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Byju’s Current Affairs Webinar Crash Course || CA Roundup Revision Notes Revision Notes For Webinar - CA Round-up - November 2015 Topic: Indian Economy Subject: GS Paper III 1. Pulse Inflation · Pulses are India’s most consumed protein-rich food group. · Cultivation of pulses has been pushed to more and more marginal and unirrigated lands with low fertility. · Over many years now, pulses have been included in intensive farming systems. · This is being done, essentially to cash in on their ability to tap nitrogen from air and fix it into the soil for use by subsequent crops. Suggested Measures Creation of buffer stock of pulses: The decision to create a buffer stock of pulses to deal with wide fluctuation in prices is an important step for checking food inflation. This will also encourage farmers to take up pulses production on a larger scale and will enable India to help achieve self- sufficiency in pulses in a few years. - Pulses production is dependent on rainfall as pulses are mostly grown in rainfed areas. Pulses witness huge fluctuations in prices depending upon rainfall. It is necessary to create a buffer stock of pulses to reduce price fluctuations. This will also help in providing remunerative prices to farmers in times of excess production. Increasing pulses production in the country: - Steps will be taken to expand the scope of National Food Security Mission (NFSM) from 2016-17 so that additional interventions for increasing production of pulses may be initiated. Source: Press Information Bureau Topic: Economy Subject: GS Paper III 2. Monetary Policy Committee https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vG7hZUemJJ4 What will be its functions? It will fix the benchmark interest rate of the Reserve Bank of India It sets the inflation targets Proposed Composition

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Revision Notes For Webinar - CA Round-up - November 2015 Topic: Indian Economy Subject: GS Paper III

1. Pulse Inflation · Pulses are India’s most consumed protein-rich food group. · Cultivation of pulses has been pushed to more and more marginal and unirrigated lands with low

fertility. · Over many years now, pulses have been included in intensive farming systems. · This is being done, essentially to cash in on their ability to tap nitrogen from air and fix it into the

soil for use by subsequent crops. Suggested Measures Creation of buffer stock of pulses: The decision to create a buffer stock of pulses to deal with wide fluctuation in prices is an important step for checking food inflation. This will also encourage farmers to take up pulses production on a larger scale and will enable India to help achieve self-sufficiency in pulses in a few years. - Pulses production is dependent on rainfall as pulses are mostly grown in rainfed areas. Pulses witness huge fluctuations in prices depending upon rainfall. It is necessary to create a buffer stock of pulses to reduce price fluctuations. This will also help in providing remunerative prices to farmers in times of excess production. Increasing pulses production in the country: - Steps will be taken to expand the scope of National Food Security Mission (NFSM) from 2016-17 so that additional interventions for increasing production of pulses may be initiated. Source: Press Information Bureau Topic: Economy Subject: GS Paper III 2. Monetary Policy Committee https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vG7hZUemJJ4 What will be its functions?

● It will fix the benchmark interest rate of the Reserve Bank of India ● It sets the inflation targets

Proposed Composition

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6 members in total are proposed out of which 3 will be appointed by the government and 3 by the RBI. The 3 members by the RBI will include the RBI governor as well

Topic: Global Groupings Subject: GS Paper II 3. Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG) and India What is NSG? The Nuclear Suppliers Group is a group of nuclear supplier countries that seeks to contribute to the nonproliferation of nuclear weapons. India’s Inclusion It appears as though, since the NSG operates by consensus, India will need to take additional steps to demonstrate its commitment to nonproliferation. There have also been indications that China has helped Pakistan block India’s NSG membership bid. India is striving hard for NSG membership, as well as membership of the other major groupings, such as MTCR (Missile Technology Control Regime), Australian and Wassenaar Arrangement. Source: The Hindu

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Topic: Economy Subject: GS Paper III 4. Sovereign Gold Bonds What is it? It is a government security Benefits

● Gold can be used as a collateral for loans ● Gold can be sold or traded on stock exchanges ● Investors will get returns linked to gold price ● Risk/cost of storage of gold is eliminated ● Market price is given to the investor during redemption

Facts

● RBI issues them on behalf of the government of India ● They are bought from ‘Scheduled Commercial Banks’ and ‘Post Offices’

Objective To prevent the purchase of raw gold, thus reducing demand

Topic: Economy

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Subject: GS Paper III 5. Gold Monetisation Scheme What is it? It will allow the depositors of gold to earn interest. It also allows appreciation of the metal value Objective To mobilize the idle gold in the country Benefits

● Citizens can earn interest on gold ● Gold coins and bars earn interest and appreciation of value ● There is security of maintenance by the bank ● Further earning opportunity by redemption gold or rupees ● The earnings are exempt from capital gains, wealth and income tax

Topic: Policies and Governance Subject: GS Paper II

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6. Swachh Bharat On 2nd October 2014, Swachh Bharat Mission was launched throughout length and breadth of the country as a national movement. It was Mahatma Gandhi’s 150th birth anniversary. It has been divided under Swachh Bharat Urban and Swachh Bharat Gramin The address of The President of India in his address to the Joint Session of Parliament on 9th June 2014: “We must not tolerate the indignity of homes without toilets and public spaces littered with garbage. For ensuring hygiene, waste management and sanitation across the nation, a “Swachh Bharat Mission” will be launched. This will be our tribute to Mahatma Gandhi on his 150th birth anniversary to be celebrated in the year 2019” The mission is being implemented by the Ministry of Urban Development and by the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation for urban and rural areas respectively. Some of the mission objectives are elimination of open defecation , eradication of Manual Scavenging, modern and Scientific Municipal Solid Waste Management, to effect behavioral change regarding healthy sanitation practices, generate awareness about sanitation and its linkage with public health, capacity Augmentation for ULB’s, to create an enabling environment for private sector participation in Capex (capital expenditure) and Opex (operation and maintenance) The Central Government has appointed 15th day of November, 2015 as the date from which provisions of Swachh Bharat Cess will come into effect at the rate of 0.5% on all taxable services. Topic: Health Subject: GS Paper II 7. H1N1 Introduction Also known as swine flu, which is a respiratory disease. It is caused by virus called H1N1 virus (introduced in 2009). This virus infects the wind pipe (respiratory tract) of pigs and later it gets transmitted to human beings. It results in nasal secretions, cough, decreased appetite, and restless behaviour.

Swine flu viruses may mutate (change) so that they are easily transmissible among humans.

On 10 August 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that the swine flu pandemic

was officially over. However, this does not mean that swine flu has been completely eliminated. The

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H1N1 virus that caused the pandemic is now a regular flu virus and continues to circulate seasonally

worldwide.

Cause

The flu viruses are spread mainly by droplets when people with flu cough, sneeze or talk, which can

be possibly inhaled into the lungs by the uninfected person. In some cases, a person might also get

flu by touching a surface or object that has flu virus on it.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis can be confirmed in the laboratory through a technique called RT-PCR (Reverse

Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction)

Management and Vaccination

Two antiviral agents are helpful in preventing or reducing the effects of swine flu. They are

zanamivir (Relenza) and oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

The most effective way to prevent the spread of infections is to practice good hygiene. Vaccination

against influenza also has some role.

(Source: National Health Portal)

Topic: Policies and Politics of the developing world Subject: GS Paper II 8. Myanmar Elections · Myanmar's parliament has elected Htin Kyaw as the country's next president, the first civilian leader after more than 50 years of military rule. · Htin Kyaw is a close ally of Aung San Suu Kyi, whose party, National League for Democracy (NLD) swept to victory in the historic elections conducted in November 2015. Source: The Indian Express Note: There are important projects which the Government of India is looking at realizing the full potential of with a cooperative Government in Myanmar. For example, the BCIM corridor. These initiatives need to be seen as an extension of the ‘Act East Policy’ by the Government of India, in which development and improved connectivity with India’s north-eastern states is envisaged. Topic: International Relations Subject: GS Paper III

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9. India- Africa Summit The summit was the largest gathering of foreign dignitaries in New Delhi since the 1983 Non-Aligned Summit. Africa is an important trade partner for India. Indian energy companies have assets in African countries, and New Delhi exports consumer and capital goods and medicines to the continent. India-Africa trade was worth almost $70 billion in 2014-15 Key Highlights of the Summit · Government of India has sought African support on two other critical multilateral fronts — climate change negotiations and trade talks. · The next key takeaway is a public acknowledgement of the partial success in implementing India’s marquee development cooperation programmes. · These development cooperation programmes would include, concessional lines of credit (LoCs), grants, and capacity building through the Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme as well as the Pan Africa E-Network —and the need to improve the current processes. · The Government of India announced allocations of $10 billion under concessional LOCs (double the $5 billion announced at the 2011 summit), $600 million of grants, and 50,000 scholarships in India Convergence on Peace and Security It is important to note that there has been a growing convergence on peace and security related issues between India and Africa. There are certain similarities between India and Africa, in that, both have a long coastline and are jointly concerned about threats such as piracy, drug trafficking, and security of sea lanes. Stronger ties with Africa fit into India’s traditional foreign policy milieu. Source: The Hindu, The Hindu BusinessLine

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Topic: Indian Economy Subject: GS Paper III 10. FDI - Sector wise

Sector FDI cap

Agriculture and Animal husbandry 100%

Tea Plantation 100%

Mining 100%

Exploration of Oil and Natural Gas 100%

Petroleum refining by PSUs 49%

Defence 49%

Teleports 74%

Cable networks (for upgradation of networks) 74%

Cable networks (not involving upgradation of networks)

49%

Terrestrial broadcasting FM 26%

News and current affairs TV channels 26%

Non-News and current affairs TV channels 100%

Print Media excluding scientific and technical magazines

26%

Scientific and technical magazines 100%

Publication of facsimile edition of foreign newspapers

100%

Airports 100%

Scheduled Air Transport Service 49%

Non-Scheduled Air Transport Service 74%

Helicopter services/seaplane services requiring DGCA approval

100%

Courier services 100%

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Construction-development projects 100%

Industrial Parks 100%

Satellites- establishment and operation 74%

Private Security Agencies 49%

Telecom Services 100%

Cash & Carry Wholesale Trading/Wholesale Trading

100%

E-commerce activities 100%

Single Brand product retail trading 100%

Multi Brand Retail Trading 51%

Railway Infrastructure 100%

Asset Reconstruction Companies 100%

Banking- Private Sector 74%

Banking- Public Sector 20%

Commodity Exchange 49%

Credit Information Companies 74%

Infrastructure companies in Securities Markets 49%

Insurance 49%

Non-Banking Finance Companies 100%

Pharmaceuticals 100%

Power Exchanges 49%

Topic: Policies and Politics of the developing world Subject: GS Paper II 11. Crisis in Maldives

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Ever since Maldives’ former President Mohamed Nasheed, who was the country’s first democratically elected President, was made to step down, Maldives has been witnessing political tussles. India’s Outreach India had assisted Maldives' election process by sending its observers, and had also withdrawn observers at one point because the electoral process was neither free nor fair. India maintains a naval presence in Maldives, at the request of the Maldives, since 2009. In December, 2014, India dispatched “water aid” to Maldives, after a fire destroyed the generator of its biggest water treatment plant. Why a stable Maldives is important for India? Maldives has pledged its support to India as a permanent member of an expanded UN Security Council. Maldives is strategically located along major sea lanes in the Indian Ocean. A stable Maldives augurs well for a stable Indian Ocean region. Source: The Hindu Topic: Geography Subject: GS Paper I 12. Chennai Floods The Coromandel Coast is highly vulnerable to storms, depression, tsunami’s and floods. Chennai is an area where an enormous watershed finally drains into the sea through its rivers and canals. From a global perspective, extreme weather events are increasing due to global warming. This is because a warmer climate can hold more moisture in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to heavier rainfall when it does occur. What is El Nino? The El Niño is a weather phenomenon resulting in warmer than expected ocean temperatures in the central and eastern parts of the tropical belt of the Pacific Ocean. From an Indian context, it is important to note that in an El Nino year, the South west monsoon will have deficit rains and North East monsoon will see excess rainfall. Note: The issue concerning the Chennai Floods can be asked under GS Paper 3 under the section Disaster Management. For example, questions surrounding the mandates of NDRF can be asked. This topic can also be featured in the examination under the Governance section of GS paper 2, where topics such as National Urban Policy can be asked. Topic: Security Subject: GS Paper III 13. Rafale Deal The Rafale is a twin-engine Medium Multi-Role Combat Aircraft (MMRCA).

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These fighter jets are being positioned as ‘omnirole’ aircrafts that capable of performing a wide-range of combat roles such as- air supremacy, interdiction, aerial reconnaissance, ground support, in-depth strike, anti-ship strike and nuclear deterrence. Rafale jets are currently being used mostly by France and also by Egypt and Qatar. Procurement of combat aircraft is long overdue for the Indian Air Force. Note: The Rafale Deal can be asked in the larger context of the Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP) which in turn, dovetails into the ‘Make in India’ initiative in the defence sector. Source: The Hindu Topic: Regional Groupings Subject: GS Paper II 14. ASEAN What is it? Association of South East Asian Nations Member Countries Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Lao PDR, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam ASEAN-INDIA

- The ASEAN-India Partnership for Peace, Progress and Shared Prosperity, which sets out the roadmap for long-term ASEAN-India engagement, was signed at the 3rd ASEAN-India Summit in 2004 in Vientiane

- The main forum for ASEAN security dialogue is the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF). India has been attending annual meetings of this forum since 1996 and has actively participated in its various activities

- India-ASEAN trade and investment relations have been growing steadily, with ASEAN being India's fourth largest trading partner

- The ASEAN-India Free Trade Area has been completed with the entering into force of the ASEAN-India Agreements on Trade in Service and Investments on 1 July 2015

- ASEAN-India connectivity is a matter of strategic priority for India as also the ASEAN countries

- India has been cooperating with ASEAN by way of implementation of various projects in the fields of Agriculture, Science & Technology, Space, Environment & Climate Change, Human Resource Development, Capacity Building, New and Renewable Energy, Tourism, People-to-People contacts and Connectivity (Source: MEA)

Topic: Security Subject: GS Paper III

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15. Defence Procurement Procedure The objective of Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP)-2013 is to ensure expeditious procurement of the approved requirements of the Armed Forces in terms of capabilities sought and time frame prescribed by optimally utilising the allocated budgetary resources. The Government appointed a Committee of Experts on 1.5.2015 for amendment to DPP-2013 including formulation of policy framework to facilitate “Make in India” in Defence Manufacturing. As part of the implementation of the report of the Group of Ministers on reforming the National Security System, new Defence Procurement Management Structures and Systems were set up in the Ministry of Defence. DPP provides for direct dealing with the Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) or Authorised Vendors or Government Sponsored Export Agencies. (Source: PIB) Topic: Environmental Pollution Subject: GS Paper III 16. BS VI Norms Bharat Stage emission standards for regulating air pollutants from internal combustion engine equipment, including motor vehicles. Rolling out the BS VI standard nationally, skipping BS V, has significant cost implications for fuel producers and the automobile industry, but its positive impact on public health would more than compensate for the investment. Past national policy of implementation of the BS IV fuel standard failed primarily because this was not done all over the country and the technical standard also permitted a higher level of sulphur in the fuel. Note: Read about air pollution, pollutants and its effects preferably from the Science and Geography NCERTs

Yojana – Transport:

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• Urban transport, Sagarmala, Green highways, Swachh rail + rail safety, rural roads, National waterways, etc.

Topic: Infrastructure (Yojana) Subject: GS Paper III 17. National Waterways and List of National Waterways India has one of the longest navigable inland water networks. There are over 14000 kms length of navigable river. Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) was set up in 1986 for regulation of shipping and navigation. It is primarily responsible for development, maintenance, and regulation of national waterways. The Waterways that are declared as national waterways are: NW1: Allahabad to Haldia with an distance of 1620 km. The NW 1 runs through the Ganges, Bhagirathi and Hooghly river system. NW2: National Waterway 2 stretches on Brahmaputra river from Sadiya to Dhubri in Assam state. The total length is 891 km. NW3: National Waterway 3 is also known as the West Coast Canal. It runs from Kollam to Kottapuram. It is a 205 km long canal. NW4: National Waterway 4 connects Kakinada to Pondicherry. It has a total length of 1995 km. NW5: National Waterway 5 connects Orissa to West Bengal using the stretch on Brahmani River, East Coast Canal, Matai river and Mahanadi River Delta. It is a 623 km long canal system. Source: India Year Book Topic: Infrastructure Subject: GS Paper III 18. Sagarmala Project The prime objective of the Sagarmala project is to promote : a. port-led direct and indirect development b. to provide infrastructure to transport goods to and from ports quickly, efficiently and cost-effectively c. simplifying procedures used at ports for cargo movement d. promotes usage of electronic channels for information exchange Therefore, the Sagarmala Project aims to develop access to new development regions, enhanced connectivity with main economic centres and beyond through expansion of rail, inland water, coastal and road services. A National Perspective Plan (NPP) for the entire coastline will identify potential geographical regions to be called Coastal Economic Zones (CEZs). The Sagarmala initiative would also strive to ensure sustainable development of the population living in the Coastal Economic Zone (CEZ). It should provide a platform to work under the established principles of “cooperative federalism”, in order to achieve the objectives of the Sagarmala Project and ensure port-led development.

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Amongst Indian States, Gujarat has been a pioneer in adopting the strategy of port-led development, with significant results. An illustrative list of the kind of development projects that could be undertaken in Sagarmala initiative are (i) Port-led industrialization (ii) Port based urbanization (iii) Port based and coastal tourism and recreational activities (iv) Short-sea shipping coastal shipping and Inland Waterways Transportation (v) Ship building, ship repair and ship recycling (vi) Logistics parks, warehousing, maritime zones/services (vii) Integration with hinterland hubs (viii) Offshore storage, drilling platforms (ix) Specialization of ports in certain economic activities such as energy, containers, chemicals, coal, agro products, etc. (x) Offshore Renewable Energy Projects with base ports for installations (xi) Modernizing the existing ports and development of new ports (Source: PIB) Topic: Infrastructure Subject: GS Paper III 19. Rural Roads · Rural roads are recognized as an infrastructure that provide access to social and economic services. · They are an entry point for poverty alleviation and act as facilitators to create agricultural surplus, improve basic health, provide access to schools and employment opportunities. Allied agricultural activities such as animal husbandry, dairy development and fisheries, etc. are closely linked to availability of rural road network. Therefore, rural roads need to remain as we build them. · For building rural roads, the implementation of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) launched since December 2000 has revolutionised the system of planning of road network for each District in due consultation with the Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs), Members of Legislative Assemby (MLAs) and Members of Parliament (MPs) and creating well engineered assets. Salient Features of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) was launched on 25 December 2000, as a 100% Centrally funded Scheme.

● The Programme aims at connecting every habitation that has a population of more than 1000 in the first phase and every habitation with a population of more than 500 in the second phase.

● In respect of the Hill States (including the North East), Desert Areas and Tribal Areas, the objective is to connect habitations with a population of 250 persons and above.

● All districts have prepared District Rural Roads Plan and Core Network of roads.

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● About 1,70,000 habitations have been identified for coverage. The connectivity is to be provided through good All-weather roads, complete with cross drainage, covering length of about 3,70,000 Km. presently estimated to cost about Rs 76,000 crores.

● In addition, upgradation of ‘Through Routes of the Core Network’ will be done wherever required, to ensure full farm-to-market connectivity.

● Elected representatives from Panchayat to Parliament are associated with the approval of the Core Network and selection of road works. Clear guidelines have been laid down for prioritizing the road works in every district, with first priority to habitations of 1000 or more population.

● Quality of PMGSY roads is governed by specifications laid down by the Indian Roads Congress in the 'Specifications for Rural Roads' and the 'Rural Roads Manual'.

● Quality Assurance is through a three-tier mechanism:- ○ Contractors are to maintain field level laboratories for testing at every step of the

work. State Quality Coordinators, at the second tier, will enforce quality control. ○ Independent National Quality Monitors inspect the roads for quality audit.

Source: Website of Ministry of Rural Development, Govt. of India Topic: Infrastructure Subject: GS Paper III 20. Green highways For Highway projects to be environmentally sustainable, it is necessary that the natural resources lost in the process of Highway construction are restored in one way or the other. This requires that ecological needs are taken into consideration from the stage of project planning and designing to its execution. The Highways developed as green corridors not only sustain biodiversity and regenerate natural habitat but also benefit all stakeholders, from road users to local communities and spur eco-friendly economic growth and development. The Government of India has given a deep thought to this aspect and the Ministry of Road Transport & Highways has framed Green Highways (Plantation, Transplantation, Beautification & Maintenance) Policy-2015. The vision is to develop eco-friendly National Highways with participation of the community, farmers, NGOs,private sector, institutions, government agencies and the Forest Department. Objectives · To reduce the impacts of air pollution and dust as trees and shrubs along the Highways act as natural sink for air pollutants and arrest soil erosion at the embankment slopes. · Plants along highway median strips and along the edges reduce the glare of oncoming vehicles which sometimes become cause of accidents. · The community involvement in tree plantation directly benefits local people by generating employment.

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· The Panchayats, NGOs and other Self Help Groups (SHGs) will be involved in the process of planting and maintenance. The plant species selected will be region specific depending on local conditions such as rainfall, climate type of soil etc. For example at some places soil conditions may suit for plantation of Jamun or mango trees while at other places plants and grasses can be grown to derive biomass. The policy when implemented in letter and spirit will result into India being a “Nation with Natural Highways”. It will address the issues that lie in the “road of development” and pave “a journey towards sustainable development”. It is the onus of the communities involved in the path of development that they also participate in the process of protection of nature. The Government can frame policies, provide standards, but success of projects depends on strong monitoring which is not possible without active community participation and community ownership. Source: Press Information Bureau Topic: Infrastructure Subject: GS Paper III 21. Swachh rail and rail safety Swachh rail · As a part of ‘SWACHCHH BHARAT ABHIYAAN’, the cleanliness activities monitored through the CCTV cameras. · Under the “Swachh Rail Swachh Bharat Mission”, regular events on cleanliness are planned to be organized Railways at all railway premises. The focus of Indian Railways is to ensure clean and hygienic toilets, maintenance of cleanliness at stations, trains etc., tree plantation, and removal of encroachments, improving drainage, public awareness campaign and periodic monitoring of the mission. ” · Usage of green toilet system and technology. These toilets are odourless and hygienic bio toilets. Unlike traditional toilets which discharge waste on the railway tracks the new toilet treat the waste in a tank below the coaches. Bacteria in the tank convert the waste into harmless gas and water. The left over in the tank is free from harmful germs. Safety · Working towards ‘Zero Accident’ Mission.

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· Train Protection Warning System (TPWS): TPWS is a safety Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system conforming to European Train Control System (ETCS) Level-1. · Train Collision Avoidance System (TCAS): To overcome shortcomings of ACD system due to its dependence on GPS and for large scale deployment on Indian Railways, a cost effective indigenous safety system – Train Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) is being developed indigenously by RDSO in association with Indian Vendors. This system is aimed at providing dual capability of preventing train accidents caused due to Signal Passing at Danger (SPAD) or non observance of speed restrictions by train drivers as well as preventing train collisions caused due to non-observance of rules in case of manual operations. · Provision of Integrated Security System (ISS)

ISS at 5 stations namely Trivandrum, Mangalore & Ernakulum (SR), Triputi (SCR), Thane (CR) has been commissioned. Source: PIB Topic: Infrastructure Subject: GS Paper III

22. Urban Transport For urban areas to be able to support the required level of economic activity, they must provide for the easy and sustainable flow of goods and people. Government Initiatives · The Government has formulated a National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP) in April, 2006 which envisages safe, affordable, quick, comfortable, reliable and sustainable urban transport systems, establishment of quality focused multi-modal public transport systems that are well integrated, providing seamless travel across modes, land use transport integration, introducing intelligent transport systems for traffic management etc. The implementation of the policy is an ongoing process.

Sustainable Urban Transport Project (SUTP)

· Achieving sustainable urban transport has become a primary objective with the adoption of National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP) by the Government of India (GoI). SUTP consists of capacity building programmes and city demonstration projects, which aim to induce a major change in urban transport in India. AMRUT Stands for Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation

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· AMRUT adopts a project approach to ensure basic infrastructure services relating to water supply, sewerage, septage management, storm water drains, transport and development of green spaces and parks with special provision for meeting the needs of children. · Implementation of this Mission will be linked to promotion of urban reforms such as e-governance, constitution of professional municipal cadre, devolving funds and functions to urban local bodies, review of Building bye-laws, improvement in assessment and collection of municipal taxes, credit rating of urban local bodies, energy and water audit and citizen-centric urban planning. Smart Cities · Smart City Action Plans will be implemented by Special Purpose Vehicles(SPV) to be created for each city and state governments will ensure steady stream of resources for SPVs. · Smart City Mission focusses on area development through retrofitting, redevelopment and green field development or a combination of these with Pan-city Solutions as a mandatory component. Topic: International Relations Subject: GS Paper II Path-breaking, Proactive, Pragmatic – these three P’s encapsulate the diplomatic initiatives and outreach of the Government of India - Source: PIB 23. India-Central Asia Introduction:

● Central Asia refers to a group of 5 nations namely

a. Kazakhstan b. Kyrgyzstan c. Uzbekistan d. Turkmenistan e. Tajikistan

● Geographical Stretch

From the Caspian Sea to the China border and between Afghanistan and Russia

● Importance

a. Geostrategic location b. Mineral rich specially hydrocarbon c. In the middle of three civilizations - Islamic, Buddhist and Christian

● History

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a. Has been an invader into India b. Bridge for the silk route

● Current Status

a. Connect Central Asia Policy

The purpose of this policy is to fast-track India’s relations with the Central Asian Republics

b. Defence agreement with Kazakhstan ● Potential Industries for cooperation

a. Hydropower b. Entertainment c. Agriculture d. Food Processing e. Medical Tourism

Topic: Education Subject: GS Paper II 24. Imprint India

● Ministry involved Human Resource Development

● Objective (a) Developing new engineering education policy (b) Creating a road map to pursue engineering challenges Topic: Technology Subject: GS Paper III 25. Mission Aditya What is it? A Satellite placed in the halo orbit around the Lagrangian point 1 (L1) of the Sun-Earth system The Aditya-1 mission has now been revised to “Aditya-L1 mission” and will be inserted in a halo orbit around the L1, which is 1.5 million km from the Earth

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Objective?

a. Aditya-1 was meant to observe only the solar corona b. Aditya-L1 with additional experiments can now provide observations of Sun's photosphere

(soft and hard X-ray), Chromosphere (UV) and corona Thus the enhanced Aditya-L1 project will enable a comprehensive understanding of the dynamical processes of the sun and address some of the outstanding problems in solar physics What is Corona? The outer layers of the Sun, extending to thousands of km above the photosphere is termed as the corona Topic: Infrastructure Subject: GS Paper III 26. DELP What is it? Scheme of the government of India - Domestic Efficient Lighting Programme Ministry? Power Objective? Energy conservation through reduced energy consumption Topic: Society Subject: GS Paper I 27. Streedhan Meaning Stree - Woman Dhan - Property

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It is the right of the woman over assets within a marriage household according to Hindu Marriage Act. The Supreme Court recently ruled that a woman can always seek her 'stridhan' back from her husband and his family members even if the marriage has not been dissolved by a judicial decree of divorce. Topic: Protection and betterment of vulnerable sections Subject: GS Paper II 28. Transgender Who is a transgender? Transgender people encompass those people whose identity and behaviour do not adhere to the stereotypical gender norms. They may be gay, transsexual, transvestite, or gender queer. Why is it in news? Kerala government has come out with a Transgender Policy, a first of its kind, to end the societal stigma towards the sexual minority group and ensure them non-discriminatory treatment. Topic: Internal Security Subject: GS Paper III 29. AFSPA What is it? This Ordinance of 1958 gave the armed forces certain special powers in the ‘disturbed areas’ of Manipur and Assam AFSPA is applicable to the seven states of the North-East, i.e. Assam, Manipur, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Tripura along with Jammu and Kashmir It empowers the governor or the Central government to declare any part of the state as a ‘disturbed area’ Why is it in news? The Meghalaya High Court has asked the Centre to consider enforcing Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 (AFSPA) in militancy-hit Garo Hills region in the state to help the administration restore the rule of law

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Topic: Infrastructure Subject: GS Paper III 30. UDAY What is it? Ujjwal Discom Assurance Yojana Objective? UDAY provides for the financial turnaround and revival of Power Distribution companies (DISCOMs) Ministry? Power Topic: Cyber Security Subject: GS Paper III 31. Ground Zero Summit What is it? An information Security Conference Objective? Deliberate upon various issues related to cyber security challenges emerging due to the latest technological developments Theme of the summit ‘Digital India - Securing Digital India’ Topic: Polity Subject: GS Paper II 32. Constitution Day It was celebrated for the first time on 26th November 2015

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26th November was the day when our constitution was adopted by the constituent assembly in 1949. Topic: International Relations Subject: GS Paper II 33. INDRA 2015 What is it? It is a joint naval exercise with Russia. The sailors will practise antisubmarine operations and a live-fire exercise involving surface and aerial targets in the Bay of Bengal. Launched in 2003, these naval exercises have grown into full-scale maneuvers with bigger capacity, complexity of operations and the level of participation. Indo - Russia relations Political

- 15th annual summit meeting happened on 14th december, 2014 - Both the countries adopted a Joint Statement “'Druzhba-Dosti: A Vision for strengthening

the Indian-Russian Partnership over the next decade.” - Both are member of BRICS

Defence

- Joint development of the BrahMos Missile System - Licensed production in India of SU-30 aircraft and T-90 tanks - The two countries also hold exchanges and training exercises between their armed forces

annually - An Indian contingent participated in the military parade in Moscow on 9 May 2015 during

the 70th anniversary of the victory in the World War II Economy

- Major items of export from India include pharmaceuticals, miscellaneous manufactures, iron & steel, apparels, tea, coffee and tobacco

- Major items of import from Russia include defence and nuclear power equipment, fertilizers, electrical machinery, steels and diamonds

- Hydrocarbons is an active area for exploring cooperation between the two countries. In May 2014, ONGC and Rosneft signed an MoU for bilateral cooperation in subsurface surveys, exploration, appraisal and hydrocarbons production in the offshore Arctic region of Russia

Nuclear

- Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant (KKNPP) is being built in India with Russian cooperation Space Cooperation

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- This year marks the 40th anniversary of the launch of India’s first satellite “Aryabhatt” on a Russian (then USSR) launch vehicle ‘Soyuz

Culture

- The President of India inaugurated the Year of Indian Culture ‘Namaste Russia’ in Moscow on 10 May 2015

- On 21 June 2015, the first International Day of Yoga (IDY) was organized across Russia covering more than 60 regions with over 250 events and involving about 45000 Yoga enthusiasts

(Source: MEA) Topic: Technology Subject: GS Paper III 34. Digi Locker What is it?

- It is an online document storage facility and is an initiative by the government of India under Digital India

Objectives

- Digital empowerment of citizens - Minimize the use of physical documents - Eliminate usage of fake documents - Easy access to government issued documents by the citizens - Ensure privacy of the citizen’s documents

Ministry responsible Communications & IT Topic: Important International Institutions Subject: GS Paper II 35. BIS What is it? Bank for International Settlements. It was established in 1930. It is the world's oldest international financial organisation. The BIS has 60 member central banks, representing countries from around the world that together make up about 95% of world GDP

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Objective To serve central banks in their pursuit of monetary and financial stability, to foster international cooperation in those areas and to act as a bank for central banks Why is it in news? Recently, Reserve Bank of India Governor Raghuram Rajan, was appointed as vice chairman of the Bank for International Settlements Topic: Environment Subject: GS Paper III 36. Doyang Lake Where is it? Nagaland Why is it famous? It is an eco tourism area having the world's longest travelling raptors Amur falcons According to environment ministry, Naga tribesmen used to hunt these raptors in large numbers for meat. Following a vigorous campaign by wildlife activists, they cooperated and protected the bird. As a result not a single bird has been hunted in the area. Topic: Social Justice Subject: GS Paper II 37. Enable Makeathon What is it? This is a programme designed to work ‘with’ persons with disabilities. This programme is initiated by the ICRC (International Committee of Red Cross) Why is it in news? The Enable Makeathon is a 60-day programme taking place between November 2015 and January 2016, with a series of events in Bengaluru, India. Teams will work towards finding innovative solutions to nine challenges that would ultimately result in one or all of the following desired results: ● Improving individual autonomy of persons with physical disabilities

● Improving the access to and quality of physical rehabilitation services

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● Adapting and using new technologies in a more effective manner

Ministry involved - Social Justice Topic: Regional Groupings Subject: GS Paper II 38. IBSA What is it? Tripartite grouping between India - Brazil - South Africa Objective South-South Cooperation for sustainable development Why is it in news? The 7th IBSA summit was held in New Delhi in 2015 Topic: Disaster Management Subject: GS Paper III 39. South Asian Disaster Management Exercise The Government of India has taken the initiative to organize the first "South Asian Annual Disaster Management Exercise" (SAADMEx-2015) to provide a platform for strengthening Regional Disaster Response Mechanism amongst the SAARC countries. The main focus of SAADMEx-2015 is to test coordination efforts, create synergy and synchronize efforts to institutionalize Regional Cooperation on Disaster Response among the member countries participation of delegations and rescuers from each of the eight SAARC Nations, - Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The Exercise will be conducted by the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) in Delhi - National Capital Region. The aim of the Regional workshop is to provide a platform to member countries for sharing best practices in the field of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR), experience sharing on Nepal Earthquake of April, 2015 as well as deliberating upon the outcomes of the SAADMEx (Source:PIB) Topic: Global Groupings Subject: GS Paper II 40. International Maritime Council (PIB)

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It is an organisation that decides factors related to global shipping industry. India became a part of it in 1959. Along with India, it has 39 other member countries. India has been re-elected in the 29th session in 2015

Topic: Social Justice Subject: GS Paper II 41. Drug Pricing Policy What is it? It is the Drug Pricing Policy of 1986 was designed with the objective of achieving ‘Health for All by the Year 2000 A.D’ Good to know about Hathi Committee

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The Report of the Hathi Committee (1975) is an important landmark in the development of the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry. The Hathi Committee emphasized the achievement of self-sufficiency in medicines and of abundant availability at reasonable prices of essential medicines What is new? The Government of India has set up a new committee to review the Drug Price Control Order, 2013. Why is such a committee formed?

a. Because the companies are making significant profits that go up to 100% b. The Supreme Court has asked the government to look into the matter c. Market based pricing is making the medicines costlier - this has been mentioned in the PIL

by an NGO that filed the case What are the objectives?

a. The availability and reasonable prices of the essential drugs to the citizens b. Strengthening quality control over the promotion and production of drugs c. Bring in new investment d. Improve indigenous capacity

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Topic: Global Groupings Subject: GS Paper II 42. G 20 What is it? It is a group of 19 countries + European Union Objective Global cooperation on international economic and financial issues Member Countries

a. South America: Argentina, Brazil, Mexico b. Australia c. North America: Canada, USA

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d. Asia: China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Korea e. Europe: France, Germany, Italy, Turkey, United Kingdom, European Union

Role of India

● India is a member of the G20 group ● India has been known for maintaining a global economic balance since 1991, i.e., post

liberalization ● Global crisis affects India’s growth prospects too ● India has voiced for the rebalancing of global governance

Topic: Global Groupings Subject: GS Paper II 43. APEC What is it? Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation established in 1989 Deals with?

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Trade and economic issues within members Is India a member? No. But it has a observer status Why should India look for membership?

a. If India becomes a member, it will complement India’s ‘Act East Policy’ b. It will bring further trade liberalisation for India c. It will help in fostering India’s annual growth

Topic: Economy Subject: GS Paper III 44. FDI What is it? Foreign Direct Investment by a non resident entity Why is it required? It is meant for a country to supplement domestic capital, technology and people skills which are essential to accelerate the country’s economic growth Ministry responsible? Commerce and Industry through the department of Policy and Promotion

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Routes for investment

a. Government Route: It is the approval by the government is required and are considered by the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB)

b. Automatic Route: Here, no approval by the government is required Sectors not open to the private sector

a. Atomic Energy b. Railway Operations c. Prohibited Sectors

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Topic: Technology Subject: GS Paper III 45. GSAT (PIB) What is it? It is an indigenously developed launch service technology of communication satellites What is new? GSAT 16 and 15 communication satellites GSAT 15

● It has been inducted into the INSAT system ● It will carry the GAGAN Payload ● It was launched from Kuorou, French Guiana ● It is developed by ISRO ● It will support Direct-to-Home, very small aperture terminal services, help in better traffic

management over the Indian Air Space through GAGAN GSAT 16

● It has been inducted into the INSAT system ● It was launched from Kuorou, French Guiana ● It is developed by ISRO ● It will support satellite based telecommunication, television, VSAT

Uses of Satellite Communication

● Telecommunication ● Tele-Medicine ● Tele-Education ● Radio Networking ● Television ● Disaster Management

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Topic: Role of State and Non State actors Subject: GS Paper III 46. ISIS Which are the war affected areas?

● Iraq ● Syria

What are India’s concerns?

● Presence of ISIS in the neighbouring South Asian nations ● ISIS influence is increasing in Bangladesh with which India shares a porous border ● India has already been the target of various terror groups for nearly 30 years now ● India ranks 6th out of the 162 nations that were the most affected by terrorism in 2014 as

per the Global Terrorism Index Anti-Terrorism Laws in India

● Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act,1967 ● National Security Act, 1980

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International Cooperation

● UN Security Council plays a crucial role ● UN General Assembly has designed Global Counter Terrorism Strategy ● Formation of Terrorism Prevention fund ● Assistance by INTERPOL

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47. Science Reporter: GMOs

http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/33131/1/SR%2052%2811%29%2014-17.pdf

http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/33133/1/SR%2052%2811%29%2022-

25.pdf

A genetically modified organism, or GMO, is an organism that has had its DNA altered or

modified in some way through genetic engineering. In most cases, GMOs have been

altered with DNA from another organism, be it a bacterium, plant, virus or animal; these

organisms are sometimes referred to as "transgenic" organisms.

Example of GMO’s:

Corn used for food has been genetically modified to tolerate various herbicides and to

express a protein from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that kills certain insects. About 90% of

the corn grown in the US has been genetically modified.

Topic: Welfare Schemes Subject: GS Paper III 48. National Food Security Act, 2013 Objective

● To Provide food with nutritional security at affordable prices allowing a life of dignity to the people

Ministry Consumer Affairs, Food and Public distribution Coverage 75% of the rural and 50% of the urban population is covered Mode of Operation

● It will be ensured through the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS)

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● 5 Kgs of foodgrains will be provided at subsidized prices such as rice @ Rs. 3, wheat @ Rs.4, Coarse Grain@ Re. 1

● The households under the Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) households will continue to receive 35 Kgs of foodgrains per household per month

Role of States To constitute a state food commission for reviews and monitoring of the act Role of Panchayati Raj Institutions

● Identification of eligible households ● Conduct social audits for transparency and accountability ● Distribution of food grains