CHAPTER 2 – CHAPTER 4

REVISION

PAPER 2

Crenation/shrink/shrivel

Haemolysis /swell and burst

Isotonic solution.

P1:The cell retains its normal shape.

P2:The water diffuses in and out of the cells at equal rate by osmosis

P3:Solution R has the same osmotic concentration as the cytoplasmic fluid in the red blood cells

F1: Vinegar has a low pH/acidic

E1: Vinegar diffuses into the tissues of the garlic

E2: The tissues of the garlic becomes acidicE3: The low pH prevents the growth of microorganisms in garlics

E4: The garlic can be preserved to last longer

F:The plant wilt

E1: The cells become flaccid/plasmolysed//both the vacuole the vacuole and cytoplasm shrink//the plasma membrane of the root cells pull away from the cell wall.

E2:Water molecules diffuse out from the cell sap of the root hair cell by osmosis

E3:(the remaining) soil water becomes hypertonic to the cell sap of the root hair cell as the soil dries out.

TERENGGANU 2008

Pancreas

Insulin

Glucagon

P1 : (ß-cells) secretes insulinP2 : to convert excess glucose into glycogen (to be stored in liver)P3 : (α-cells) secretes glucagonsP4 : to convert glycogen into glucose

Diabetes melitus

Less intake of sugar / carbohydrates in diet

F : Pancreas release hormone Y /glucagonsE1 : convert glycogen into gucoseE2 : slow down the oxidation of glucose

F1 : Organ Z / pancreas secretes pancreatic juice / lipaseE1 : lipase hydrolyses fats into fatty acids and glycerol

TRIAL KEDAH 2013

tissue

organ

Differentiation / specialisation

P1 : Contract and relax

P2 : to produce peristaltic movement along the digestive tract

Digestive system

P1 : When the level of glucose highP2 : detected by pancreasP3 : cells in pancreas secrete insulinP4 : excess glucose converted to glycogen p5 : Glycogen stored in the liverP6 : Glucose level in blood decrease OR

P1 : When the level of glucose is lowP2 : detected by pancreasP3 : cells in pancreas secrete glucagonP4 : Glucagon stimulates glycogen (in liver/muscles) convert to glucoseP5 : Glucose level in blood decrease

Diabetes melitus

P1 : Reduce / less intake of carbohydrateP2 : Inject insulin

Hypertonic solution

P1 : 30% sucrose solution / solution in beaker Q is hypertonic compare to the cell sapP2 : water molecules diffuse out from the vacuoleP3 : by osmosisP4 : Both vacuole and cytoplasm shrink

P1 : 30% sucrose solution / solution in beaker P is hypotonic compare to the cell sapP2 : water molecules diffuse into the vacuoleP3 : by osmosisP4 : Both vacuole and cytoplasm expandP5 : flaccid cell becomes fully turgid againP6 : the cells is said to have undergone deplasmolysis

P1 : Fruits / mangoes are immersed in vinegar which has low PHP2 : Vinegar diffuses into the tissues of the mangoesP3 : tissues / mangoes becomes acidic P4 : Low pH prevents bacterial growth P5 : this prevents decay of the fruits