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![Page 1: Revitalising the Smallholder Beef Cattle to Achieve Beef Self Sufficiency Through the Integration Farming System Marsetyo Department of Animal Sciences.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062320/56649cec5503460f949b8a83/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Revitalising the Smallholder Beef Cattle to Achieve
Beef Self Sufficiency
Through the Integration
Farming SystemMarsetyoDepartment of Animal SciencesTadulako UniversityPDA ARG Food Security
Denpasar, 16 October 2013
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Important Messages
• The animal protein consumption of Indonesian people is low
• The price of beef go sky high (the most expensive in the world)
• Government has set self sufficiency target on beef (2010 and 2014)
• Beef demand increase 5.5%/year, domestic supply increase only 3,7%/year
• Beef cattle import are remained high• Can we achieve beef self sufficiency?
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Beef Cattle in Indonesia
• Play as biological, social, and economic roles- Contribute 19 % (505.477 tones/year)
national meat production- Provide jobs, draught power, fertilizer,
soil conditioner, transport- Enhance crop production- Generate cash incomes- Potentially to reduce poverty
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Cattle statistic
2007 2008 2009 2010 20110
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
800000
900000
516992
644849
772868
521002
413359
Years
head
of c
attle
Life cattle imported from Australia
2007 2008 2009 2010 20110
2000000
4000000
6000000
8000000
10000000
12000000
14000000
16000000
11,514,87112,256,604
12,759,83813,581,570
14,824,373
Years
Head
of c
attle
Population of beef cattle
Livestock and Animal Health Statistic, 2012
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Meat Production
19%
52%
10%
18%
Proportion of Meat Productionbeef range broiler free range chicken other meat
Total meat production per year = 2.081.000 tonnes
2008 2009 2010 2011 20120
100
200
300
400
500
600
393 409436
485 505
Beef Production
Years
Beef
pro
ducti
on (t
hous
and
ton/
year
)
Livestock and Animal Health Statistic, 2012
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Beef Self Sufficiency
• National population 14.824.373 heads (2011)
• By year 2014 cattle import is about 5-10%
• Beef consumption can be meet through domestic
supply
• A national beef self sufficiency will require a large
biomass of unutilised feed to support increased cattle
population
• We cannot increase cattle population without sufficient
feed supply
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Smallholders Characteristics
• 4.572.766 household• 67% small holder farmers are in
Java (51% population)
• 19% small holder farmers in eastern Indonesia (31% population)
• Small number of cattle (2-5 per farmer)
• Integrated crop/livestock systems
• Cut and carry forage feed system (Stall feeding)
• Low quality crop residues used as animal feed
• Cattle tethered
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Beef cattle performance
• Calving rate 45-56% (Bali cattle) or 36% (Ongole crossbreeds)
• Calf mortality 18%• Calving interval 15-17 months• Cow mortality 2.70%• Growth dictated by seasonal feed availability - Wet season daily live weight gain 0.25-0.50 kg/d - Dry season weight loss 20%
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What should we do??
• Better feed managment can change the productivity of cattle
• Apply “Three in one” as Vision– One year-One cow-One calf
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National twin project has no impact
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Potential huge grazing area in eastern Indonesia
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• Lack of knowledge about importance of good quality forage to cattle production – reliance on communal grazing and native grass
• Lack of access to suitable productive species or lack of land to grow improved forages in intensive cropping systems
• Difficult environmental conditions e.g. low rainfall, long dry seasons, poor soils
Forage Limitation at Smallholder farm
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Response of weaned Bali calf given native grass and libitum
Sites Dry matter feed intake (%LW/d)
DM feed digestibility
(%)
Daily liveweight gain (g/d)
Grati 1.94 62.3 122
Lombok 2.10 52.9 25
Kendari 2.85 52.7 173
Kupang 1.95 71.3 24
Palu 2.38 58.5 103
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Making better management and use of existing forage sources
• Gliricidia and Leucaena are present in most villages but poorly utilised and managed
• Farmers have no experience• Lack of cattle acceptance
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Sites Feed stuffs DM feed intake (% BB) DM feed digestibility (%)
Daily liveweight gain (g/d)
Grati Leucaena 1.80 69.8 336
Grati Elephant grass + leucaena (1%BW/d) 2.63 60.9 192
Lombok Leucaena 3.30 49.7 471
Lombok Sesbania 3.30 55.4 429
Lombok Sesbania + rice bran (1%BW) 3.23 56.9 401
Lombok Moringa 2.30 62.1 221
Kendari Gliricidia 2.64 55.2 182
Kendari Gliricidia+ rice bran (1%BW) 2.87 59.5 257
Kupang Leucaena 2.46 59.1 422
Kupang Leucaena + rice bran (1%BW) 2.66 47.2 555
Kupang Leucaena + corn stover (1%BW) 2.60 56,6 614
Palu Gliricidia 3.21 58,8 269
Palu Elephant grass hay + gliricidia (1%BW) 3.52 58.3 280
Palu Corn stover + gliricidia (1%BW) 3.85 59.1 311
BW = Body weight, DM = dry matter
Responses of weaned Bali calves given tree legumes as single feed or as feed supplement
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Better management of existing forage
Better Management of Forage
• Cut regularly
• Fertilizing
• Weed control
No urea fertilization
Urea fertilization
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Panicum maximum
Stylosanthes cv verano
Paspalum atratum
Arachis pintoi
Brachiaria X cv Mulato
Clitoria ternatea
Introduction of new forage •new pasture and cut & carry •grasses and legumes
Brachiaria mulato Paspalum atratum Panicum maximum
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Weaning was not practiced by farmers
Weaning and mating management
Weaning calf at 5-6 months old provide some benefits
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Growth of early weaned Bali calf in villages
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Control mating
A MJ J A S O N D J P MA MJ J A S O N D J P M
Wet season Wet seasonDry season Dry season
A MJ J A S O N D J P MA MJ J A S O N D J P M
Mating Calving
Mating 1 Calving 1 Mating 2 Weaning Calving 2
Uncontrolled mating (naturally)
Control mating calendar
Calving at the end of wet season
Weaning at wet season
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The main benefit of weaning early and control mating
• Synergize the available nutrients and nutrient demand
• Increase the reproductive performance of the cows
- Increase pregnancy rate - Decrease calving to conception
interval - Increase weaning rate - Decrease calf mortality
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Integration Cattle-Crops
• Increasing human food demand, most of arable land used for crops
• Huge amount of agricultural byproducts produced annually (e.g. Rice straw)
• Until recently Agricultural byproduct have not been yet fully utilized
• Integration cattle-crops allows nutrients to be recycled more efficiently
• Most of them are low nutritive value• Difficult to use the product at fresh
form over extended period
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Integrated farming system (Crops+ forages+ cattle)
Forages +Crop residues
Cattle pen
Cattle/Beef
Bio gas
Faeces
Fertiliser
Packing
ORGANIC FARM
Marketing
Control mating, calving, weaning, feeding etc ,
Model of integration between cattle and crops
Key
Feed
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The Integration Cattle and Plantation
• Large Plantation occupy most of the arable land
• Free grazing or tethered on the vegetation under plantations of coconut and oil palm
• Save approximately 30% cost of weed control
• The area under this plantation can be grown for Leucaena, Gliricidia, stylo, Panicum maximum, Pennisetum purpureum) for cut and carry
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Plantation byproducts
• Oil palm byproducts such as palm press fibre, palm fronds, palm kernel meal
• Coconut byproduct namely copra meal
• Sugar cane byproducts: sugar cane top and baggase
• Cacao pods
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• Indonesia is the second largest cacao producer in the world after Cote d Ivoire
• Total plantation area 1.19 million ha (more than 50% from Sulawesi)
• 75% cacao fruit is pod- high potential for ruminant feed
• Contain medium protein content
• One hectare can produce about 1 ton DM cacao pod/year
• Using cacao pod will reduce the incidence of cacao disease (Conopomorpha cramerella)
Use Cocoa Pods to Address Feed Gaps in the Dry season
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Cattle eating fresh cacao pods
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Use and Conserving crop residues
Rice straw (Jerami padi) – usually low quality but can be supplemented with e.g. Tree legume
Maize stover – usually of medium quality and digestibility if conserved soon after harvestCassava top peanut, cowpea and mungbean straw – these retain good protein levels if harvested correctly
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Recommendations
• Beef self sufficiency can be achieved through incresaing beef cattle population
• Program to achieve beef self sufficiency must be focused on small holder farmers as part integration system
• Strategy to optimise and explore feed and forages should be facilitate by:– Improve and provide infrastructure– Increase capacity building of farmers,
extensionist and relevant stakeholders
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Thank You