Industrial revolution in England

PRESENTED BY-NIKHIL

AGARWAL

WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ?

The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of the times. It began in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spread throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world.

Causes of the Industrial Revolution

• All across England, the recent turn of the century has gone largely unnoticed .The principal trades are growing grain or raising sheep for wool, both of which require a lot of manual labour. Farming tools are common, but machines are not; animals are raised, but not used extensively for cultivating the land. Life in the countryside depends on nature in many ways: good weather in the summer means a good crop, just as a long winter can mean hunger and discomfort.

ABOUT ROMAN AQUEDUCTS

• The first Roman aqueduct was the Aqua Appia, built in 312 BC during the Roman Republic. The methods of construction are described by Vitruvius in his work De Architecture written in the 1st century BC. His book would have been of great assistance to Frontinus, a general who was appointed in the late 1st century AD to administer the many aqueducts of Rome.

ITS ROLE• The Romans constructed numerous

aqueducts to serve any large city in their empire, as well as many small towns and industrial sites. The city of Rome had the largest concentration of aqueducts, with water being supplied by eleven aqueducts constructed over a period of about 500 years. They served potable water and supplied the numerous baths and fountains in the city, as well as finally being emptied into the sewers, where the once-used gray water performed their last function in removing waste matter.

ITS CONCLUSION

• The earliest use of the term "Industrial Revolution" yet located seems to be a letter of 6 July 1799 by French envoy Louis-Guillaume Otto, announcing that the process had started in his country.

• The term Industrial Revolution applied to technological change was becoming more common by the late 1830s, as in Louis-Auguste Blanqui description in 1837 of la révolution industrielle. Friedrich Engels in The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844 spoke of "an industrial revolution, a revolution which at the same time changed the whole of civil society". Credit for popularising the term may be given to Arnold Toynbee, whose lectures given in 1881 gave a detailed account of it.

BIBLOGRAPHY

• An Introduction to the Industrial History of England, 1920, retrieved 2009-07-26

• Ashton, Thomas S. (1948), online edition The Industrial Revolution (1760-1830), Oxford University Press, retrieved 2009-07-26

• Berlanstein, Lenard R., ed. (1992), online edition The Industrial Revolution and work in nineteenth-century Europe, London and New York: Routledge, retrieved 2009-07-26

• Clapham, J. H. (1926), online edition An Economic History of Modern Britain: The Early Railway Age, 1820-1850, Cambridge University Press, retrieved 2009-07-26.

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