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FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATIONS VER. 1.0 10/4/2013TEAM PEACOCK LANE
Requirements and Functional SpecificationsSun Tracking Solar ArrayEE 480 SENIOR DESIGN PROJECT PREPARATION
Team Members:
Elise King (Fall Team Lead)
Caitlin Greeney (Spring Team Lead)
Beverly Raposa
Julius Jose Raposa
Faculty Advisors:
Dr. Zia Yamayee (Primary)
Dr. Robert Albright (Secondary)
Client:
Dr. Heather Dillon - University of Portland
Industrial Advisor:
Jeffrey Cook -Bonneville Power Admin
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Revision History
Ver. Date Author Reason for Changes
0.9 20 September 2013 Elise KingMade final edits before submitting to Dr. Yamayee.
0.95 27 September 2013 Beverly Raposa
Made specific additions to several sections and edited formatting. Added Revision history section
1.0 3 October 2013 Caitlin Greeney
Made grammar corrections. Made minor adjustments to content. Updated Revision history.
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Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS___________________________________________________________________3
TABLE OF FIGURES_____________________________________________________________________4
TABLE OF TABLES______________________________________________________________________4
INTRODUCTION_______________________________________________________________________5
REQUIREMENTS_______________________________________________________________________7OVERVIEW:___________________________________________________________________________7CLIENT SPECIFICATIONS___________________________________________________________________8GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS_________________________________________________________________9TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS_______________________________________________________________10
USE CASES___________________________________________________________________________10USE CASE #1: CLASSROOM DEMONSTRATION__________________________________________________10USE CASE #2: 24-HOUR SUN TRACKING______________________________________________________11USE CASE #3: LIGHTING A HOME__________________________________________________________11
USER INTERFACE______________________________________________________________________12
DEVELOPMENT PROCESS_______________________________________________________________13
MILESTONES_________________________________________________________________________16
PRELIMINARY BUDGET_________________________________________________________________20
FACILITIES___________________________________________________________________________23
RISKS_______________________________________________________________________________23
CONSTRAINTS________________________________________________________________________24TECHNICAL__________________________________________________________________________24ECONOMICAL________________________________________________________________________25ENVIRONMENTAL______________________________________________________________________25SOCIAL_____________________________________________________________________________25POLITICAL___________________________________________________________________________25PROFESSIONAL_______________________________________________________________________25ETHICAL____________________________________________________________________________25LEGAL_____________________________________________________________________________25HEALTH/SAFETY______________________________________________________________________26SECURITY___________________________________________________________________________26MANUFACTURABILITY___________________________________________________________________27SUSTAINABILITY_______________________________________________________________________27STANDARDS_________________________________________________________________________27CODES_____________________________________________________________________________27
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CONCLUSION________________________________________________________________________27
BIBLIOGRAPHY_______________________________________________________________________29
GLOSSARY___________________________________________________________________________30
APPENDICES_________________________________________________________________________31
Table of FiguresFigure 1: Block Diagram of Device__________________________________________________________________6Figure 2: User Interface_________________________________________________________________________12Figure 3: Development Process___________________________________________________________________14Figure 4: Light Tracker with 4 Solar Cells____________________________________________________________29Figure 5: Sun Tracker with Single 4 Cell Panel________________________________________________________30Figure 6: Arduino Control of Two Servos____________________________________________________________31
Table of TablesTable 1: Milestones____________________________________________________________________________15Table 2: Initial Budget__________________________________________________________________________18
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Introduction
In 1931, Thomas Edison told his friends Henry Ford and Harvey Firestone, “I’d put my
money on the sun and solar energy. What a source of power! I hope we don’t have to wait until
oil and coal run out before we tackle that” (Rogers). Edison had the right idea; the sun’s energy
is ever present and just waiting to be harnessed into usable energy. Solar energy involves the
use of photovoltaic cells that allow the sun’s energy to be converted to energy that can be used
for everyday purposes. As the demand for energy continues to increase, the need for
renewable energy sources becomes more and more important. If we want to insure that there
will be resources in the future and that non-renewable sources will not be depleted, the focus
needs to switch to renewable sources. One important renewable source that needs to be
harnessed is the sun! Since solar energy is still a relatively expensive method for producing
power, it is very important to maximize the power output. Tracking the sun is one way to
increase power production by 30-40%.
This is where Team Peacock Lane’s sun tracking solar array comes in. The goal is to
design and construct a solar array that can track a light source or the sun. The idea of being able
to track a light source is critical to our project because its main purpose is to be used as a
teaching device. Dr. Dillon, a mechanical engineering professor at the University of Portland,
has asked for a demo that she can use to teach about solar and energy production in her
laboratory classes. The goal is that students will be able to interact with the array by moving a
light source and the solar panels will move with the light to adjust the angle and direction for
the greatest energy production. Students will also be able to easily gather information about
voltage, current and position on a user-friendly display.
The basic design of this project consists of a small solar panel that is mounted on a rack
system, which can self-adjust three dimensionally using two servos. We plan to construct a
small cone that will have four photoresistors mounted to its surface. The cone will then be
mounted on the frame that holds the panel. The photoresistors are very sensitive to light and
will be able to sense minute changes in light intensity. An Arduino microcontroller will take the
photoresistor information and adjust the solar panels to the best location to produce maximum
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energy. The Arduino will be programmed to determine which photoresistor is the brightest and
then moves the servos to point the panels in the direction of the highest intensity of light. The
Arduino will continue to check and adjust the panels to keep the brightest point in the center.
We chose to use an Arduino microcontroller because of its ability to control multiple servos and
control an output display.
The key features of the design are the ability to see in real time how movements of a
light source affect production output of a solar array and to be able to clearly communicate
data to students during the demonstration. The device needs to be portable so that
demonstrations can be performed during lab or lecture in different classrooms. It would also be
beneficial to the client if the device could be mounted on the roof in order to provide students
with data as the device tracks the sun across the sky. An important feature of the device is
providing data to students during a demonstration. The student should be able to see the
voltage and current values that cause the panels to move to their optimal orientation.
This document will explain the requirements and functional specifications for this
project. The requirements section includes a block diagram of the major components of the
device and specifications for its functionality. We will also address the use cases and user
interface of this device. The development process, milestones, preliminary budget, facilities,
risks and constraints will also be discussed. At the end of this document is a glossary of
technical terms that are significant for the understanding of the project.
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Requirements
Overview:
The main components of the Sun Tracking Solar Array can be found in the block diagram below:
Light Source: Solar energy is the analog input signal into the system. It will be in the form of a
light source such as a light bulb or the sun.
Photoresistors: When light of a certain frequency falls on a photoresistor, electrons begin
moving causing a current. Thus a current can be drawn from the photoresistor load and a
power measured.
Solar Cells: Solar cells, also called photovoltaic (PV) cells, harness solar energy and convert it to
electrical energy. PV cells are made mostly of the semiconductor material silicon, which absorbs
the sun’s energy and allows electrons to flow freely in the silicon. An electric field is intrinsic to
the PV cell.
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Figure 1: Block Diagram of Device
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Servo Motor: These motors will change the position and angle of the frame to which the PV
cells are attached, allowing the device to point towards the brightest source of light.
Arduino: Arduino boards are an “open-source electronics prototyping platform based on
flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software”. This will function as the “brain” of the device by
taking in the information from the photoresistors, performing logic on the information, telling
which servo motor to move and sending voltage and current information from the solar panels
to the display.
External Power Source: The Arduino requires a power source to function.
Display: This will display the current and voltage measurements from the PV cell.
Client Specifications
Portability: Dr. Dillon requested that the device be transportable from a classroom on the first
floor of the Shiley School of Engineering building to the roof where the device would observe
the sun for an extended period of time. Since there are at least two flights of stairs and several
doors to maneuver, this device will most likely be mounted on a custom frame made to fit
through the doors properly. There is also a possibility of mounting the frame on a cart to make
it more convenient to transport.
Lab View: Dr. Dillon requested that the information gathered by the Arduino, which will be
used to make the decision to move the servomotors, be available to students using the
program/device Lab View. Since the device will be mainly used for classroom demonstrations
for mechanical engineering students, using familiar programs in the mechanical engineering
program will work best for Dr. Dillon and her students. Real-time voltages, currents, power and
position will also be displayed. Students are not given access to data over an extended time
period, so using two methods to gather data is the best option.
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Extended vs. Classroom Use: Dr. Dillon would like to use the device for classroom
demonstrations and for potential lab exercises on the roof of the engineering building. In
addition to portability, mentioned above, this presents two requirements:
Durability: Since this device has the potential to be moved often and used outdoors,
there should be some type of water-proof casing for the electronic devices. There is the
possibility of creating a custom-made Plexiglas casing for the electronics.
Motors: Using the tracking device to track the sun outdoors and to track a halogen light
indoors, will cause two different movements: slow, over a 24 hour period and fast, over
a few seconds. As a result, the device will need servomotors that can handle both types
of movement. However, using a stepper motor is also a promising compromise for both
kinds of movement.
General Specifications
Aesthetics: Since the tracking device will be moved often (see Portability) the device and its
frame must be designed in such a way that the size, shape and weight are within the user’s
ability to move. In general, the device and frame must be able to fit through a standard
doorframe and be lighter than 150lbs (given the assumption that two average persons would
be used in transport of the device and frame).
Noise: Since this device will be used indoors in a smaller classroom setting, the noise level
should not harm the user. The only parts of the device that could potentially cause noise are
the servomotors. In general, the noise level should not exceed 60dB (normal conversation
levels).
Endurance: Since the device will be moved often, it must be able to endure basic abuse that is
caused by bumping against walls or doorframes during transport. See “Aesthetics” above for
further discussion.
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Interaction: Since this device will be used in lab and as a demonstration for mechanical
engineering students, the device must be able to connect into a Lab View device for laboratory
purposes and data collection.
Technical Specifications
Power: The Arduino requires an external power source to function. This will most likely be a
battery capable of producing 5V; however, there is also a possibility that a properly functioning
device will be able to generate enough electricity to power itself under direct sunlight.
Coding: Since an Arduino microcontroller is the device platform, knowledge of the coding will
be required to create an algorithm to move the servomotors.
Welding: Since the device will require a frame, knowledge of welding and how to design a
sturdy structure to support the device is necessary.
Use Cases
Use Case #1: Classroom Demonstration
Primary User: Student/ Professor
Goal: Fast tracking of a halogen light source
Scenario: The Sun Tracking Solar Array has been set up in the front of a classroom. The
professor hands a student a halogen light source and asks him/her to shine it on the solar cells
by moving the light in an arc above the device. The student does so and the device follows the
halogen light source in the same arc pattern.
Potential Problems: Other sources of light in the classroom could obscure the ability of the
device to track the halogen light source. The halogen light may not be bright enough or may be
too far away.
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Fixes: Dim the lighting in the classroom and verify that the halogen light source is close enough
for the tracking device to sense.
Use Case #2: 24-Hour Sun Tracking
Primary User: Student
Goal: Slow tracking of the sun and data collection over a 24-hour period
Scenario: The Sun Tracking Solar Array, with its frame, has been set up on the metal mounts
provided by the school on the roof of the Shiley School of Engineering. The data collection
device, Lab View, has been successfully connected to the Arduino in the Sun Tracking Solar
Array. The device is left to track the sun in its arc through the sky throughout the day, and data
is collected the following day using the Lab View program.
Potential Problems: Without a clear sky, the sun’s rays can be scattered (through clouds),
which would make it more difficult for the device to track a clear light source throughout the
day. Any rate of precipitation is a potential harm to the electronics used in the device as well as
in the data collection device, Lab View.
Fixes: When collecting long-term data, check the weather to work on clear days so the device
can function at its peak. In case of unexpected precipitation, the Plexiglas casing built into the
design should offer sufficient protection from the elements. However, the casing should be
checked for any cracks prior to outdoor use.
Use Case #3: Lighting a Home
Primary User: Average Homeowner
Goal: To supplement the power needed to light a home
Scenario: The Sun Tracking Solar Array and its frame has been successfully set up in a
residential backyard, away from any overhead obstruction that could obscure the sun from
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reaching the device. The array is left to track the sun year-round to provide electricity to the
home.
Potential Problems: Since the Arduino requires energy to function, there is a risk that the
device will utilize more energy than it produces over a year long period, especially if the
weather is naturally overcast, like it is in the Northwest.
Fixes: Having the option to only use the Sun Tracking Solar Array during sunnier months could
prove to be more efficient than having it track year-round for home power production. Another
consideration would be upgrading to a different device to control servo movement that does
not need an external power source.
User Interface
The user interface consists of a Nokia 5110/3310 monochrome LCD, which displays the
measured angles in the x-axis and y-axis, current, voltage and power produced. By displaying
these values, the user can collect data that shows which angle produces the most power. Figure
2 illustrates what a possible user interface would look like.
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Figure 2: User Interface
The user can also interact with the device by shining a flashlight onto the solar panel
and photoresistors, causing the device to move and orient itself toward the light and adjust the
angle of the panel for maximum power production.
Dr. Dillon has also asked Team Peacock Lane to incorporate Lab View data collection to
the project because it is a program that mechanical engineering students are familiar with. The
user interface for Lab View is a program on the computer that students can use to analyze data.
This program will be especially important with tracking the sun over a 24-hour period when it is
mounted on the roof.
Development Process
In order to accomplish the goal of creating a Sun Tracking Solar Array, the team will split
the overall developmental process as illustrated on Figure 3. After the initial planning through
the project proposal, functional specification and design document, the construction of the
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actual device will begin. The team will acquire a solar panel donated by the City of Portland.
These panels will be examined for compatibility with the device and individual solar cells will be
purchased if necessary. Beverly and Caitlin will learn to program the Arduino Microcontroller
and develop an algorithm for determining the angle for maximum power production. Julius will
examine the solar cells for collection and measurement of power, voltage and current. Elise will
connect the motors and servos to the solar panel. The team will collaborate from there to
connect all the components within the frame in order to construct the whole device. Once the
device is functional, testing and debugging will be performed. The functionality of the device
will be presented on Founder’s Day and documented in the Final Report.
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Functional Specifications
Design Document
Program Arduino Microcontroller
Assemble Breadboard
Examine Solar Panels
Construct Device
Test and Debug
Founder’s Day Presentation
Final Report
Project Proposal
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Figure 3: Development Process
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Milestones
Table 1 lists the milestones necessary for the completion of the project.
Table 1: Milestones
Number DescriptionMajor/Minor
Completion Date
1 Functional Specification v0.9 Minor 20-Sep-13
2 September Program Review Minor 27-Sep-13
3 Functional Specification v0.95 Minor 27-Sep-13
4 Project Website Launched Minor 27-Sep-13
5 Functional Specification v1.0 Major 4-Oct-13
6 Acquire Solar Panels Minor 11-Oct-13
7 Component Selection Completed Major 25-Oct-13
8 October Program Review Minor 25-Oct-13
9 Design Document v0.9 Minor 1-Nov-13
10 Design Document v0.95 Minor 8-Nov-13
11 Design Document v1.0 Major 15-Nov-13
12 Final Budget Major 15-Nov-13
13 November Program Review Minor 22-Nov-13
14 All parts ordered Major 29-Nov-13
15 All parts received Minor 17-Jan-14
16 January Program Review Minor 24-Jan-14
17 Arduino Microcontroller Functional Major 24-Jan-14
18 Breadboard Functional Major 7-Feb-14
19 February Program Review Minor 14-Feb-14
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20 Frame Received Minor 14-Feb-14
21 Device Constructed Major 21-Feb-14
22Device Testing and Debugging Completed Major 7-Mar-14
23 Final Report v0.9 Minor 21-Mar-14
24 Final Report v0.95 Minor 28-Mar-14
25 Final Report v1.0 Major 4-Apr-14
26 Final Program Review Minor 4-Apr-14
27 Founder’s Day: Project Presentation Major 8-Apr-14
28 "Post Mortem" Presentation Minor 17-Apr-14
Functional Specification v0.9: First draft of the Functional Specifications is submitted to Dr.
Yamayee for review and revision.
September Program Review: Elise King will give a presentation regarding the progress of the
project to students and faculty. Team members will be introduced, background information on
the project will be given, major milestones and a block diagram of the device will be explained.
Design challenges, important decisions and risks will be discussed.
Functional Specification v0.95: Second draft of the Functional Specifications is submitted to
Dr. Yamayee and industrial advisor for review and revision.
Project Website Launched: The Project Website, which allows public access to documents,
regular project updates and team member contact information is launched.
Functional Specification v1.0: Final draft of the Functional Specifications is submitted to Dr.
Yamayee, Dr. Albright and industrial advisor for approval.
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Acquire Solar Panels: Solar panels donated by the city of Portland are acquired and inspected
for compatibility with the project.
Component Selection Completed: All project components are selected for purchase,
including the Arduino Microcontroller and breadboard, servos and motors, solar cells (if
necessary) and other hardware necessary
October Program Review: Julius Jose Raposa will give a presentation regarding the progress
of the project to students and faculty. Completed and upcoming milestones will be highlighted,
design components will be presented and concerns will be discussed.
Design Document v0.9: First draft of the Design Document is submitted to Dr. Yamayee for
review and revision.
Design Document v0.95: Second draft of the Design Document is submitted to Dr. Yamayee
and industrial advisor for review and revision.
Design Document v1.0: The final draft of the Design Document is submitted to Dr. Yamayee,
Dr. Albright and the industry advisor for approval.
Final Budget: The Final Budget, which includes all component costs and other projected costs
is submitted to the EE/CS faculty
November Program Review: Caitlin Greeney will give a presentation regarding the progress
of the project to students and faculty. Technology used in the project will be demonstrated.
Completed and upcoming milestones will be highlighted, and concerns will be discussed.
All Components Ordered: All project hardware including motors, servos, wires, resistors, etc.
are ordered. This milestone does not include the Arduino Microcontroller and breadboard and
display as these will be purchased ahead of time for characterization.
All Components Received: All project components will be received and stored in the Senior
Design Lab until project construction.
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January Program Review: Beverly Raposa will give a presentation regarding the progress of
the project to students and faculty. Evidence of project construction will be presented.
Completed and upcoming milestones will be highlighted and concerns will be discussed.
Arduino Microcontroller Functional: Algorithm for maximum power detection is functional
and microcontroller is programmed.
Breadboard Functional: Breadboard is wired to the Arduino Microcontroller, servos, motors
and solar panel. Both Arduino and breadboard are capable of moving solar panels for maximum
power production.
February Program Review: Julius Raposa will give a presentation regarding the progress of
the project to students and faculty. Evidence of project construction will be presented.
Completed and upcoming milestones will be highlighted and concerns will be discussed.
Frame Received: Frame is constructed and received from Engineering Technicians.
Device Constructed: The device is constructed with all the components including the Arduino
Microcontroller, breadboard, motors and servos, solar panels and frame. At this point, the
device is functional, but may have bugs.
Device Testing and Debugging Completed: All necessary testing and debugging for the
device must be completed.
Final Report v0.9: First draft of the Final Report is submitted to Dr. Yamayee for review and
revision.
Final Report v0.95: Second draft of the Final Report is submitted to Dr. Yamayee and
industrial advisor for review and revision.
Final Report v1.0: The final draft of the Final Report is submitted to Dr. Yamayee, Dr. Albright
and the industry advisor for approval.
Final Program Review: Team Peacock Lane will give a presentation regarding the progress of
the project to students and faculty. A background of the project, design methods, product
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architecture and data collected will be presented. Issues will be discussed and the functional
device will be demonstrated.
Founder’s Day: Project Presentation: Team Peacock Lane will give a presentation
highlighting the functionality, uses and other aspects of the project. The device will be
demonstrated.
“Post Mortem” Presentation: Team Peacock Lane will give a presentation on aspects that
contributed to the success of the project and areas for improvement to students and faculty.
Preliminary Budget
The following table, Table 2, lays out the initial budget for this project.
Table 2: Initial Budget
Part Description Qty Rate Subtotal References
Arduino Starter Kit
Starter Kit for Newsite Uno R3 - Bundle of 6 Items: Newsite Uno R3, Breadboard, Holder, Jumper Wires, USB Cable and 9V Battery Connector
1 $ 34.00 $ 34.00 1. http://www.amazon.com/Starter-Kit-Newsite-Uno-Breadboard/dp/B0051QHPJM/ref=sr_1_3/183-4237672-5937057?ie=UTF8&qid=1379626898&sr=8-3&keywords=arduino+starter+kit
*Servo Motor Hitec 33485S Deluxe HS-485HB Karbonite Gear Servo Specs : Motor Type: 3 Pole Bearing Type: Top Ball Bearing Speed (4.8V/6.0V): 0.20 / 0.17 sec @ 60 deg. Torque oz./in. (4.8V/6.0V): 72 / 89, Torque kg./cm. (4.8V/6.0V): 5.2 / 6.4 Size in Inches: 1.57 x 0.78 x 1.49, Size in Millimeters: 39.88 x 19.81
2 $19.00 $38.00 http://www.amazon.com/Hitec-33485S-Deluxe-HS-485HB-Karbonite/dp/B002HPUKS8/ref=sr_1_14?ie=UTF8&qid=1379628345&sr=8-14&keywords=servo+motors
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x 37.85, Weight ounces: 1.59, Weight grams: 45.08
Nokia Monochrome LCD Display
Nokia 5110 LCD Screen: The Nokia 5110 LCD is low-cost, monochrome LCD display with 84x48 resolution. It is often used for 8-bit AVR/PIC projects.
1 $6.00 $6.00 1. http://learn.adafruit.com/nokia-5110-3310-monochrome-lcd/overview 2.http://www.amazon.com/Nokia-5110-LCD-Screen/dp/B0068EUIXG/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&qid=1379628569&sr=8-5&keywords=nokia+monochrome+lcd+display
Photoresistors 20pcs Photo Light Sensitive Resistor Photoresistor Optoresistor 5mm GM5539 5539 Specs:Maximum Voltage: 150 Volt DCMaximum Wattage: 100mWOperating Temperature: -30 ~ +70 deg CSpectral Peak: 540nmLight Resistance (10 Lux): 50-100 Kohm
1 $13.00 $13.00
*Plexiglass Acrylic Sheet, Transparent Clear, 3/8" Thickness, 12" Width, 12" Length (Pack of 1)Specs: Brand NameSmall Parts Part NumberSLU-0375-C Overall Length12 inches Length Tolerance+0.000/-0.187 inches Thickness3/8 inches Thickness Tolerance+/-0.03125 inches Width12 inches
Ads2
$40.00 $40.00 http://www.amazon.com/dp/B000FPC3F0/ref=biss_dp_t_asn
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LowerTemperature Range-20 Degrees Fahrenheit Upper Temperature Range170 Degrees Fahrenheit FinishSmooth Indentation Hardness90-103 rockwell_M Pkg Qty1 Tensile Strength Max 10000 PSI
Total: $131.00*denotes that materials may be obtained through the University of Portland without any costs to the team
All parts and components will be purchased through the Electronics Technician. Based
on the preliminary budget, the estimated cost of the device is within the allotted budget of
$300. The cost of the device depends greatly on the functionality of solar panels donated to the
school and the availability of servos that were recycled from previous senior design projects.
Facilities
This project will require the standard senior design lab room with access to specific lab
equipment. Access to computers/laptops, Lab View and basic circuit analysis tools are
necessary. In addition, access to tools for building the frame and casings for the project, which
include welding and wood tools, are also necessary. For testing purposes, access to the roof of
Shiley, which will be the test site for long term tracking abilities of the device, is necessary.
Risks
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With any technical project there are expected risks throughout the process. The
following are risks that have been considered and contingency plans for what should be done if
the situation does arise.
1. Trouble may arise with the mechanical aspects of the project. Due to inexperience with
mechanical parts, a potential issue includes interfacing the solar panels with the servo
motor.
Contingency: Ask a mechanical professor or mechanical technicians for assistance on
development and assembly. Dr. Dillon has offered to help with mechanical components
that the team may not have experience with.
2. The team may not be able to satisfy all of the client’s specifications, such as the ability of
the device to slowly track the sun over a 24 hour period and do fast moving classroom
demonstrations. Issues may arise because specific motors are designed for optimal
ranges of speed and accuracy. (servo motors vs. stepper motors)
Contingency: If the device is incapable of adapting to both speeds, the team will focus
on the functionality for classroom demonstration. A motor with optimal speed for
making quick movements given a short amount of time will be selected.
3. While ordering materials, the team may receive some defective parts.
Contingency: If there is enough money in the budget, extra parts will be ordered as a
backup for the key components. The team will also order parts early and test for
defectiveness early on in the process so that there is enough time to return and
exchange faulty products
4. Working with Lab View may present issues because no one in the team has experience
with the program.
Contingency: If issues with Lab View arise, Dr. Dillon, who has experience with the
software and says that it is easily adaptable and easy to troubleshoot, will be consulted.
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5. The solar panels donated to the school may be too large and the servos may not be able
to support and move the panels.
Contingency: Order appropriate sized panels that are compatible with the specifications
of the project or consider purchasing larger motors.
6. If milestones are over due and deadlines are missed, the team may be off track with the
schedule for the rest of the project.
Contingency: To insure that this does not become an issue, steps to achieving each
milestone will be decided and delegated long before the deadline of each milestone. If
milestones or deadlines are missed, the task should be completed within two days of
the original deadline and team members not involved with the milestone should step in
to assist.
Constraints
Technical- The project relates to technology because solar energy is continuously developing
and improving. As technology advances, solar power becomes more and more realistic and
affordable. The project focuses on tracking the sun, which is the type of technology used to
maximize power output. The team hopes the device will help bring awareness of solar energy
and sun tracking technology.
Economical- Tracking the sun makes solar more efficient, however significant costs in
production and maintenance are added. As technology further develops, the cost for
production and maintenance should decrease.
Environmental- Solar is a great source of clean energy. Solar energy helps to offset carbon
emissions and is not harmful to the environment. The project in particular will hopefully bring
awareness to students that solar is a great alternative to non-renewable resources.
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Social- Since this project will be used for demonstration purposes, the social aspect is
important. Students need to be able to understand and gather information from viewing the
device. Also this project will hopefully inspire discussion about solar and green energy practices.
Political- Government initiatives and incentives make solar more affordable and economical.
Since the cost of solar is quite high, government subsidies help make solar projects possible.
Government support for solar projects will make the development of solar a quicker, more
affordable process.
Professional- Sun tracking solar does not specifically apply to professional constraints, but
there are professional engineers that focus on these technologies.
Ethical- Clean energy is increasingly becoming an ethical obligation. As non-renewable energy
sources are being depleted, it is crucial for research and development to focus on green
projects. The team practices good ethics by educating students about solar and tracking
technology, which are clean energy alternatives to fossil fuels.
Legal- According to the Legal Intelligencer, there are ten legal issues in solar energy projects,
which include:
1. Transaction Structure- Power purchase agreements (PPA), solar system ownership and
solar system leasing.
2. Incentives- Federal investment tax credit, grants, rebates and other loan programs.
3. Financing- Determines how the balance of the solar development will be paid for and
secure financing as necessary.
4. Location, Zoning & Permitting- Ensures that the project can be constructed in
compliance with all applicable environmental, land use and zoning requirements and
that all the necessary permits to construct and operate the system can be timely
obtained.
5. Engineering, Procurement & Construction- Gaining the appropriate assistance with
components of the project that is out of the scope of the client.
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6. Energy Regulation- Concerned with interconnection with the energy grid becoming a
producer of power instead of just a user.
7. Renewable Energy Credits- Environmental credits that evidence the generation of clean
renewable energy. States require that a specific percentage of the power sold by utilities
in the jurisdiction come from renewable sources.
8. Allocation of Risk- Operational and regulatory risk. The owner of a solar system relies on
the system’s performance, yet a variety of factors such as component defects, shading,
and severe weather may adversely impact performance. Also regulatory programs or
incentives are not always guarantied over long periods.
9. Operations and Maintenance- Solar systems require periodic maintenance and repair in
order to operate efficiently and reliably.
10. Market Conditions- Market conditions could change, affecting numerous aspects of a
solar project. Return on investment could be altered if the price for power increases or
decreases.
Health/Safety- In general, solar panels are safe and effective. Compared to burning fossil
fuels, PV systems do not produce the toxic air and greenhouse gases. According to the U.S.
Department of Energy, only a few power-generating technologies have as little environmental
impact as photovoltaic solar panels. However, there are potential health and safety concerns
with the manufacturing and disposal of solar panels.
Security- Using a more diverse spectrum of energy sources, including clean energy, would
lessen the demand for foreign oil and other fossil fuels in the U.S. Being able to produce enough
energy to support the needs of the U.S. would be a big step to becoming a fully sustainable and
self reliant country, which would greatly affect its national security.
Manufacturability- Solar panels are manufactured in large-scale factories. This project
would need to be further developed before considering mass production. The Arduino is a good
option for small-scale development, but would not be very efficient for mass production. In
addition, larger panels and larger motors will be necessary if this device was designed for large-
scale power production.
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Sustainability- The development of clean energy technology is a significant step toward
sustainability. If the amount of non-renewable resources being utilized for energy production
can be limited, this would insure that other resources will be available in the future.
Standards- The North American Board of Certified Energy Practitioners (NABCEP) is the “gold
standard” for PV and Solar Heating Installation and PV Technical Sales Certification. NABCEP
aims to raise industry standards and promote consumer confidence in solar.
Codes- The Solar America Board for Codes and Standards (Solar ABCs) collaborates and
enhances the practice of developing, implementing, and disseminating solar codes and
standards. The Solar ABCs provide formal coordination in the planning and revision of solar
codes and standards. This collaborative effort also provides access for stakeholders to
participate with members of standards, making bodies through working groups and research
activities to set national priorities on technical issues.
Conclusion
The Sun Tracking Solar Array will be designed and built to track a light source or the sun
for maximum power production. This device will provide the client, Dr. Dillon, with classroom
demonstrations to educate students about solar and its energy generation. The device will be
used in a classroom setting with a light source or mounted on the roof of the engineering
building to track the sun for a 24-hour period. This document highlights the requirements, use
cases, user interface development process and milestones involved in the project. The
preliminary budget, facilities, risks and constraints were also addressed. Team Peacock Lane
looks forward to designing and building a successful device to help promote knowledge of solar
energy and the benefits of sun tracking technology.
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Bibliography
Arduino - HomePage . (n.d.). Arduino - HomePage . Retrieved September 11, 2013, from
http://www.arduino.cc/
Gotanda, B. H., & Reiter, D. (2011). Fueled by the sun: 10 sizzling Legal issues in solar energy
Projects. The Legal Intelligencer, 243(113), 0.
How do solar cells work?| Explore | physics.org. (n.d.). physics.org | Home. Retrieved
UNIVERSITY OF PORTLAND SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING PAGE 28
FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATIONS VER. 1.0 10/4/2013TEAM PEACOCK LANE
September 14, 2013, from http://www.physics.org/article-questions.asp?id=51
NABCEP. (n.d.). NABCEP. Retrieved September 13, 2013, from http://www.nabcep.org/
Nokia 5110/3310 monochrome LCD + extras ID: 338 - $10.00 : Adafruit Industries, Unique & fun
DIY electronics and kits. (n.d.). Adafruit Industries, Unique & fun DIY electronics and
kits. Retrieved September 16, 2013, from http://www.adafruit.com/products/338
Properties of Sound Waves - Sound Waves for Merit Physics. (n.d.). Sound Waves for Merit
Physics - Home. Retrieved September 15, 2013, from
http://meritsoundwaves.weebly.com/properties-of-sound-waves.html
Rogers, H. (n.d.). THE WAY WE LIVE NOW - 6-03-07 - RECONSIDERATION - Current Thinking -
NYTimes.com. The New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia.
Retrieved September 20, 2013, from http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?
res=9F0DE2DC1430F930A35755C0A9619C8B63
Solar ABCs: Codes & Standards. (n.d.). Solar America Board for Codes and Standards. Retrieved
September 12, 2013, from http://www.solarabcs.org/codes-standards/index.html
http://www.oregon.gov/ODOT/HWY/OIPP/docs/life-cyclehealthandsafetyconcerns.pdf. (n.d.).
Oregon.gov. Retrieved September 15, 2013, from
www.oregon.gov/ODOT/HWY/OIPP/docs/life-cyclehealthandsafetyconcerns.pdf
Glossary
Photovoltaic (PV) - device used to convert solar radiation into direct current electricity
using semiconductors that exhibit the photovoltaic effect.
Arduino microcontroller - an open-source electronics prototyping platform based on
flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software. It's intended for artists, designers,
hobbyists and anyone interested in creating interactive objects or environments.
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Photoresistors- When light of a certain frequency falls on a photoresistor, electrons
begin moving causing a current. Thus a current can be drawn from the photoresistor
load and a power measured.
Servo motor - rotary actuator that allows for precise control of angular position, velocity
and acceleration.
Lab View - system-design platform and development environment for visual
programming language. Can be used for data acquisition and analysis..
Voltage - change in potential energy between two points.
Current - net flow of charges per time.
Power - rate of change of energy with time. Power= Voltage X Current.
Multimeter - device used to measure voltages and currents.
Appendices
The final device may look similar to the devices found in Figure 4 and 5. An example of how an Arduino can be used to control multiple servos is shown in Figure 6.
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Figure 4: Light Tracker with 4 Solar Cells
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Figure 5: Sun Tracker with Single 4 Cell Panel
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Figure 6: Arduino Control of Two Servos
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