemas and inthe suburbs, culminating in a Festi-vaLpf Youth presented by the "c>tinuadores" — the youngsterswill coniinue the Revolution.

On June 23 the President ofLIMj, Comrada S.imora Machel, andthe Vice-President, Comrade Marce-lino dos Santos, arrived in LourencoMarques after a tour of the countrywhich took in every province. Abouthalf a million people lined the routefrom the airport to the Presidentialresidence to witness the occasionJoyful festivities continued in thsuburbs for hours afterwards.

(Continued on Page

Top: Independence Day parade in Beira.Centre: Historic;]! drama in Quelimane.Bottom Traditional dancing in Chimoio.

of the

On the night of June 24 Mozambi-cans all over the country gatheredto bear witness to the ceremonialtermination of Portuguese colonialrule, and to usher in the new erabeginning at midnight. At that mo-ment, the Portuguese flag was lo-wered on every flagpole and the newflag of the People's Republic of Mo-zambique was raised in its place.In Lourengo Marques this ceremonywas held at Machava Stadium, onthe outskirts of the city, were thou-sands of Mozambicans and dozensof foreign delegations watched repre-sentatives of the three wings of thePoraiguose armed forces lower theirnational flag for the last time in ourcountry, after which the flag of Mo-

announcing the birth of the People'sRepublic of Mozambique.

On the morning of June 25, the 13tha:i:iivcr3ary of the founding of FRE-LiiVi J, the Vice-President announcedr.; ci ceremony in the Lourenco Mar-:;;jcs Town Hall that the CentralOu^v.i.ee of FRELIMO had decidedto entrust Comrade Samora Machelwit!) the task of President of thePeople's Republic of Mozambique;.A'ter his investiture President Sa-nora delivered a message to theNation, b:o:idcast throughout thecountry by radio

In the afternoon, about 15,000 Mo-zambicons — men, women and chil-

zarnbique was raised by a veteran dren, workers, peasants, studentsFRELIMO combatant. There was a and militants of the FPLM — took31 -gun salute and a battalion of theMozambique People's Liberation For-C33 and a company of the Mozam-bique Police Corps presented armsas the National Anthem was played.On the platform-of-honour the Presi-dent and the Vice-President of FRE-

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p v; i:i ;: grand parade before thePresident, foreign gues's and hun-d-crL-; o? thousands of local people,hi t/io parade — which was led byt*!Q "conlmiodores" — were about2~!0 vehicles decorated to depict va--ious aspec'.s of the exploitation andoppression of our People under Por-

colonialism. The finale wasa marc'n-past by elements of theFPLM, including regular forces, ar-

i units, a section

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of the Women's Detachment andniambers of the naval wing. Beforethe parade began the FPLM werepresented by the President with theirflag — a red banner bearing the na-;iom! emblem in gold.

Thj day's official celebrations endedin the evening with a State Banquetgiven by the President of the Repub-lic in the name of the MozambicanPeople, for the delegations from for-eign governments and organizationswiio had been invited to participatein the Independence f e s t i v i t i e s .Among those present were the Chair-man of the Organisation of AfricanU:iky, President Siad Barre of Soma-ii;;; the Prime Minister of Tanzaniaand Vice-President of TANU, RashidI'awawa; the Secretary-General ofthe Zambian United National Inde-pendence Party, Grey Zulu; and thePrime Minister o; Portugal, VascoGo:ica!ve3. In his speech at thebanquet President Samora expres-jod the Mozambican People's greatjoy in receiving the representativesof so many forces which were atour side in the most difficult hours,and his regret that it had not beenpossible to receive all our friendsand comrades at this moment.

LIMO saluted the flag.

Then, in the name of the Mozambi-can People, President Samora readthe Proclamation of Independence,

Mozambique People's Liberation Forces in Independence Day parade in Lourenco Marques.

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Above: Mozambican workers march in the Independence Dayparade in Lourenco Marques.

), .S^Btlyw'/of.^youin..'':Bel°Wi, Pre8ident Swnora with President Siad Barre of Somalia,

Chairman of the Organisation of African Unity, at theState Banquet in the evening of Independence Day.

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12

NATIONAL ANTHEM

Viva viva FRELIMOGuide of the Mozambican PeopleHeroic People who, gun in hand,toppled colonialism.

All the People unitedFrom the Rovuma to the MaputoStruggle against imperialismAnd continue and shall win

Viva MozambiqueViva our flag, symbol of the Nation,Viva MozambiqueFor thee your People will fight

United with the whole worldStruggling against the bourgeoisieOur Country will be the tombOf capitalism and exploitation

The Mozambican PeopleWorkers and peasantsEngaged in workShall always s^roduce wealth

MSI

The FRELIMO Central Committee's Nlirtoric proclamation,

read by President Scmora Maehel

at Machava Stadium, Lourenco Marques, Ort"'JunW;::J|[ *tfl75 .

>**"MozamlWorkers and peasants, workers .hi theplantations, in tBe.saW^onitls and in fheconcessions, workers ;,ia, 'the mineV, in;the railways, in the harbours and in thefactories, intellectuals, civil servants,students, Mozambican ^oSieirs ' jur QtePortuguese army, men and women,young people, compatriots:" ' ( '

" %3 of tOl of you,^fw-^^V'.

IELIMO today solemrthe general armed insurrection of theMozambican people against Portuguesecolonialism, for the conquest of Mo-

^ coniplete Jnde-

struggle will not cease until thecomplete liquidation of Portuguese colo-nialism.

from the Rovuma to the

Mozambique!

Long live F

^otds tbajt almosteleven years ago, oil 25 th{' September1964, the Central Cw^mttbe of fRE-LIMO issued thjj^^w^Vyprt^for the launching of the general armedinsurrection against Portuguese colo-nialism and imperialism.

This watchword met with a deep res-ponse from among the broad masses

The :btflta| 6jf repression aridterror it TM»uifed, the cultural obscttism systematically and deliberately aim-ed at uprooting people from their envi-ronment, the cold-blooded spreadingof alcoholism and other vices, prosti-tution;'-the establishment of racism withits inherent complexes, the programmeddivision of the people on the basis ofreligion, and ethnic and regional origin,the systematisation of passive and sub-missive behaviour towards colonialism,^tt6 eractive-^oppeTt of the churches,

•: j«e^ fcslb^of jbs various methods usedby foreign domination to stifle the cre-ative ability of the masses, and keep'them' divided and impotent.

However, if colonialism succeeded inits purpose of conquest and domina-tion, it did not manage to dominate thespirit of the masses and destroy theirdesire for freedom. The more blindthe repression the more hatred wasaroused against the barbarian aggres-sors. The greater the oppression andhumiliation, the stronger became thedesire for freedom. The more brutalthe exploitation and plunder, the morepowerful grew the desire for revolution.

The birth of the People

Throughout the whole historical processof the war of conquest, the Mozam-bican People everywhere continuallyrose heroically against colonial greed.From the resistance of -Mpnonjojapl*to the insurrection of Barue, Mozam-bican history can pride itself on the•*'*^^ : •*- ' vJii \* " >-;V/v;^ •;.'...

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dus of workers abroad, and protesmdvemettts wete Organised hi the urbaiareas.

onialism intddid not succeed in sti

fling the determination of the People_ __ Throughout the country, mothers edu

glorious feats rpf- jthe maSe^in their <*& tneir children in the traditionsstniggle^-^d^do^ii^fefede- ;"WtJo«Al resistance.pendence. Tliis. ;h*Stenc resistance ofthe People owed its defeat exclusively - Ifle;JSguidation nazism, the creatioi

continuing humiliation. The and Asian peoples, all stimulated nabican found himself deprived of hisnational personality, his civilisation andculture completely denied and despised,his habits and customs ridiculed, trans-formed into an enslaved foreigner inhis own country.

14

colonial dorentrenched throughout the territory,opposition to foreign domination per-sisted and was even intensified: therewere successive revolts against the colo-nial administration, an increasing exo-

Though still disorganised, there werepopular uprisings like those in Muedtand Xinavane. The bloodshed of th(workers who were imprisoned, depor

s glorious and unforgettablef we venerate, that the Mo/ani-

bican people consolidated their realunity, structured their organisation and,having exhausted peaceful means, laun-ched the armed struusile for nationalliberation.

LIMO, guided by the political lineclear in the formulation of objectivesand in the definition of the enemy, thatthe Mozambican people defeated thePortuguese colonial army.

Mozambicaita;

Workers, peasants,

Mozambican, jpeople,

In the name of all of you, at 00 hourstoday, 25th June 1975, the CentralCommittee of FRELIMO solemnly pro-claims the total and complete Indepen-dence of Mozambique, and the crea-

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jf Mozambiqu$£?Oii June 25, a few minutes after midnight. Comrade Samorant of FRELIMO, reads the Proclamation of Independence.

In two years, under the watchword of.unity and struggle against Portuguesecolonialism and imperialism, FRE-LIMO created the necessary conditions£or-th£ liberation struggle to go overto the phase of general armed insurrec-tion, thus cementing and making opera-tive die unity achieved.

nationalted,to increase

massacred;" served •',;.'^consciousness.

It was in this context that on 25 June1962, Mozambican patriots, under theleadership of Comrade Eduardo Chi-vambo Mondlane, launched a new andvictorious phase of national resistance:the creation of FRELIMO, which made

The newly-born Republic is thecretisation of the aspirations of all Mo-zambicans, the extension to the wholecountry of the freedom already con-quered during the liberation armedstruggle in some areas of our country,the product of the sacrifices of natio-nalist fighters, the whole Mozambican

f our victory.

from theblood of the people. Its consolidationand development is a debt of honourfor every patriotic and revolutionaryMozambican.

.leadership of HtjE-LIMO and integrated in the ranks of

The sovereign and independent People'sRepublic of Mozambique is a People'sDemocratic State, in which all patriotic

The creation ol' the decisive and fundamental weaponof unity for the Mozambican people'sfight. FRELIMO, rooting itself in thepurest traditions of the age-old struggleof the Mozambican working masses,assuming the true interests of the broadexploited, oppressed and humiliatedstrata, was able to clearly define theaims and methods ofliberation.

possible the Mozambican people's or-ganised and united straggle.

FRELIMO that the Mozambican peo- strata under the leadership of the al-FRELIMO provided pie redeemed the blood spilled over .,;- l* ''"-«& '..&$$& and workers are

generations, regained command of theirown history, made useful the sacrificeof their own lives, destroyed the en-emy's vital forces, fully affirmed theirAfrican revolutionary personality, andimposed defeat on the colonial-fascist

re ilthe fight for It was under the leadership

dent Comrade Eduardo Chivambo

engaging themselves in the struggle todestroy the vestiges of colonialism andimperialist dependence, to eliminate thesystem of exploitation of man by man,and build the new material, ideological,political, cultural, social and adminis-trative base of the new society.

The People's Republic of Mozambique,a State of the Mozambican working

15

people will be guided by FRELIMO,an instrument for the organisation andthe mobilisation of the MozambicanPeople in the struggle for national libe-ration, which shall continue to guidethe People in the new phase of thestruggle for the building of the people'sdemocratic State, for rebuilding thenation, for liquidating the exploitationof man by man.

always closely linked with the lifethe interests of the masses.

The State will promote knowledge andrevitalisation of Mozambican cultureand will spread it nationally and inter-nationally, as a part of the consolidationof national unity and as an essentialpart

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At all levels the primacy of Partydecisions and structures over those ofthe Government will be affirmed.

The Mozambique People's LiberationForces under the leadership of FRE-LIMO, educated and forged in theliberation and class struggle, is partof our People's vanguard, their armed

conscience and the right of everzen to practise a religion or not.

Born of the liberation struggle for na-tional independence, the People's Re-public of Mozambique is in fundamentalsolidarity with national liberation move-ments, and militant internationalism isa basic constant of its national and

ternational policies.

; out offeatures of colonialism and underde-velopment, will be a major concern.The People's Republic of Mozambiquewill extend the network of health ser-vices throughout the country, partic-ularly into the ru ra l areas, with the

e People's Republic of Mozambique_ rds itself as an integral part of

mankind's oppressed peoples and clas-ses fighting to change the world and toestablish a new and just social order.

The People's Republic of Mozambiquehas as its natural allies the socialistcountries, which constitute a liberated

aim of benefiting the working masses, area of mankind, the young States, inwhig, a force for the mobilisation of particular African countries committedthe broad masses, an instrument for *3M£££Lf with the national liberation movement hi

>ne of the main fronts of anti-imperi-alist struggle, the democratic and pro-

ssive forces, the working masses of

^fjf • • * '•' *<national reconstruction, and fundamen-tally a conscious revolutionary force

In the process 01of the new society, with agriculture asits base and industry as the propellingfactor, relying upon its own forces andsupported by its natural allies, thePeople's Republic of Mozambique willbuild a prosperous and independentadvanced economy, ensuring the controlover its natural resources for the benefitof the masses, progressively applyingthe just principle of to each accordingtoing

The People's Republic of Mozambique,born of a long, hard and difficult strug-gle, learned and appreciates the valueof peace. It will therefore undertakewith no hesitations a policy aimed atestablishing a genuine peace based onjustice, and here and now declaresitself to be in favour of a general andcomplete world disarmament. Becauseof the particular responsibility due to

The People's Republic of Mozambique jts geographic position, the People's

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will have political and administrative The People s Republic of Mozambique, Mozambicans, women and men.structures designed to apply the prin- by following FRELIMO's political line,ciple of People's Democratic Power, in will be engaged in the struggle for the This is the first State in which powerwhich the democratically appointed emancipation of woman, for her total belongs to us, this is our own countryrepresentatives of the working masses liberation from the diverse forms of born out of the plunder, ruins, sacri-will exercise power at all levels. traditional and capitalist oppression, so fices> and bloodshed.

that she may recover her role as acitizen enJ°yin8 ful1 ng11*8 in our soci' We salute our flag, symbol of our vic-EDUCATION-

The objective publicety, and so giving all hercivic and social contribution.

of Mozambique is the cultural wellbeingof all citizens, to achieve which it will The Pe°Ple s. public of Mozambique

regards special protection of war wid-ows and orphans, as well as peoplecrippled by war, as an absolute dutyof all Mozambicans. They are a sym-bol of the sacrifices offered by millions

promote the spread of education at alllevels through democratisation guidedby the State, the wiping out of elitismand discrimination hi education basedon wealth, and the formation of a newpopular and revolutionary mentality inthe new generation.

YOUTH:

The youth, the lifeblood of the nation,will be protected and priority will begiven to their education, which will be

of Mozambicans during the period ofcolonial domination and of the strugglefor national liberation.

The People's Repubh'c of Mozambiquewill be a secular State in which therewill be total separation between theState and any church or religion. TheState will guarantee full freedom of

-—'• tory, and we salute its honourable insig-nias of study, work, and struggle.

United under the leadership of FRE-LIMO from the RoVuma to the Ma-puto, dedicated to the liberating workthat is the basis for all things, withthe banner of vigilance raised high,'let us build, consolidate and developour State, and our Power, and our

LONG LIVE FRELIMO!

LONG LIVE THE PEOPLE'S RE-PUBLIC OF MOZAMBIQUE!

THE STRUGGLE CONTINUES!

16

On the day of Independence, thePresident of FRELIMO, ComradeSamora Moises Machel, was inves-ted as President of the People'sRepublic of Mozambique at a cer-emony in the Lourenco MarquesTown Hall. At the beginning of theceremony, the Vice-Pre si dent ofFRELIMO, Comrade Marcelino dosSantos, read the following declara-tion:

COMRADES,COMPATRIOTS,

^^M^f;*^- ;•": '••? -vM*;:.v4*£ -^.IN May 1970, the Central Committeeof FRELIMO decided to entrust Com-rade Samora Moises Machel with thetask of President of the MozambiqueLiberation Front.

President Samora and Vice-President Marcelino do« AMo» ^?klWN IP^^•~T , ;t:. . • -• •.":7.%"

Presidentof the

•:-.<m.the

and peasants.

As a militant, as the founder of theMozambique People's Liberation For-ces, as a member of the CentralCommittee and as a top leader,Comrade Samora Moises Macheldemonstrated in practice that heis, in the real sense of the word, atrue servant of the people who isprepared to sacrifice himself for the

.1_i_SW*«t*'r-"l-vV'T^-v>>*lwXf«;j

onary forces and imperialism, andimposing the interests of the workingmasses. Now as then, it is essentialthat the Mozambican people continueto fulfil their internationalist duty.

Bcr''We know his ability to plan andlead and his identification with themasses.

" ' ' ' " " ' '

Comrade Samora Moises Machel isa militant forged and seasoned in thehard process of the people's libera-

politica! and ar-

A few days ago, the sixth sessionof the Central Committee entrustedComrade Samora Moises Machelwith a new task, that of President ofthe People's Republic of Mozambi-que.

tion war, formed inOn both occasions, although they medwere under different circumstances,the Central Committee s decision was Comrade Samora Moises Machel is workers and peasants, the entire Mo-motivated by identical objectives and a veteran of Frelimo and a veteran of zambtean people united from the Ro-

the Mozambique People's LiberationFoices who, in every crisis, every

Now as then, the essential thing is difficulty, every difficult moment,to ensure the triumph of FRELIMO's always defended and made hiscorrect political line. Now as then, own the interests of the majority, theit is a matter of eliminating the reacti- interests of the Revolution, the cause

#>:

Committee's decision,joyfully supported by the broad wor-king masses, is a just decision whichcorresponds to the present require-ments and taste i»Nh» MozambiqueRevolution.

.•.'•.V- ' . - , .-.' •" .•.<;•.'.'"...;••> -''V'- - '- ^ iaft is within this context that, on behalf of the FRELIMO militants, the

reasons. tiio Maputo, the CentralCommittee of FRELIMO invests Com-r:icb S..i 'iora Moises Machel, Presi-dent of FRELIMO, with the functionsof the President of the People's Re-public of Mozambique.

17

THE PRESIDENTS MESSAGE TO THENATION ON INDEPENDENCE DAY

X

^y^-M^3m&.

•l^v

MozambicanMozambican men,Workers, peasantCompatriots,

At 00 hours tc

*£% ii

s, sers,s,t

loria that we are going to\fe wish, above all, to recall

,, 4is to foresee and plan the

V'-: .'•'/"/ ?. .v.V'-^jiScr'.'jvV'

public of Mozambique was born, a We wish first and foremost to recallState born of our people's struggle for the memory of our heroes, those whofreedom and independence, which fell in the s t ruggle against the foreignspanned many centuries, a State in invaders, those who perished in thewhich the power of the alliance of slaughter-houses of Portuguese colo-working people is being established in nialism, through deportation, the slaveour country for the first time. trade and forced labour, those who

were condemned by colonial-fascismThe profound historical significance of to slow death,this moment hi the life of our peoplecannot escape any Mozambican, norany citizen of any other country, whe-ther free or still oppressed, and neither We wish to honour the memory ofcan the international dimension of this the glorious fighters who have fallenfact in relation to the community of in the course of the armed struggle fornations, of which we are now becoming national liberation and, before all elsea full and integral part. and to remind everyone, we cite the

imperishable memory of the First Pre-16 pre- sident and founder of FRELIMO,

^..^ ady took on materialform in our liberated areas and which,before it was transformed into the natio-nal reality we are celebrating today,

dy alive in our consciousness.

We ask every Mozambican from theRovuma to the Maputo to join us in. ibsening a minute of silence in theirmemory.

family disintegratispiritual disintegration and depersoilisation.

:*_-*iP MlLr*— *j?*_- • 'J-k"Tvl* r"t >i-<H! ffS*3MU»-j,.'T»t **•

But it is not so much aboutsent we are living through, althoughexalting, which can be seen in our fa-ces, houses and streets, and whichexists even more profoundly in ourconsciousness, it is not so much about

18

Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane. Theirblood laid the foundations for the newMozambican nation which asserteditself in the course of those ten yearsin our zones of struggle and clandestine

The People's Republic of Mozambiqueis being born as the fruit of the Mo-zambican people's unshakable will andiron determination to win back theirfreedom and enjoy the supreme andinalienable right of all peoples — na-tional independence.

f'-'^HSfil sl§il§*a3s&P ,,At this time when we are winindependence, we must reflect on thereality which prevailed in the previoussituation, under colonial domination.

Why did colonalism kill? Why did itseize, deport and massacre people?Why were our mothers and wives ra-ped, our traditions humiliated, our ci-vilisation negated and Mozambicansarrested for the slightest show of pa-

Why was alcoholism madewidespread and prostitution and thedisintegration of the family encouraged,and why were whole families removedfrom their home regions and forced toabandon their ancestral lands, theircattle, houses and few possessions?Why did all this happen in many pla-ces in our country, as the unmistakablemark of the Portuguese colonialists?Could this have been a sadistic mani-festation of the evil genius of a people,the result of the bestial wickedness ofa man or group of men?

Let us not deceive ourselves aboutthis. Portuguese colonialism was theform that imperialist domination assu-med in our country, the exploitationof a whole people and their resourcesby foreign capitalism, both Portugueseand from other countries.^ It was inorder to exploit our labour power tflatthousands" of Mozambicans were ensla-ved and taken to the coasts of the Ame-ricas. where the few who arrived were

This is the heritage we are reapingtoday. A heritage of poverty and so-cial and economic backwardness whichthe superficial beauty of the skyscrapersand grassy hills can never hide. Oneneed only travel the length and breadthof our country, one need only knowthat the expression «from the Rovumato the Maputo» is not a mere sloganfor us, but a reality we feel in ourflesh and blood, to understand that theage-old backwardness, disease, nake-dness, hunger and ignorance arc thebountiful f r u i t of the v e r y tree t h a tsprouted, grew and thr ived togetherwith colonialism, and which is known

;:

-people manoeuvres. The same meetingput an end to the contradiction be-tween political militants and militarymilitants by defining the struggle as apolitico-military one, thus enabling themost vanguard elements to free them-selves from the control of marginalreactionary elements. The historic de-cision to entrust the People's Forcesfor the Liberation of Mozambique withcreating the Women's Detachment;women's instrument in theiiTliistoricstruggle for emancipation, broadenedthe base of mass support for ourstruggle and brought new decisive for-ces into the revolutionary fight.

These ideological victories permittedthe impetuous advance of the liberationstruggle, the destruction of substantialenenn forces, the expansion of thearmed s t ruggle to Tele Province, the

administrators «etinto forced labour.

It was in order to appropriateof our soil that entire regions were setaside for certain crops, such as cotton.which ihe people were forced to grow,dying of hunger while the big concessio-nary companies accumulated fabulousprofits.

It was in order to plunder our sub-soilthat the big multinationals were grantedconcessions and mining facilities whichthey used to drain our country of itswealth.

It was in order to keep our peoplesubjected to its domination that colo-

nialism tried — in some cases, particu-larly in the urban areas, with somesuccess — to destroy our personality,sow division and create a slave men-tality towards the foreigner. Assimila-tion was not merely the fascist capriceof a senile dictator, but was in factmental enslavement to the foreigner in

its purest form, a deliberate process ofnegating all the culture, history andtraditions of our people. A man thusspiritually destroyed became a livingcorpse, a docile receptacle for the co-lonisers' way of t h i n k i n g , acting andliving.

Religion, and especially the Catholiccnurcn, was a powerful factor in thecultural and human alienation of theMozambican, to make him a docile ins-trument and object of exploitation, andsmash any display of resistance in thename of Christian resignation.

It is an evil and noxious tree which wehave not as yet uprooted; it is a leechwhich is still sucking our blood, wea-kening our resistance, ability and in-telligence. It is a python which is to- t ransf l , rmation of thc semi-liberatedday dressing itself in the skin of the ^^ into areas frce from the system

same victim that of exploitation and the beginning ofthe process of creating operational

histoty&.&'-dj#j^ liberation pro- Qur politico-military victories havingthrough the events which took raacjc Portuguese colonialism more des-

place in it. But a recapitulation of thep o l i t i c a l process involved , albei t brief.is needed in order to understand thebirth today of the People's Republicof Mo/ambiqiK: and the l ine that gu i -des it. In Mo/ambican history, thef i g h t for a revolu t ionary po l i t i ca l l inehas been i n t r i n s i c a l l y bound up w i t hthc fight for unity.

The struggle to defend and consolidateunity, the driving force of ,the libera-tion struggle, demanded permanent ykgilance and action to neutralise andeliminate the manoeuvres of the enemy

perate and increased the isolation ofthe strata among us with exploitativedesigns, the contradictions between themasses and the exploitative system be-came more marked.

In a desperate a t t empt to stave off t he i rinevitable defeat, the colonialist andreactionary forces joined forces andlaunched an offensive of manoeuvresand crimes against the correct politicalline headed by Qgjn_rajie_JEduardoMondlane.

and of national opportunist and reac-tionary forces. This same struggle re-

The Second Congress of FRELIMO.which was held in the liberated areas

Uv,.»., *v,.~~ »^o .~~.~ . -66. of Niassa Province in June 1968, ex-quired a constant fight to clarify and posed and neutralised the reactionarydevelop FRELIMO's political line, es- forces and their ideas, enabling thepecially as regards the definition of broad masses to consolidate their unitywho is the enemy and the nature, me- behind FRELIMO's just and clearthods and jpj^^^&^libt , objectives.

The successive dividing lines that were This fresh victory unleashed a wave ofdrawn within FRELIMO and the pro- reactionary violence in which new na-cess of cleansing our ranks which was tional exploiters, now openTQniiedlwithestablished, revealed in practice thatthe contradictions which arose reflectedantagonistic interests, the contradictionbetween the working masses and ahandful of new exploiters who wantedto take the place of the coloni;geoisie as an exp lo i t ing clas

By defining racism, regionalism andtribalism as enemies to be foughtagainst, just like colonialism, the Cen-t r a l Committee meeting held in Octo-ber 1966 deprived the opportunists ofthe chief instruments of their anti-

the colonial-imperialist forces, starteda process of physical liquidation of re-volutionary militants and leaders, aprocess which culminated in the bar-barous assassination of Comrade Eduar-do Chivambo Mondlane on 3 February1969.

The assassination of the leader whembodied the national and revolutio-nary dimension of our struggle and theactual implementation of FRELIMO'sline and practice, was aimed at deca-pitating the Mozambican Revolution

19

V

and enabling representatives of the newexploiting classes, faithful servants of,the bourgeoisie and imperialism, toseize power.

Assuming the hcrilagEduardo Mondlane, closely integrwith the masses of the people and re-solutely supported by the fighters ofthe People's Forces for the Liberationof Mozambique, the most dedicatedsons of the people, the revolutionaryvanguard of FRELIMO stood upagainst the forces of opportunism andreaction during the historic CentralCommittee meetings held in April 1969and May 1970, and exposed, isolated,neutralised and eliminated the erro-neous politiiters.

minga, sharpened the contradictionsand strengthened the people's determi-nation to destroy the enemy.

At the international level, Portuguesecolonial-fascism, which still had someroom for manoeuvre, thanks to the ac-tive complicity of the capitalist coun-tries, and particularly some members

. .This victory,of our ranks and theFRELIMO's ideology, created the con-ditions for transforming the armedstruggle into a people's war,, for goingover from a liberation struggle to thehigher phase of a lrevolution.

n

The ideological transformations whichtook place led to a new impetuous de-velopmei ''<^ $&&. .liberation struggle:the strategic defeat of colonialismthe period from May tn

during Operation (inrdjan Knot.smashing of the blockade of the

Zambezi by the expansion of the armedstruggle to south of the Zambezi inNovember 1970, and the opening of

» e Sofala front hi June 1972.'•.^JF';'-::••••.'£"•',:•?•

It was from the time_pf the, failure ofthfi Ng CinrM'tn V~nnt anMny-nptTirtinnthai—tbfr-irreversible deep-rooted "andprofoundly popular nature nf the.re-

Uw-EREWMO

* «**^&i$v •„..•. ' - v>- r;^f!~. -V.."\" . • ' .•' >••*

ssued by the CentralCommittee m December 1972, callingf<jr a general offensive on :*& fronts.

Chastened the collm^se of the ^riemy.

It is obvious that the general offensivewas not confined simply to steppingupjarke-scaig baroe8.'aa<i neither coulait have been successtul, even militarily,had it been reduced to this. In issuhigthe watchword calling for a generaloffensive on all fronts, the 1972 Cen-tral Committee meeting affirmed, firstand foremost, the need fof ideologicalunity. In other words, actual practicehad shown that unity based on the ne-gation of the enemy and on just thedemand for independence was notenough. It was essential that unitybe achieved on the basis of a clear andunequivocal definition of the principlesof what we want to do, how we wantto do it, and what kind of society wewant to build, and above all, the pr$n«ciples asserted must be Irved % an^developed through ' ^^^

created for people's power to be reallyextended and consolidated in our coun-try.

We need to be conscious of the greatdifficulties we shall have to face as aresult of the colonial situation, whichthe Transitional Government couldobviously only partially tackle.*:''M$&?"-^' Ar"-'-•^•'^vfilS^HWith the proclamation of the People'sRepublic of Mozambique we are star-ting a new phase of our history inwhich we are going to put into prac-tice everywhere in die country the poli-tical, ideological, economic, social and

" struggle.

ty'-tyt^Jtogjfe+a :Republic is notto voice an empty and demagogic for-mula. To say the People's Republicmeans to give substance to the aspi-rations of millions of dominated andexploited Mozambicans for whom inde-pendence is a precondition for the endof exploitation and the establishment of

^2$T~

was affirmed, was from

The struggle therefore spread, newfronts were opened and the ideologicalline gained; strength in the liberatedareas, establishing a clear dividing linein relation to the enemy-controlledzone. Sound foundations were laidfor people's democratic power.

•• :."' • - - '',. ' ' " ' ' '•*""

It was a correct h'ne combined with

the People's Republic is to sayIndependence, to say the People's Re-public is to say Revolution.-^

The State is not an eternal and immu-table structure; the State is not thebureaucratic machinery of civil servants,nor something abstract_ora mere tech-nical apparatus. ffig|§tatft<is alwaysthe organised form through which aclass takes power in order to fulfil itsinterests. The colonial State, an ins-trument of domination and exploitationby a foreign bourgeoisie and imperia-lism which has already been partiallydestroyed by the struggle, must be re-placed by a People's State, forgedthrough an alliance of workers andpeasants, guided by FRELIMO and de-fended by the People's Forces for theLiberation of Mozambique, a Statewhich wipes out exploitation andreleases the creative initiative of themasses and the productive forces.

time lhat the disintegration of squalidP^rTuguese colonialism startedL.tQ.— behastened at a giddy_gace

^v^Neitherlonial warwar through me iniernauuiiaiisauuu ui •~""*—"" — — ~,..~""— -r — "~_" f~— '-the aggression against our people nor in tne Mozambican people's indepen-the intensification of the plunder of dence process which started with theour resources by the monopolies, the Lusaka Agreement andmost criminal strategic plans like the with the proclamation of the complete __Cahora Bassa one, could halt the pro-gress of our struggle and its progressiveexpansion to the whole country. The task of the Transitional Go- composition and methods, a profoundly

process, our aim is to lay the mate-rial, ideological, administrative aniTso-dial foundations of our State.

The attempt to terrorise our people bywidespread terrorism, the systematicbombing of villages, schools, hospitals,cultivated fields, the use of chemicalagents and, finally, massacres like thoseat Wiriyamu, Joao, Chawola and Inha-

vernment was essentially that of con-solidating the power so arduously won,especially by extending popular mobi-lisation and making it more far-rea-ching. We congratulate the Transitio-nal Government for the success it hasachieved in its task, for the condition

retrograde and reactionary structurewhich has to be completely revolutio-nised hi order to put it at the serviceof the masses.

There are other realities we also needbe profoundly conscious of: the fact

^ ^we are winning poldo jjoLyci have ecorioLiw i^v^i. Ui«ithe_adm'n''<;tratil/'r'-j educational, health,, .judicial and other marhincry^ctill es\d our control. •.

The new battle is only beginning. I cx•*-- . IAgainst us are the exploiters and pri-vileged, who will try to impede therevolutionary process with all the meansavailable to them. We must not bedeceived by the fact that the enemyare not now resorting to direct action.They are only weakened, not dead.Their methods will therefore becomore treacherous. Right nowready have proof' of this actiinfiltration, attemptsto distoand political opportunism:

Our unitj^riJLbe an essential targetof enemy activity. Unity, we continueto repeat, is not just a feeling or some-thing abstract. Vital unity is sustainedBy a clear concept of our objectivesand a precise understanding of the tasksfor each moment. Unity jrnplies dra- i

^SS£ngTnfe:fv. J ii_ _ _ ' _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ™ ' v—Tt

wing an ever firmer dividinFTme I\/Listeningbetween us and th^ enemy, regardless /ofjhe form he may take. $.

\?i'"'~?i''-^.:.'.'•'-''*?'•'Through practice and its action, FRE-LIMO has asserted itself as the leading decide^ tp giwforce in our society. For this very *.•<$&'$"$• ' J**^»y ,SC~yy%-:> vnvumsuiuv^o cApcncuw;u oy our peo-reason, the broad masses, from the P'e °ver the past decade have made

J to the Maputo, have quite f llc tas'c of. mobilising and organising the Mozambique People's Liberationnnn<;K; fullu ',r\<*nt;f,aA !.,;»!, the masses in the touch class strueele Fnrefes H orcat anH i

j iMuuii 115111 against colonial-imperialist aggres-meeting sion, and also in the fight against both

the setting old and new exploiters. The historicalcircumstances experienced by our peo-

Rovumaspontaneously fully ident if ied ^vithFRELIMO's principles and f"

This tremendous popular support hastremendous potent ial and, properlychannelled and structured, is an inex-haustible source of progress, an invin-cible force.

the masses in the tough class strugglefyhich is approaching can be entrustedditfy to cadres who have been put tothe test of practice. One_pf Jhe_njainbastions_pf_thg_ system of eYploJtatfonof man_is_jthe complex machinery w»

i -regards administration.

Forctes a great qndjnexhaustible sjoreof revolutionary cadres.

By consistently raising the political andclass consciousness of the fighters, con-sistentfy .Rising their educational,^ cul-tural and technical level, strengtheningi progress, an invin- a^ej , e, s r engenng

At a time when the tasks ffie_Judiciary. education, health, etc, discipline in our ranks, reinforcing the--------- * •"-- feeling of internationalist duty and edu-

new generation of fightersof consolidating the power of the wor-ker-peasant alliance are a priority and Irrespective of the goodwill and

' *A* . i f\T tllA nAStf^lA »*fl"irt mnlrA C* iwhen the new phase of national recons-• r - . ~ ^— ' ' f t • • ':~ l«rj'* " ^**^«**«.*»*iiV^** V/i. A.tKllltwlO

r , B people who make it up, Jhis in the glorious revolutionary traditiontraction is starting, it is essential that machinery was designed solely to serve of the Mozambique People' LiberationFRELIMO be in a position, structu- foreign domination and the system of Forces, we shall always have a decisiverally and organisationally, to carry exploitatipn. oi man. H "is" therefore force to defend our country, the Revo-through the giant tasks that face it. JragefittlVi^ of the masses

.r^pSr: tf-S^^-;sfewK %$&&; ^^&^&($&jr>omrin» /-.,,* tft mitlH f,£n, VnA^kAiln • '. *».-. «I«It is primarily a matter of carrying out

an ideological offensive to wipe out thecoionialand capitalist mentality whichis_deeply rooted in the urban areas, aswell as the feudal traditional menta-lity whjch is predominant in theareas, An ideological offensiveenable the working masses to unders-tand their historic role, their leadingrole in the process of transformationwhich is now underway. This taskmust be preceded by the consistentheightening of the political and ideolo-gical level of cadres seasoned and for-ged in the process of the people's libe-

&. imjffl;,'a^rJmeifiQds In Ae jfcopteS*K> are in tt. , Tins work can be done

E.f9S*--' »~?*~*-v*r;1liese factors explain the reasons, someof the main reasons, why FRELIMOmust remain the leading force in Statestructures.

In the present battle, the people have amost valuable instrument: the Mo-zambique People's Liberation Forces,forged and seasoned in the tough

, . ontnese tronts will enable the fighters tointernalise the political dimension whichwill prepare them always to performiheir patriotic and revolutionary duty.

The participation of women in theMozambique People's Liberation For-ces wiffiin the _jWm e_wp rk of theWomen's Detachment, is imperative

to the battlft fr>jft the light to involve women in therevolutionary process. .Women's parti-cipation in work traditionally~rcgarclcdas exclusively for men is a profoundlymomiismg tactor, a decisive factor_gstaib-lishing sexuaj^gualitv in practice. "

•" ™ ' - ' "The Organisation of Mozambicanmen (OMM) is called upon to developits activities everywhere in the country,dealing with the crying problems facedby women.

Wp~3j- . '-'-^/'.rf1 • ' • ; " , • - ! . ' t

jfcW£.-"Ai.-'rv*L ~'£'~ *?* -'""• \' ~In order to fulfil Hs task, OMM mustrely firmly and surely onjhe Women'sDetachment, which is iri practice theMnramhiciin woman's vanguard. :

The battle f<^w6mbtfg L emancipatioq.is_^ago~~an ideological battle "againstideas~which agtti^ trom decadent tra-^ons and against the multiple attempts

In establishing our development stra- couraging them to multiply and develop,tegy, we must attach special value to In this way, it will be possible towhat is our chief strength, the mobili-jL^rovide the people with services whichzation and organisation "f **"" ppnptel will really enable them to enjoy greaterHere too, we must seek inspiration from well-being, especially by raising theirour own experience, in particular in technical and educational level, and 1tythe liberated areas. One need only supplying water, electricity. hefnjTcarecompare the successes in the work of ana cultural activities.reconstruction in the liberated areas,which are '^vFl^^i^t'tdeyety^ne..-'Organising communal societies must bewith the misery in whlcjj people UVs!d, a priority in our activity, for both thein the enemy concentration eafnrK/des-pite (he large/sums spent on, them.Therefore, we shauliot'seekl1 soiutiQjDS

, fo our problems in miraculous pallia-tives coming from abroad, but we shallrely above all on our own forces, getting

Patty m4 the'State. The Party mustlaunch a big campaign to mobilise andexplain, at the best living and produc-.tion, conditions."

down to work with determination, with-a clear programme and clear objectives.

djjiob y KbyIKe" bourgeoisie to destroy lhe~varae

The fulfillment of the giant tasks thatlie ahead of us Hnplies. achievingconSQlidating unity. To be unitis not enough to state that one is united.

In this respect, we should like to em- It is necessary to wage a constant battlephasise the role we continue to ascribeto the liberated areas, to FRELIMO's

gainst all divisive situations and tcn-

organisations, i . ....and workers, need to come into being,after prior work by FRELIMO toorganise those sectors.

e1 when we are proclaimingidence, we must carefully

of Inspiration tor our Revolution. Itis in these areas that the population hasalready been living long years outsidecolonial society and its vices, defectsand corrosive influence. It is in our

continuadores (the continuers of thercA/Qlntinn)

avoid being carried away by emotionalfeelings of euphoria, especially in analy-sing our economic and social situation.It in no way diminishes the greatnessof

the, gconomjc and financial situation iscatastrophic, as a result of unbridled[plunder, thp. financial conditions jm-

rnd the disorpa-jf our potentials.

It is therefore necessary to undertakea cool-headed analysis, sector by sectorof economic, social, educational, cul-tural and health conditions in our coun-try, so as to arrive at better methodsof fighting. This will be the first taskof our Government. Some of the prob*lems to whicfe. pripjity will be givenare solving the problems of unempjoy-rnent, poverty.' iiliteracyZIaDandonedchildren, prostitution andbanditry.

— • —-We must therefore draw up a nationaldevelopment policy, a correct policy onthe use of our resourqpj.'. J^Bbe; .d^W»tion of the policy to be pursued isessential to establishing the prioritiesto be observed.

22

Clearly, the creation of a new life inthe liberated areas was not an accidentor the automatic result of breaking ofcontact with colonial society. Far-reaching political, ideological and org-anisational efforts had to be made toovercome the influence of the past, theattempts of traditional forms to reassertthemselves and the new exploiters.

It is important to remember this expe-rience in order to prepare for the newphase. Anyone who visits our wholecountry can note the big problem posedby the scattered population and the bejdifficulty, under these Circumstances,for the Government to organise social,educational and health services, in short,to improve the living conditions of thesepeople. Hence, under the leadershipof FRELIMO, the scattered population We should like also to devote our atten-in the rural areas will be structured in tion to the problem of the relationsrevolutionary societies, in the final which have traditionally existed be-jmalysis in communal villages, wjjgie tween the church, religion and the State

It is necessary to understanddeur, diversity and complexity erf ourcountry. Knowing this complexitymeans studying the divisiveness in ourcountry and the ways of combating it.

nialism, Mozambican society has to avery high degree one typical form ofdiscrimination, that based on racial an*social groups.

In Mozambique we'8*>s^ia«illel socie-ties, taking the form of clubs, set upon the_basis of race or of greater orlesser pigmentation, which have no con-tact with one another apart fromcompulsory and superficial contact du-ringjjbeir working hOHj8,h~

This kind of social organisation aboundswith superiority ahjrinferiority"comple-xes. with repressions ancTtensionsT. _It is iin^l^^ai;these specificpeculwHfie^^vfe Way to.; 1 unity

Mozambicans. Ws__donotregions, races or religious

beliefs. WP. know onlywho are equally exdesirous, of

moting the exchange of krIn the society we want to

In accordance with available means State will be based on the principleand observing the principle of self- that all change irt society is a result ofreliance, the State will give all possible man\. nn thp fmntt Tif rlass

these communal societies, en- struggle, the fight for production and

scientific innovation, anH th<> mn.

tradictions in natural phenomena.

Colonialism, capitalism, the differentsystems of exploitation of man in oursociety, have always beenwith religious institutions,nial State transformed the

People's Republic of Mozambique fullyassumes the internationalist dimensionof the fight for the liberation of Africaand mankind and that our common

without any complexes of any kind, sothat we can build a future of friend-ship together, without hatred or feelingsof revenge, on the basis of mutual

tievers into a tool torjieutralisinf^the Chairman of the Organisation of peace, friendship and solidarity with allpeople's legitimate rebellion. African* $16 IjBAto) lw»^yisk t6'/I S* ''"4>e es« the People's Republic of Mo-

all of independent Africa, our great and zamN"»- »-'«h« *« «*»»;«!. h,..ithvIt is the duty Of the Sfate to/guarantee reliable_rearjaag. Through his "freedom of conscience for its citizens

establish healthycooperation

ofjAildren againstjndoctrinatioirwithinState institutionsT as Tiappcned in thecolonial schools which subjected chil-drenlrf differing religious origins to theevangelising of the Catholic church.

with all States, irrespective of theirsocial regime, on the basis of non-inter-ference in internal affairs, absoluteequality and mutual' '

In order fS^respect freedom of cons- who, without any hesitation or calciila-cience^.jjjiifr State cannot be connected tion of any kind, accepted all the risks

any religions or appear to have involved in their position as our jtra-with any of them. tegTc rear, who suffered loss of life and

property ^because they did not corn-to ensure 'the promise with colonialism and made

exercised right of every citizen their contribution to Africa's libera-elieve or not believe. The mobi-

lisation of the masses is a 'right andwon solefe^iy FRELIMOarduous struggle against colo-

nous person as a revolutionary Africanmilitant, we wish to hail the political,moral, diplomatic, and material supportof African countries and-their1: Consis-tent solidarity with our struggle.

These principles, however, do not per-We wish, in particular, to hail our ™it us to sacrifice the true interests ofbrothers from Tanzania and Zambia the people to transitory historical cir-

cumstances. As_has__alway^ been thecase, in the, past, wp

with fascism and colonalism.

We attach great importance to deve-loping our relations with the States ofAfrica, Asia and Latin - A m e r i c a ,which are also victims- Ipl:- fiplunder and aggression.

nialism and imperialism. (The closeassociation of religious institutions~wHthe machinery of aggression and domi-nation over our people certainly doesnot give _thgjn_any right tod^y to ^e-mand something against which t

-ft

The Mozambican people did not strugg-le alone. Throughout the tough armed:ight for national liberation FRELIMOestablished relations of friendship, soli-darity and mutual help with peoplesand countries sharing the same aspi-rations of freedom, independence andsocial progress.

This assertion does tiot stem only fromfeelings of gratitude although, on thisday of happiness, we cannot fail to sayhow much the Mozambican peopleappreciate and esteem the fraternal anddisinterested help they received frompeoples, countries, organisations andindividuals who made their efforts andsacrifices effective and victorious.

Because our struggle was, correctly, apart of the common anti-imperialistfight, the Mozambican people, underthe leadership of FRELIMO, took, uptheir posts in the great world front ofrevolutionary forces. It is within' thiscontext of political and ideological soli-daritjf Jhat w,e see, our^ relations withthe socialist countries, a liberated areaof "mankind where a new society isbeing built free from the exploitation ofman by man.

countries,. Finland and Holland,, whichwere able to understand the justness ofthe anticolonial cause.. - . ':. . f..£.

S& •„ponsibilities" within the African andinternational community and, withinthis context, we ^aifrattftlv fr>r mem-

m-sRtifln, h^th international organisationswhich have served the cause of nationalliberation and peace.

The People's Republic of Mozambiquewill develop and intensify its militantrelations with all socialist countries,seeking to benefit from their experience,in so far as it is .the common patrimony Mozambican ^women, Mo:of mankind in the political, ideological, men-organisational, economic, social andcultural spheres.

In hailing the progressive fnrr-f»«j wecannot taiT to salute the Portuguesepeople, who were always our allies in'tha^Jieht against colonial-tascism_ andwith whom we have bonds of fraternalsolidarity forged through our mutual

f- , . . - • » . • - - • - . . . • < * , , -j

We have won our independence by dintof our struggle, our sacrifices and ourrevolutionary consetotisnes:' " "'

Wedefend the interests cthe working people. •t-.--^

In starting outminated by the

help and reciprocal contribution in theI. fe firs, Unes of Uus comba, froa, slru^c for ,he Oration of our ,wo ^S&"°SSaiO^SSSSwe find the IwtK>nd;-^im|»fe> line, we have one unshakable certainty:ments, fighters in the same fight andthe same trench , comrades in arms who Because nur strupflle never took on astruggled alongside us and with whom .racialcharacter and because our people WE SHALL MAKE REVOLUTIONwe have established fraternal and in- iaScZaTways abfe- to distinguish Kilweeii•destructible relations of solidarity. Tothem we wish to affirm, above all, inthis liberated African land, that thi

thg_cplonial-fascist regime and thpi Pnr- _Uiguese people, today we can extend_a_

.nd to the^o'fTugiiese"^eople.

thjs^hewof our martyrs

TRIUMPH! LONG LIVE FRELIMO!LONG LIVE THE PEOPLE'S RE-PUBLIC OF MOZAMBIQUE! THESTRUGGLE CONTINUES...

23

correct de-velopment of the country'swealth and its use for thebenefit of

ating conditions for raisingthe living standards of the

tural at*!greas;"the defence and con-solidation of national

working people. In pursuingthis aim. the State essentiallyrelies on the creative forceof the people and on thecountry's economic resources.

SECTION I

General Principles

— U M . L . J L ^ ff J - - V - -j • - ' J'-I^T-' ',, -""•

The People's Republic of Mo-zambique, the fruit of theMozambican People's centu-ries-old resistance and theirheroic and victorious struggle,under the leadership of FRE-LIMO, against Portuguesecolonial domination and im-perialism, is a spendentState.

, inde-

— the establishment anddevelopment of friend-ly relations and coo-

r*<• iftBfttUOiiiwirirflh otherpeoples and States;

— the pursuit of thestruggle against colo-nialism and imperia-lism.

ductive enterprises, and un-dertaking the exploitation ofnatural resources. In the pro-cess of building an advancedeconomic base for the Peo-

The People's Republic of Mo-zambique is a State basedon people's democracy inwhich all patriotic strata en-gage in building a new soci-

^fffvf

fi&S^m&^i^^State power, the MozainbiqUBPeople's Liberation Forceshave a fundamental responsi-bility for the defence andconsolidation of national in-

ety, free from the exploitation dependence and unity. Atof man by man the same time, they are a

force for production and for

pie's Republic of Mozambique,

In the People's Republic ofMozambique power belongsto the workers and peasantsunited and led by FRELIMO.and is exercised by the or-gans of people's power.

the political mobilisationthe masses of the people.

of

the State shall proceed toeliminate theman by man.

".x1. . '"' '*; .''" •'*,•'''• •'' • • • • - " ' . .' •" ' ,- ARTICLE' 7

In the People's Republic ofMozambique work is es-teemed and protected, and isthe driving force of develop-ment. Work is the right and

driving factor in the nationaleconomy.

State property is given specialprotection, its developmentand expansion being the res-ponsibility of all State organs,social organisations and citi-zens.

ARTICLED

The State encourages indivi-dual peasants and workers toorganise themselves in collec-tive forms of production.whose development

ts and guides.it sup-

The People's Republic of Mo-zambique is guided by thepolitical line laid down byFRELIMO, which is the leadingforce of the State and Society.FRELIMO lays down the basicpolitical orientation of theState and directs and super-vises the work of state or-gans, in order to ensure thatthe State policy is in confor-mity with the peo]rests.

The activity and developmentof theLiberationon FRELIMO'ershipwith the people.' ' ' *

Participation in the Mozam-bique People's Liberation For-ces, with its great traditionof struggle, heroism and iden-tification with the revolutio-nary cause of the people, isan honour and a sacred dutyfor all citizens, of both sexes,of the People's Republic ofMozambique.

»$*£' The Commander-in-Chief of

The People's Republic of Mo-zambique has the followingfundamental objectives:

— the elimination of colo-nial and traditionalstructures of oppres-sion and exploitation

dent of FRELIMO.

the Mozambique People's Li-beration Forces has the power

and the mentality thatunderlies them;

duty of every citizen of eithersex, and it is the criterion for ARTICLE 12the distribution of nationalwealth. The State recognises and

nal property.

13

. -•»•-"-;—»•''•<••;-r\'<«*ra^^^HObligations are attached toprivate property. Private pro-perty cannot be used to thedetriment of the interestsdefined in the Constitution.

• "•••'*' i£i£^^^H§iSSSIncome and private propertyare subject to progressive ta-xes, established on the basis

A^Wtt*;,; of criteria of social justice.• • .. " i*. ,\. • . •"••"' • - ' • . , "* t J^Cvt'is'*.1ti

The land and the naturalresources of the soil and sub-

Foreign capital shall be autho-rised to operate within theframework of the State'seconomic policy.

FrVT~

The People's Republic of Mo-zambique carries out a vigo-rous battle against illiteracyand obscurantism, and pro-motes the development of the

of the State. The State deter-mines the conditionsdevelopment and use.

e's Republic of Mo-~~. _ _ . ... . ^Charter of Economic Rightsand Duties of States adoptedby the 29th Session of theGeneral Assembly of the Uni-

— the extension and The People's Republic of Mo- ted Nations Organisation. national culture and persona-strengthening of peo-ple's democratic pow-er

— the building of an inde-pendent economy and

zambique, taking agricultureas the base end industry asthe propelling and decisivefactor, directs its economicpolicy towards wiping out

ARTICLE 9

The State promotes and plansthe economy, with a view to

lity. The State strives tomake the Mozambican cultureknown internationally and toensure that the Mozambicanpeople benefit from the revo-

lutionary cultural gainsother peoples.

ARTICLE 16

of

The People's Republic of Mo-zambique organises a healthsystem which shall benefit

ARTICLE 22

The People's Republic of Mo-zambique consolidates anddevelops solidarity with itsnatural allies the socialistcountries, solidarity forged inthe struggle for national inde-pendence.

Any acts aimed at jeopar-dising social harmony, orcreating divisions or privile-ged positions based on colour,race, sex, ethnic origin, placeof birth, religion, level of edu-cation, social position oroccupation, are punishable bylaw.

The People's Republic of Mo-zambique establishes and de-

The emancipation of womenis one of the State's essentialtasks. In the People's Repu-blic of Mozambique womenand men have equal rightsand duties, this equalityextending to the political, eco-nomic, social and culturalspheres.

ARTICLE 18

The youth haa decisive role in the nationalliberation struggle, and theyhave a fundamental respon-sibility in the construction ofa new society.

*$&•':.The State encourages andpromotes youth's initiative inthe reconstruction and de-fence of the country.

forces in the world.^•i-V"^"••*••<•"*•'''' ••"^s'?3^?;v«TC5;t' <-*•*• "

f%%.-The People's Republic of Mo-zambique establishes relationsof friendship and cooperationwith all States on the basisof the principles of mutualrespect for sovereignty andterritorial integrity, equality,non interference in internalaffairs and reciprocal benefit.

The People's Republic of Mo-zambique accepts, observesand applies the principles ofthe United Nations Charterand the Charter of the Orga-

V ntaaion of African Unity, ,

tion, to take part in the pro-cess of creating and consoli-- - - TT~iT-;.*.^-~£.;'r

i>:antees

• - .ite promotes the cre-

ation of bodies which guar-antee the exercise of thatright.

ARTICLE 33

Individual freedoms are guar-anteed by the State for allcitizens of the People's Repu-blic of Mozambique. Thesefreedoms include the inviola-bility of the home and thesecrecy of correspondence,and they cannot be limitedexcept in cases specially pro-vided for by the law.

freedom of citizens

enjoy freedom of opinion.3mly and association.

— State ensures special pro-L lection for the orphans and

other dependents of FRELIMOmilitants who died while ful-filling missions, as well as forthose maimed or disabled inthe liberation struggle.

ARTICLE 28

ARTICLE ARTICLE 24

The People's Republic of Mo-zambique is a secular Statein which there is absoluteseparation between the Stateand religious institutions.

In the People's RepublicMozambique the activitiesreligious institutions mustconform with the State'slaws.

ir --ARTIO£-»J

The People's Republic of Mo-zambique struggles againstthe exploitation of manman, against imperialismcolonialism, for the unity ofAfrican peoples and States onthe basis of respect for theliberty and dignity of thesepeoples and States and theirright to political, economicand social progress.

The People's Republic of Mo-zambique defends the prin-ciple of the general and uni-versal disarmament of allStates.^VJH-:^V;~" •.:•'. "',•; 'The People's Republic of Mo-zambique defends the princi-ple of turning the IndianOcean into a non-nuclear zoneof peace.

The People's Republic of Mo-zambique pursues a policy ofpeace, resorting to force onlyin the case of legitimatej_**:.&:

- .All citizens of the People'sRepublic of Mozambique over18 years of age are entitledto vote and be elected, withthe exception of those legallydeprived of that right.

'••TO"Mozambique no one canarrested or tried except underterms of the law. The Stateguarantees accused personsthe right to legal defence.

ARTICLE 36

4%WSi«e's Republic of A" Cit-izens °fthe People's

" ""•—S2£; Republic of Mozambique haveMozambique women and men the duty to respect the Cong.enjoy the same rights and aresubject to the same duties.This principle shall guide allthe legislative and executivework of the State.The State protects marriage,the family, motherhood andAu:i.JU__.ichildhood.

The People's Republic of Mo-zambique grants the right ofasylum to foreigners perse-cuted because of their strug-gle for peace, democracy andlational and

' - " " u • -The People's Republic of Mo-zambique pursues a policy of

>iiift&h*«f1

titution and the law. TheState prohibits any misuse ofindividual rights and freedomsprejudicial to the people'sinterests.The State severely punishesall acts of treason, subver-sion, sabotage and, in general,acts carried out against FRE-LIMO's objectives and againstrevolutionary people's order.

Active participation in the de-fence of the country and theRevolution is the right andthe highest duty of every man SECTION IIIand woman citizen of the Peo-

:^jjf» Republic of Mozambiqu^ State Organs

U^^J^'/iiJii "-i* ^fS*-:&:i£'''strengthening relations offriendship and mutual helpwith young States engagedin the same battle to conso-lidate national independenceand democracy, and to regainthe use and control of theirnatural resources for the be-nefit of their peoples.

ARTICLE 21

The People's Republic of Mo-zambique gives its supportand solidarity to the struggleof the peoples for nationalliberation.

II

Jamental rights

*•£>•'*/ ,*' - r - - < .- -;•« > • ' . • ! i r ' . : - t J L - - t f $ ? • - • r*s V-.-j*'ARflCl£3V.

^.'•-f:-: •..'. '•„••> Lvr-.A'1 ', ,--«• 3=»T>>' *«>'VJ' ••:'"• ?V'HF?

In the PBopttt jjatigti:*;. ;«$MnTumhini ia uinrb anrl oHn-

and duties of

Mozambique work and edu-cation are the right and duty

VPTER I

's Assembly

Republic of Mozambiqueenjoy the same rights andare subject, to the sameduties, irrespective of colour,race, sex, ethnic origin, placeof birth, religion .level of edu-cation, social position oroccupation.

of every citizen. Combatingthe situation of backwardness

f created by colonialism, theState promotes the necessaryconditions for extending en-joyment of those rights toall citizens.

ARTICLE 32

All citizens have the right toassistance in the event ofdisablement and in old age.

a :\"37

Assembly issupreme organ of the Statein the People's Republic ofMozambique.The People's Assembly is thehighest legislative organ of thePeople's Republic of Mozam-bique.Pending further definition ofthe composition and require-ments for the election of mem-bers of the People's Assem-

bly. it shall comprisefollowing members:

the (e) To approve the re-port on Governmentactivities;

( f ) To ratify legislativeacts of the Perma-nent Commission of

ARTICLE 45

1. The members of FRE-LIMO's Central Com-mittee;

2. The members of FRE- th peonie-s Assem

LIMO's Executive Com-

. "*•%_. (g) To grant amnesties;7/16 .Mmlsters, (h) To sanction the sus-Vice-Mmisters of the ' : -« »:»..Government ofPeople's Republic oMozambique;

4. The Provincial Gover-nors;

5. Members chosen byFRELIMO's CentralCommittee from amongthe cadres of the Mo-zambique People's Lib-eration Forces;

6. Two representativesper province of demo-cratic mass organiza-.tions, designated byFRELIMO's CentralCommittee;

7. Members chosen bythe Central Committeefrom among FRELIMO

.*# pension of constitu-tional guaranteeswhen a state of siegeor emergency is de-clared;

(i) To authorise the Pre-sident of the People'sRepublic of Mozam-bique to travel

cadres;

utable citizens chosen,. No more than ten rep-

by FRELIMO's CentralCommittee.

ARTICLE 38

People's Assembly shallhave no more than two hun-dred and ten members.The People's Assembly maydeliberate only if the majorityof its members are present.Decisions of the People's As-sembly are taken by an abso-lute majority vote of members

'*&&*..**

electoral law shall dulyestablish the conditions, meth-od and date of general elec-tions.The first general electionsshall take place within a yearof the holding of FRELIMO's3rd Congress.

ARTICLE 41

Legislation may be initiatedby the following:

(1) FRELIMO's CentralCommittee;

(2) FRELIMO's ExecutiveCommittee;

(3) The President of theRepublic;

(4) The Pennanent Com-mission of the Peo-ple's Assembly;

(5) Organs of the Peo-ple's Assembly;

(6) The Council of Mi-nisters.

^Z&l

ARTICLE 42

The People's Assembly is con-vened and presided over bythe President of the Republic.The People's Assembly meetsin ordinary sessions twice ayear, and in extraordinary ses-sions when so required byFRELIMO's Central Committee,the President of the Republic,the Permanent Commission ofthe People's Assembly, or byat least one-third of the mem-bers of the People's Assem-bly.

ARTICLE 43

No member of the People'sAssembly may be arrested,except when caught in theact, or tried, without the con-sent of that organ or of itsPermanent Commission.

The functions of the People'sAssembly of the People's Re-public of Mozambique are asfollows:

(a) To Instate on basicmatters related to in-ternal and externalpolicy;

(b) To approve the re-port on the imple-mentation of the pastyear's budget, the ge-neral State budgetand national econom-ic plans; The Permanent Commission of

(c) To determine the the People's Assembly con-basis of tt^&ianftK7', sists of fifteen members elec-policy; ted by the People's Assembly

(d) To ratify or denounce from among its members, oninternational agree- the. proposal of FRELIMO'sments and treaties;

26

It is the duty of the Perma-nent Commission of the Peo-ple's Assembly to assume thefunctions of the People's Assembly in the periods betwe-en meetings of that body,submitting its legislative acts icyiaiauvc ucuiccs,for ratification at the follow- (k) To declare a state ofin/i rvtantinn f\f thvA Dartnla'o W3T 9rtr4 /* /i n o I 11 H o

mander of the PoliceCorps of Mozambi-que;

( i) To appoint and dis-miss the rector ofthe University;To promulgate andhave issued laws andlegislative decrees;

ing meeting of the People'sAssembly.The Permanent Commissionof the People's Assembly isanswerable to the People'sAssembly.

. •*' '• . •->• • • ' • . ' . . » • . " ,

ARTICLE 46

The Permanent Commissionof the People's Assembly ispresided over by the Presi-dent of the Republic.

CHAPTER III

Presidentof the Republic

ARTICLE 47

The President of the People'sRepublic of Mozambique isthe President of FRELIMO.

and concludepeace treaties on thedecision of FRELI-

(I) To proclaim generalor partial mobilisa-tion;

(m) To accredit diploma-tic representatives ofother countries;

(n) To appoint and dis-miss diplomatic re-presentatives of thePeople's Republic ofMozambique in othercountries;

(o) To pardon and com-mute sentences;

(p) To declare asiege or

/ '"'.

ARTICLE 49

The President of the Repubmay annul decisions of pro-vincial assemblies.

The President of the People'sRepublic of Mozambique isthe Head of State. Ms

He. to the symbol of nationalunity and represents the Na-tion at home and interna-tionally.

ARTICLE 48

ARTICLE

It is the duty of the Presidentof the People's Republic ofMozambique:

(a) To see to it that theConstitution is res-pected and to ensurethat the state organsfunction properly;

(b) To create ministriesand define their juris-diction;

(c) To direct the activi-ties of the Council ofMinisters and presideover its meetings;

(d) To appoint and dis-miss members of theCouncil of Ministers;

(e) To appoint and dis-miss the Presidentand Vice-President ofthe Supreme Peo-'

theP r e s i d e n t of the Republicswears the following oath:

I swear on my honouras a FRELIMO militant todevote all my energy todefending, promoting andconsolidating the gains ofthe Revolution, to thewelfare of the Mozambi-can people, to see to itthat the Constitution isrespected and ensure jus-

for all cit izens.

The President of the Republicdecides who shall representhim in the event of his ab-sence or incapacity, or in theperformance of certain specifictasks.

-ofthe Republic;

( f ) To appoint and dis-miss provincial go-vernors;

li^'v

In the event of death, resig-nation or permanent incapa-city of the President of theRepublic, his functions shallbe immediately assumed byFRELIMO's Central Commit-tee, which shall name a newPresident of the Republic in

Ible space"

-; •> .• • -Y-.-I >Jt'rfj.-» SKsrcvfl ; ••- -A- • '- - >-v,^V ' : v*J> - *.£*i - fC(g) To appoint and dis- CHAPTER IV

miss the governor>f and deputy-governor 'tSfcl

imdeputy-governor

of the Bank of Mo-zambique;To appoint and dis-miss the generalcommander and de-

of Ministers

TICLE 53

Council of Ministers com-s the Ministers and Vice-

-Ministers of the People'sRepublic of Mozambique.

The Council of Ministers ispresided over by the Presi-dent of the Republic.

ARTICLE 54

The Council of Ministers isanswerable to the People'sAssembly for the implemen-tation of internal and externalpolicy of the State.

ES|r|f!y'>'';3H?'?>-.''" " * ','':. ..v 'In its work the Council ofMinisters must comply withresolutions of FRELIMO'sCongress, Central Committeeand Executive Committee,laws of the People's Assem-bly and its Permanent Com-mission, and decisions of thePresident of the Republic.

is the specific purview ofthe Council of Ministers:

(a) To draw up the ge-neral State plan andgeneral State budgetand implement them,after approval byFRELIMO's CentralCommittee and thePeople's Assembly;

draw up draft£'i»ws and decisions

to be submitted tothe People's Assem-bly, the PermanentCommission of thePeople's Assemblyor the President ofthe Republic;

(c) To enact legislativedecrees through dele-gated power andwithin the scopeattributed by theP e o p l e ' s Assembly,and to enact de-... jL'Zs \;

To direct and coor-dinate the activity ofthe Ministries andand other state or-gans which comeunder the Council ofMinisters;

3) To guarantee therights and freedomsof citizens.

.'•i '*vrS*•'*',' -v • '• ,' -v . P -

ARTICLE 57

The highest State organ in aprovince is the Provincial Go-vernment, presided over bythe governor.is the represerPresident of theis answerableand jth. Government:**.&'

ARTICLE 66

Judges are independentdischarging their duties.

. The governor ARTICLE 66 a 3un all

sentative of the of Mo/athe Republic and 'rJfakJ iiiiiifc t'n9 res!

le '° FREL!^ " f

VCHAPTBIV

Administrativeorganisation

and local state organs

ART.CLE*

The People's Republic of Mo-zambique is administrativelyorganised in provinces, dis-tricts and localities.

ARTICLE 58

There shall be a ProvincialAssembly in each province.The Provincial Assembly shalllegislate on matters of exclu-sively provincial interest andshall take part in decisionsrelated to the province.

ARTICLE 69

The Provincial Government ismade up of the governor ofthe province and the provin-cial heads of the various sec-tors of the Administration, orpersons appointed to repre-sent the said sectors.

ARTICLE 60

The President of the Republicmay annul decisions of thegovernors. Provincial Govern-ments and Provincial Assem-blies.

ARTICLE 61

The competence, organisation,composition and structure ofadministrative bodies or otherorgans of local administrationshall be determined by law.

CHAPTER VIs

Judiciary

ARTICLE 62

In the People's Republic ofMozambique the judicial func-tion shall be performed bythe courts, through the Su-preme People's Court andother courts provided for inthe law on the judiciary.Their composition and com-petence shall be determinedby law.

ARTICLE 63

from the Public Prosecutor'soffice, whose duty it shall beto represent the State. TheAttorney-General of the Re-public shall be answerable tothe People's Assembly.

SECTIONIV

Symbols of the People'sRepublic of Mozambique

ARTICLE «7..' • • ' ; . . - . ",

The symbols of the People'sRepublic of Mozambique arethe flag, the emblem and thenational anthem.

ARTICLE 69

The emblem of the People'sRepublic of Mozambique hasas its central features a book,

and a hoe over a mapmbique and represen-

respectively: education,defence and vigilance, and thepeasant class and agriculturalproduction.

In the centre there is a risingsun, the symbol of revolutionand of tre new

**^Bordering • these; _wheel, symbolising the wor-king class and industry, thefactor giving impetus toeconomy.

Around theis, on the rightand cob, and onsugar cane, whichagricultural wealth.

At the top, in the centre, ared star symbolises the inter-nationalist spirit of the Mezambican Revolution.

ARTICLE 68

The National Flag has fivecolours, four of them sepa-rated by white bands, andplaced diagonally, s tar t ingfrom the upper left-hand cor-ner. The colours, in orderfrom top to bottom, repre-sent:

Green — the wealthMozambique's soil;

of

Red — the centuries-oldresistance to colonialism,the armed struggle fornational liberation andthe Revolution;

Black —the African Con-tinent

Yellow —thethe sub-soil.

wealth of

The white expresses the just-ness of the Mozcimbican peo-ple's struggle and the peacethat struggle is aimed atestablishing.

People's Courtpromote the uniform

the law by allcourts to serve the interestsof the people of Mozambique,and shall ensure the fulfilmentof the Constitution, laws andlegal norms of the People'sRepublic of Mozambique.

In the lower part,red band bearing the inscrip-tion wPeople's Republic ofMozambique)).

SECTION; &^

Final and transitionalprovisions

'' ARTICLE .Jo! j

Pending the creation ofAssembly with constittpowers, any alteration to theConstitution is the task ofFRELIMC's C e n t r a l Com-mittee.

vA«rRSUE -:

Former legislation which iscontrary to the Constitutionis a u t o m a t i c a l l y revoked.Former legislation which isnot contrary to the Consti-tution shall be maintained inforce until such time as ft isaltered or revoked.

uent

' .filSpUntil the People's Assemblystarts to function, its legisla-tive powers shall be exercised

In the upper left-hand comerthere is an emblem consistingof, a cog wheel (symbol of by the Council of Mintst

§working class and indus-production) which encir-a book (symbol of edu-

——• on which are supe-a crossed gun and

ising defence and

• TT • • • i .-.xJ-.»»•<»•* I3»JHLThe Constitution of the Peo-ple's Republic of Mozambiquecomes into force at 00 hours

ARTICLE

The guiding principles of re-gional administrationunity, centralism andinitiative.

peasant class on 25 June 1975.nrnrli iot nnproduction.ana aynuuuurcii pruuuuuun.

Approved by acclamationThe President of the Supreme ^jtopKjJjfct inside the cojfe by the Central CommitteePeople's Court is appointed wheel, there is a red star, of the Mozambique Libe-by the President of the Re- symbolising the Mozambican ration Front on 20 June

people's internationalist spirit.^&^*K**53E;*HM

27

THECouncil of Ministers of the People's Republic of

Mozambique, the first Government of our sovereignState, took office on July 1 at a ceremony in Lou-ren?o Marques. At the investiture, the 18 Councilmembers swore that, for the defence and triumph ofthe Revolution, they would dedicate all their energiesto the service of the Mozambican People, in exercisingthe functions' entrusted to them by the President ofthe Republic. In a speech at the ceremony the Presi-dent noted that the Government was composed ofpeople of different races and from different regionsbut that none of them was the representative of arace or a colour or a region. He said: «Our Govern-ment collectively, and its members individually, repre-sent exclusively the power of the worker-peasant classalliance, the interests of the Mozambican People unitedfrom the Rovuma to the Maputo. Above all, theGovernment represents the political line of FRELIMOat the level of the State.))

: " ' ' '

I*,."*1

Minister for Developmentand Economic Planning:Marcelino dos Santos. Vice-arcelino do. •I UJMdVm*

Minister for Foreign Affairs: Minister for NationalJoaquim Alberto Chissano, fence: Alberto Joaquim Chi-member of Central and Ex- pande, member of Centralecutive Committees of FRE- and Executive Committees

."*»«»"~ of FHELIMO.

: vMinister for Home Affairs:Armando Emilio Guebuza,member of Central and Ex-ecutive Committees of FRE-LIMO, National Political

fnrtirtiiccar

Minister for Information:Jorge Rebelo, member ofCentral and Executive Com-

mittees of FRELIMO.

Minister for Labour: Ma-riano Matsinha, member ofCentral Committee of FRE-

LIMO.

. ,Vice-Minister for NationalDefence: Sebastiao MarcosMabote, member of Central

Committee of FRELIMO." '

inister for Foreign Af-fairs: Armando Panquene,member of Central Corn-

mittee of FRELIMO.

Minister of State in thePresident's Office: Josedscar Monteiro, member ofExecutive Committee of Committee

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Minister for Agriculture:Joaquim Ribeiro de Car-valho, member of Executive

Vice-Minister for Home Af-fairs: Daniel Saul Mbanze,member of Executive Com-x u e memer o x e c u v e o m -«».

Minister for Industry andCommerce: Mario da Graca

Machungo28

Minister for Transport andCommunications: Jose Luis

Cabaco.

Minister for Justice: RuiBaltazar dos Santos Alves.

Minister for. Public Worksand Housing: Julio Zamith

Carrilho.

Minister for Finance: Salo-mao Munguambe.

(What seemed unaccomplishablefor those dominated by reactionaryand imperialist prejudices hasbecome a fact: the victory of peasantsand workers over a bourgeois army,technically fit, experienced in wars ofaggression and powerfully armed.Qurjstruggle showed once again that,when united by ff correct politicaHine,

fundamentalinterests, the People are able tocrush any aggressor, however powerfulhe might 4>e.T

Comrade Samora Machel addressingthe 24th session of the Organisationof African Unity LiberationCommittee in Dor es Salaam inJanuary this year.

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The last Portuguese soldiers leaving Mozambique in June, 1975

OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE MOZAMBIQUE LIBERATION FRONT —

fRELiMO F L A G

NATIONAL FLAG