WHAT WE LEARN THIS SEMESTER

How is volcano formed? Turn page 8 and 9!

Volcano

What is civilization? Page 12-17!

Civilization

By Geoffrey Wu

Welcome to

humanity!!!

Let’s have fun!

History and Geography

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A primary source is information from the actual time, place or event. In addition to eyewitness accounts, routinely compiled records also count as primary sources. A secondary source is information that has been analyzed by someone, or rewritten, or evaluated, like information from a textbook or article

What is primary evidence and secondary evidence?

The difference between them is: A primary source is material produced by someone who was at the scene, event, or occurrence. These may be letters, drawings, paintings, objects, photos, or video. A secondary source is a later report or discussion or a textbook. Both primary and secondary sources can be altered to favor a certain point of view, so should be used with caution.

Different between them

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What is ‘Bias’?A view that is highly unbalanced and does not present both sides means that you prefer something from a certain point of view.

What is ‘reliability’ of source?The reliability is the most important factor to consider for any source, if the source of information is not reliability, maybe the information will be wrong. So the reliability of source is the source can trust or not.

What does the phrase “There are two sides to every story” mean?

“There are two sides to every story” means two people tell two different stories but the same event.

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Chronology is the study of exactly what things happened, when historians put events in chronology order they put them in the order that they happened.

What is chronology?

What does chronology order mean?Chronology order means the order in which they happened starting with the earliest event first.

Define:Century: One hundred years.Decade: Ten years.Period: Separate division of time.Millennium: One thousand years.

B.C.: Before ChristA.D.: Anno Domini, this is a Latin phrase meaning “In the year of our Lord.”Difference: One is before Christ; one is after Christ (Christ is year 0).

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What 4 categories can historical events be put in?

Political, Economic, Social, Technological.

Political: To do with war, power, goverent and right.

Economic: How people earn money and spend their money.

Social: People’s everyday life at work and at home.

Technological: To do with development in computer and machine.

How the earth been changed by human?1. Human build cities, when they build city need to cut

down trees and machines will make a lot of gas to pollute the earth.

2. The war can destroy the earth a lot too. When the war happened, the explodes and burns can destroy the plants and made a lot of dirty air can pollute the air.

3. The factories in the city will make many dirty airs too, and it can make plenty of dirty water to pollute the sea.

How the earth been changed?

How the earth been changed by natural?

1. The Global warming can change the earth, it can change the temperature of earth, make earth hotter, some plant need cool temperature will be dead and some animal need cold air maybe will be dead too. The Arctic will be melt, the animals live in the Arctic will dead.

2. The earthquake can change the earth, it can make the Continental plate move, or destroy the earth’s surface, like destroy the cities, the forest or the mountain.

3. The tsunami can change the earth too, it can make the cities been destroyed, and plants dead or flooding the woods.

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MAPDefine:Map key: Symbol on map to show where things are.Grid lines: They divide the map into square.Scale: The ratio of the distance on a map to the real distance.

Symbols may on the map:= Hospital

= Parking

= Rest room= Bus station= Airport

Two ways for measure distance:As the crow flies: As the crow flies means the straight-line distance between 2 places.

By road: This method takes into consideration the twists and tums of

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VolcanoWhat is volcano and how are they formed?

A volcano is a vent or 'chimney' that connects magma (molten rock) to the Earth's surface. It includes the surrounding cone of built-up material. Magma erupting from a volcano is called lava. Gases and pieces of rock erupt from volcanoes too.

Volcanoes are formed usually near plate boundaries, most commonly convergent/destructive plate boundaries. A volcano is formed when there are cracks in the plates. When a denser plate, such as the oceanic plate, sub ducts under another plate, either a continental or oceanic plate, the sub ducted plate will melt under extreme temperatures in the mantle. This will form cracks in the plates, which results in magma flowing out from the mantle through the cracks in the plate and out onto Earth's surface. The magma will then harden and form layers, slowly forming a volcano.

Define:Crater: A hollow around thee vent of a volcano.Vent: A hole through which lava erupts, on the volcano.Magma: Melted rock below the Earth's surface; when it reaches the surface it is called lava.Lava: Melted rock that erupts from a volcano.Earth’s crust: The Earth's crust is an extremely thin layer of rock, like the skin of an apple in relative terms.

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Four damages cause by volcanoPyroclastic Flow: A pyroclastic flow is from a volcano eruption, and can travel at 100km an hour, so that you can’t escape with out a car. It scorches and smothers every thing.Dust: The dust from an explosive eruption may rise high in the atmosphere and block out the sun, causing temperatures around the world to fall. Dust can also cause planes to fall.Ash: The ash from an explosive eruption gets everywhere, in your eyes, your hair, and your lungs. It can suffocate you. And a thick blanket of ash will ruin crops; a thick layer is heavy enough to make roofs collapse.Lava flow: Lava flow can destroy crops, and bury towns and villages. If you touch it you will die too, but it was really slow, you just need to run with the normal speed.

Parts of volcano:Crater: A hollow around thee vent of a volcano.Vent: A hole through which lava erupts, on the volcano.Secondary vent: A hole at the side of the volcano, lava will come out from there too, but no ash like the main vent.Magma chamber: A big place for the magmas almost straight below the volcano’s vent, lava is over there before they come from here when it didn’t come out from the vent.

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Why do people want to live near volcano?Minerals: Magma rising from deep inside the earth contains a range of minerals. As the rock cools, minerals are precipitated out and due to processes like the movement of superheated water and gasses through the rock. This means that minerals such as tin, silver, gold, copper and even diamonds can be found in volcanic rocks. Geothermal energy: Geothermal energy means heat energy from the earth. It's unusual to use the heat directly, by building your house on top of a steam vent for example, because it's unpredictable, dangerous and messy. It can also used to drive turbines and produce electricity.Fertile soils: Volcanic rocks are rich in minerals, but when the rocks are fresh the minerals are not available to plants. The rocks need thousands of years to become weathered and broken down before they form rich soils. When they do become soils though, they form some of the richest ones on the planet.Tourism: Volcanoes attract millions of visitors every year, for different reasons. As an example of the wilder side of nature, there are few things that can beat seeing an erupting volcano blowing red-hot ash and rock thousands of feet into the air. Even the less active ones that are just puffing out steam and smoke are impressive sights and attract tourists from around the world.

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History Four type of early human

1.Austropithecines: Basic traits of humans. Special because they could stand up. Main physical difference between early man and apes are the hands. They were the first to grow the opposable thumb, and they fed on leaves, fruits and the remain of dead animal.2. Homo Habilis: They live around 2.5-1.5 million BC, brain size= 700 cubic cm. They were the first toolmaker; they can make tools from lava rock, use tools to cut meat and crack bones.3. Homo Erectus: 1.6-30,000 million BC, more intelligent and adaptable, Brain size= 1000 cubic cm. They were the first hunters; they can make and controlled fire and use intelligence to develop technology.4. Neanderthal: 200,000-30,000BC, brain size 1450 cubic cm, powerfully built, heavy slanted eyebrows. They were the first to have ritual burials, tried to control and explain in the world. They buried their dead with ceremony.

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CivilizationsDefine:Civilization: A civilization is a human community located in a particular place and time and has advance political, economic and social organization.

5 Basic features of a civilization1. Advanced cities: In order to be considered a city it

must have: 1. Large population. 2. Must be a center of trade.

2. Complex institutions: Institution- a long lasting pattern of organization in a community such as: 1.Government. 2.Religion. 3.Economy.

3. Technology: New tools and techniques that solve problems and make life easier.

4. Specialized Worker: Specialized means someone has the skills to do a specific kind of work.

5. Record Keeping: Must have a developed system of writing so the people can: 1.Reord business. 2. Writing a set of laws. 3. Priests can record rituals and dates.

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BabyloniaOne contribution by Babylonia

Babylonia was mostly famous for their contribution in Math, particularly Astronomy. The first known records of using the number zero stems from the old day Babylon where they used a space or a dash to indicate the number zero. The Babylonians created a numeral system based on the number “60”. This helped us to derive the 360-degree system, and the 60 seconds in a minute, 60 minutes in an hour.

The Numbers of Babylonian Babylonian numeralsMathematics.

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Ancient EgyptContributions by ancient Egypt

Ancient Egyptians were the first to invent and use glass, linen, paper and ink. They invented the calendar, clock, geometry and the alphabet. They were the first to contribute to the refinement of dress and ornament. They introduced to humanity the furniture and dwellings and built magnificent buildings. In the field of society and life, they introduced the remarkable development of orderly and peacefully government. They were the first united nation ruled by the first centralized government. Ancient Egypt had a census and Postal Service.

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Ancient GreekContributions of ancient Greek

The Greek invented the greatest festival of athletics in the world dates back to an ancient Greek festival at Olympia, in honor of the god Zeus. Athletes gather from all over the Greek world to complete for honor.

Theater was a huge part of ancient Greek culture, with theaters in every town and competitions to find the best playwright and actors. The word theater comes from the Greek “Theatron”, which described the seating section of the outdoor arenas where people watch plays. Comedies, tragedies and satirical plays were all invented by Greek.

Ancient Greek Olympic game Ancient Greek theater

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Ancient RomeContributions of ancient Rome

One of the contributions of the Roman civilization to world was spreading of Christianity. Due to the fact that the vast Roman territories were united under one government, Christianity spread throughout the Roman provinces as well as in the city of Rome.

The Roman building and aqueducts are considered great contributions to history civilization. The Romans built very large edifices, like the Colosseum, which could hold around 50,000 people, and the Pantheon, the largest dome of antiquity still standing.

Christianity Rome Colosseum

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Ancient ChinaWhat is a dynasty?Dynasty is a consecutive series of monarchs from the same family lineage. It refers to a familial grouping that preserves power and authority for many generations together.

What is the mandate of heaven?The Mandate of Heaven is a traditional Chinese concept of legitimacy used to support the rule of the kings of the Shang Dynasty and later the Emperors of China.

Contributions of ancient ChinaOne of the invents of ancient Chinese is paper.

Papers were produced from 3 different kinds of sources, namely, the silk rags, wooden strip s and bamboo, hemp or clothes. The ancient China also pioneered the concept of ink and they were the first to invent printer and print a book. It was a tool that was invented to fulfill religious purposes. A compass was used to examine whether an under-construction building was facing the right direction so that it could be in perfect harmony with nature. The earliest compass made by the ancient Chinese inventors, resemble a wooden circle that had a number of marks on it along with a magnetic spoon on the top.