Revision Notes for Indian National Movement

7/21/2019 Revision Notes for Indian National Movement

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/revision-notes-for-indian-national-movement 1/25

Revision notes for Indian National Movement

The Indian National Congress:

• Formed in 1885 by A.O.Hume, an Englishman and a retired civil servant.

• First session in Bombay under .!.Baner"ee in 1885 #$% delegates attended it&.

• 'n the (irst t)o decades #1885 * 1+5&, -uite moderate in its aroach and con(ided in British "ustice

and generosity.

• But the reressive measures o( the British gave rise to e/tremists )ithin !ongress li0e Biin !handra

al, Bal 2angadhar 3ila0 and 4ala 4a"at ai #4al, Bal, al&.

Partition of Bengal:• By 4ord !ur6on on Oct 17, 1+5, through a royal roclamation, reducing the old rovince o( Bengal

in si6e by creating East Bengal and Assam out o( rest o( Bengal.

• 3he ob"ective )as to set u a communal gul( bet)een Hindus and uslims.

• A mighty usurge s)et the country against the artition. 9ational movement (ound real e/ression

in the movement against the artition o( Bengal in 1+5.

Swadeshi Movement (1905:

• 4al, Bal, al, and Aurobindo 2hosh layed the imortant role.

• '9! too0 the :)adeshi call (irst at the Banaras :ession, 1+5 resided over by 2.;.2o0hale.

• Bon(ires o( (oreign goods )ere conducted at various laces.

!ormation of M"slim #eag"e (190$:

• :etu in 1+7 under the leadershi o( Aga ;han, 9a)ab :alimullah o( <ha0a and 9a)ab ohsin=ul=

ul0.

• 't )as a loyalist, communal and conservative olitical organi6ation )hich suorted the artition o(

Bengal, oosed the :)adeshi movement, demanded secial sa(eguards to its community and a

searate electorate (or uslims.

%emand for Swara&:

• 'n <ec 1+7 at !alcutta, the '9! under <adabhai 9aoro"i adoted >:)ara"? #:el(=govt& as the goal o(



'ndian eole.

S"rat Session of Indian National Congress (190':

) The INC s*lit into two gro"*s + The e,tremists and The moderates- at the S"ratsession in 190'. /,tremists were led Bal- Pal- #al while the moderates

2.3.2o4hale.

Indian Co"nils 6t or Minto Morle 7eforms (1909:

) Besides other onstit"tional meas"res- it envisaged a se*arate eletorate for

M"slims.

) 6imed at dividing the nationalist ran4s and at ralling the Moderates and the

M"slims to the 2overnment8s side.

2hadar Part (191:

) !ormed #ala ardaal- Tara4nath %as and Sohan Singh Bha4na.

) ; was at San !raniso.

ome 7"le Movement (191$:

) Started B.2.Tila4(6*ril- 191$ at Poona and 6nnie Besant and S.S"ramania Ier

at 6dar- near Madras (Se*t- 191$.

) <&etive: Self + government for India in the British /m*ire.

) Tila4 lin4ed "* the ="estion of Swara& with the demand for the formation

of #ing"isti States and ed"ation in verna"lar lang"age. e gave the slogan:

Swara& is m irth right and I will have it.

#"4now Pat (191$:

) a**ened following a war etween Britain and T"r4e leading to anti>British

feelings among M"slims.

) Both INC and M"slim #eag"e onl"ded this (Congress ae*ted the se*arate

eletorates and oth &ointl demanded for a re*resentative government and dominion

stat"s for the o"ntr.



6"g"st %elaration (191':

) 6fter the #"4now Pat- a British *oli was anno"ned whih aimed at ?inreasing

assoiation of Indians in ever ranh of the administration for *rogressive

reali@ation of res*onsile government in India as an integral *art of the Britishem*ireA. This ame to e alled the 6"g"st %elaration.

7owlatt 6t (Marh 1- 1919:

) This gave "nridled *owers to the govt. to arrest and im*rison s"s*ets witho"t trial

for two ears ma,im"m. This law enaled the 2overnment to s"s*end the right of

aeas Cor*"s- whih had een the fo"ndation of ivil lierties in Britain.

) Ca"sed a wave of anger in all setions. It was the first o"ntr>wide agitation

2andhi&i and mar4ed the fo"ndation of the Non Coo*eration Movement.

allianwala Bagh Massare (6*ril 1- 1919:

) Peo*le were agitated over the arrest of %r. 3ithl" and %r. Sata*al on 6*ril 10-

1919.

) 2eneral <8 %er fires at *eo*le who assemled in the allianwala Bagh- 6mritsar.

) 6s a res"lt h"ndreds of men- women and hildren were 4illed and tho"sands in&"red.

) 7aindranath Tagore ret"rned his 3nighthood in *rotest. Sir Shan4aran Nair

resigned from Diero8s /,e"tive Co"nil after this.

) "nter Commission was a**ointed to en="ire into it.

) <n Marh 1- 19E0- Sardar Fdham Singh 4illed <8%er when the later was

addressing a meeting in Ca,ton all- #ondon.

3hilafat Movement (19G0:

) M"slims were agitated the treatment done with T"r4e the British in the

treat that followed the !irst Horld Har.

) Two rothers- Mohd.6li and Sha"4at 6li started this movement.

Non>oo*eration Movement (19G0:



) It was the first mass>ased *olitial movement "nder 2andhi&i.

) Congress *assed the resol"tion in its Cal"tta session in Se*t 19G0.

Cha"ri +Cha"ra Inident (19GG:

) 6 mo of *eo*le at Cha"ri + Cha"ra (near 2ora4h*"r lashed with *olie and "rnt

GG *oliemen on !er"ar 5- 19GG.

) This om*elled 2andhi&i to withdraw the Non Coo*eration movement on !e.1G-

19GG.

Simon Commission (19G':

) Constit"ted "nder ohn Simon- to review the *olitial sit"ation in India and to

introd"e f"rther reforms and e,tension of *arliamentar demora.

) Indian leaders o**osed the ommission- as there were no Indians in it.

) The 2overnment "sed r"tal re*ression and *olie atta4s to rea4 the *o*"lar

o**osition. 6t #ahore- #ala #a&*at 7ai was severel eaten in a lathi>harge. e

s""med to his in&"ries on <t.0- 19G.

#ahore Session (19G9:

) <n %e.19- 19G9 "nder the President shi* of .#.Nehr"- the INC- at its #ahore Session-

delared Poorna Swara& (Com*lete inde*endene as its "ltimate goal.

) <n %e.1- 19G9- the newl ado*ted tri>olo"r flag was "nf"rled and an.G$- 190 was

fi,ed as the !irst Inde*endene %a- was to e elerated ever ear.

7evol"tionar 6tivities:

) The first *olitial m"rder of a /"ro*ean was ommitted in 19' at Poona the

Cha*e4ar rothers- %amodar and Bal4ishan. Their target was Mr.7and- President of

the Plag"e Commission- "t #t.6erst was aidentall shot.

) In 190'- Madam Bhi4ai&i Cama- a Parsi revol"tionar "nf"rled the flag of India at

St"ttgart Congress (of Seond international.

) In 190- 3h"diram Bose and Praf"lla ha4i threw a om on the arriage of

4ingford- the "n*o*"lar &"dge of M"@affa*"r. 3h"diram- 3anhaialal %"tt and

Satendranath Bose were hanged. (6li*"r Case.

) In 1909- M # %hingra shot dead Col.Hilliam C"r@on Hhllie- the *olitial advisor of?India <ffieA in #ondon.



) In 191G- 7asihari Bose and Sahindra Nath Sanal threw a om and #ord

ardinge at %elhi. (%elhi Cons*ira Case.

) In <t- 19GE- a meeting of revol"tionaries from all *arts of India was alled at

3an*"r. The set"* ind"stan Soialist 7e*"li 6ssoiation6rm (S76.) The arried o"t a daoit on the 3a4ori o"nd train on the Saharan*"r>#"4now

railwa line on 6"g. 9- 19G5.

) Bhagat Singh- with his olleag"es- shot dead Sa"nders (6sst. S.P. of #ahore- who

ordered lathi harge on #ala #a&*at 7ai on %e.1'- 19G.

) Then Bhagat Singh and Bat"4eshwar %"tt threw a om in the Central 6sseml on

6*r - 19G9. Th"s- he- 7a&g"r" and S"4hdev were hanged on Marh. G-191 at #ahore

all (#ahore Cons*ira Case and their odies remated at "ssainiwala near

!ero@e*"r.

) In 19G9 onl atin %as died in #ahore &ail after $ das fast to *rotest against

horrile onditions in &ail.

) S"ra Sen- a revol"tionar of Bengal- formed the Indian 7e*"li 6rm in Bengal.

In 190- he masterminded the raid on Chittagong armo"r. e was hanged in 19.

) In 191- Chandrashe4har 6@ad shot himself at 6lfred Par4 in 6llahaad.

%andi Marh (190:

) 6lso alled the Salt Satagraha.

) 6long with ' followers- 2andhi&i started his marh from Saarmati 6shram on

Marh 1G- 190 for the small village %andhi to rea4 the salt law.

) e reahed the seashore on 6*r.$- 190.

) e *i4ed a handf"l of salt and ina"g"rated the Civil %isoediene Movement.

!irst 7o"nd Tale onferene (190:

) It was the first onferene arranged etween the British and Indians as e="als. It

was held on Nov.1G- 190 in #ondon to dis"ss Simon ommission.

) Bootted INC- M"slim #eag"e- ind" Mahasaha- #ierals and some others

were there.

2andhi Irwin Pat (191:

) Moderate Statesman- Sa*r"- ai4ar and Srinivas Shastri initiated efforts to rea4

the ie etween 2andhi&i and the government.

) The two (government re*resented Irwin and INC 2andhi&i signed a *at on



Marh 5- 191.

) In this the INC alled off the ivil disoediene movement and agreed to &oin the

seond ro"nd tale onferene.

) The government on its *art released the *olitial *risoners and oneded the right toma4e salt for ons"m*tion for villages along the oast.

Seond 7o"nd Tale Conferene (191:

) 2andhi&i re*resented the INC and went to #ondon to meet British P.M. 7amsa

Madonald.

) owever- the session was soon deadlo4ed on the minorities iss"e and this time

se*arate eletorates was demanded not onl M"slims "t also %e*ressed

Classes- Indian Christians and 6nglo + Indians.

The Comm"nal 6ward (6"g 1$-19G:

) 6nno"ned 7amsa M%onald. It showed divide and r"le *oli of the British.

) /nvisaged re*resentation of M"slims- Si4hs- Indian Christians- 6nglo Indians-

women and even Ba4ward lasses.

) 2andhi&i- who was in Jeravada &ail at that time- started a fast "nto death against it.

Poona Pat (Se*temer G5- 19G:

) 6fter the anno"nement of omm"nal award and s"se="ent fast of 2andhi&i- mass

meeting too4 *lae almost everwhere.

) Politial leaders li4e Madan Mohan Malvia- B.7.6med4ar and M.C.7a&ah eame

ative.

) /vent"all Poona *at was reahed and 2andhi&i ro4e his fat on the si,th da

(Se*t G5- 19G.

) In this- the idea of se*arate eletorate for the de*ressed lasses was aandoned- "t

seats reserved to them in the *rovinial legislat"re were inreased.

Third 7o"nd Tale Conferene (19G:

) Proved fr"itless as most of the national leaders were in *rison. The dis"ssions led to

the *assing of the 2overnment of India 6t- 195.

%emand !or Pa4istan:



) In 190- I=al s"ggested that the !rontier Provine- Bal"histan- Sindh and 3ashmir

e made the M"slim State within the federation.

) Cha"dhar 7ehmat 6li gave the term Pa4istan in 19G.

) Mohd. 6li innah of Boma gave it *ratialit.) M"slim #eag"e first *assed the *ro*osal of se*arate Pa4istan in its #ahore session

in 19E0.

The Cri**s Mission + 19EG:

) In %e. 19E1- a*an entered the Horld Har + II and advaned towards Indian

orders. B Marh '- 19EG- 7angoon fell and a*an o"*ied the entire S / 6sia.

) The British govt. with a view to getting o>o*eration from Indians sent Sir Stafford

Cri**s- leader of the o"se of Commons to settle terms with the Indian leaders.

) e offered a draft whih *ro*osed dominion stat"s to e granted after the war.

) 7e&eted the Congress as it didn8t want to rel "*on f"t"re *romises.

) 2andhi&i termed it as a *ost dated he="e in a rashing an4.

The 7evolt of 19EG K The ;"it India Movement:

) Called the Dardha Pro*osal and #eaderless 7evolt.

) The resol"tion was *assed on 6"g.- 19EG- at Boma. 2andhi&i gave the slogan L%o

or %ie8.

) <n 6"g 9- the Congress was anned and its im*ortant leaders were arrested.

) The arrests *rovo4ed indignation among the masses and- there eing no *rogram of

ation- the movement eame s*ontaneo"s and violent. Diolene s*read thro"gho"t

the o"ntr.

) The movement was however r"shed.

The Indian National 6rm:

!o"nded 7asehari Bose with Ca*tain Mohan Singh.

) S.C.Bose seretl esa*ed from India in an 19E1- and reahed Berlin. In "l 19E-

he &oined the IN6 at Singa*ore. There- 7asehari Bose handed over the leadershi* to

him.

) The soldiers were mostl raised from Indian soldiers of the British arm who had

een ta4en *risoners the a*anese after the on="ered S./.6sia.) Two IN6 head ="arters were 7angoon and Singa*ore (formed in Singa*ore.



) IN6 had three fighting rigades named after 2andhi&i- 6@ad and Nehr". 7ani hansi

Brigade was an e,l"sive women fore.

The Cainet Mission Plan (19E$:

) The str"ggle for freedom entered a deisive *hase in the ear 19E5>E$. The new #ao"r Part PM.#ord 6ttlee- made a delaration on Marh 15- 19E$- that British

Cainet Mission (om*rising of #ord Pethi4 #awrene as Chairman- Sir Stafford

Cri**s and 6.D.6le,ander will visit India.

) The mission held tal4s with the INC and M# to ring ao"t ae*tane of their

*ro*osals.

) <n Ma 1$- 19E$- the mission *"t towards its *ro*osals. It re&eted the demand for

se*arate Pa4istan and instead a federal "nion onsisting of British India and the

Prinel States was s"ggested.

) Both Congress and M"slims #eag"e ae*ted it.

!ormation of Interim 2overnment (Se*t G- 19E$:

) Based on Cainet Mission Plan- an interim government onsisting of Congress

nominees was formed on Se*t.G- 19E$. .#.Nehr" was its Die>President and the

2overnor>2eneral remained as its President.

innah8s %iret 6tion 7esol"tion (6"g 1$- 19E$:

) innah was alarmed at the res"lts of the eletions ea"se the M"slim #eag"e was in

danger of eing totall eli*sed in the onstit"ent asseml.

) Therefore- M"slim #eag"e withdrew its ae*tane of the Cainet Mission Plan on

"l G9- 19E$.

) It *assed a L%iret ation8 resol"tion- whih ondemned oth the British 2overnment

and the Congress (6"g 1$- 19E$. It res"lted in heav omm"nal riots.

) innah elerated Pa4istan %a on Mar G'- 19E'.

!ormation of Constit"ent 6sseml (%e 9- 19E$:

) The Constit"ent asseml met on %e 9- 19E$ and %r.7a&endra Prasad was eleted as

its *resident.

Mo"ntatten Plan ("ne - 19E':

) <n "ne - 19E'- #ord Mo"ntatten *"t forward his *lan whih o"tlined the ste*s for

the sol"tion of India8s *olitial *rolem. The o"tlines of the Plan were:) India to e divided into India and Pa4istan.



) Bengal and P"n&a will e *artitioned and a referend"m in N/!P and Slhet distrit

of 6ssam wo"ld e held.

) There wo"ld e a se*arate onstit"tional asseml for Pa4istan to frame its

onstit"tion.) The Prinel states wo"ld en&o the liert to &oin either India or Pa4istan or even

remain inde*endent.

) 6"g.15- 19E' was the date fi,ed for handing over *ower to India and Pa4istan.

) The British govt. *assed the Indian Inde*endene 6t of 19E' in "l 19E'- whih

ontained the ma&or *rovisions *"t forward the Mo"ntatten *lan.

Partition and Inde*endene (6"g 19E':

) 6ll *olitial *arties ae*ted the Mo"ntatten *lan.

) 6t the time of inde*endene- there were 5$G small and ig Prinel States in India.

) Sardar Dallah Bhai Patel- the first home minister- "sed iron hand in this regard. B

6"g"st 15- 19E'- all the States- with a few e,e*tions li4e 3ashmir- deraad and

"nagarh had signed the Instr"ment of 6ession. 2oa was with the Port"g"ese and

Pondiherr with the !renh.

Revision Notes for Indian National Movement

Documents

Transcript of Revision Notes for Indian National Movement