Revision Activity Booklet for Education

7/21/2019 Revision Activity Booklet for Education

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Revision activitybooklet for

Paper 1

Topic 2 – Education



What impact could the rising cost of higher education have on wor"ing class students?

How does gender affect educational achievement?

Why have girls done &etter than &oys in education in the last -. years?

Why have &oys done worse than girls in education over the last -. years?

Why do &oys and girls pic" different su&/ects in school?

How does ethnicity affect educational achievement?

Why do some ethnic groups do &etter in education than others?

Why might cultural differences explain these different levels of achievement?

What in school factors could lead to students from ethnic minorities doing less well?

ontem!orary e"am!les

Why is education a political issue?

What criticisms have &een made of recent government education reforms?

What de&ates are there around faith schools0 testing special needs and alternative forms

of provision as a social issue?

#an you give recent examples from the news that relate to anything a&ove?



Specialist key terms glossary

Academies

Anti-school subculture

Citizenship

Comprehensive school system

Cultural capital

De-schooling

Formal curriculum

Ethnocentric curriculum

Free schools

Further/higher education

Hidden curriculum

Home education

Independent sector schools

Inclusion and exclusion

abelling

!ar"etisation o# education



!aterial deprivation

!eritocracy

!ixed ability classes

$ational curriculum

%##icial curriculum

%#sted

&rivate schools

&ublic school

'A(s

'elective schooling

(ripartite system

'el#-#ul#illing prophecy

'etting and streaming

'chool league tables

'tate #unded schools

'pecialist schools

)ocational education



What are the economic and selective roles of education?

• ducation can &e seen to play an economic and selective role in society2

3unctionalist perspectives see these as positive and of &enefit to the whole

society2 Marxist perspectives see education as having a &eneficial role for

privileged groups in society and reinforcing existing ine4ualities2

What are the socialisation# social control and !olitical roles of education?

• 5he education system has a role in socialising0 controlling and politicallyeducation people in society2 3unctionalist perspectives see these roles as

positive and of &enefit to the whole society2 Marxist perspectives see

education as having &eneficial role for privileged groups in society and

reinforcing existing ine4ualities2

What is learned through formal and informal education?

• 5he education system provides &oth formal and informal learning to students2

5his learning ta"es place through the official curriculum

What changes too$ !lace in Britain%s education system u! to &'(5?

formal education system &egan in ,ritain in 1'6.0 lin"ing the state to educational

provision2

5his was developed further &y the tripartite system0 which aimed to allocate

students to schools &ased on their academic a&ility2

What is the com!rehensive system?

• 5he comprehensive system was introduced to allow all students0 regardless of

academic a&ility0 e4uality of opportunity &y attending the same type of school2

However0 whether this has happened in every case has &een 4uestioned2

How is the educational system organi)ed in contem!orary Britain?



• 7n ,ritain0 most primary education is provided &y the state through +s2 Most

secondary education comes through state comprehensive schools2 5here is also

provision through the independent sector where fees are paid2 range of

provision exists &eyond compulsory education and there is an emphasis on

remaining in education or training after the age of 1$2

*hould education be !rovided by the state or by the inde!endent sector?

• #urrently0 ,ritain has a mixture of state independent provision0 with the

ma/ority if children attending state schools2 ,oth forms of provision can &e seen

to have advantages and disadvantages2

What is vocational education and alternative forms of !rovision?

• 8ver the years0 vocational education has &een seen &y governments as an

increasingly important way of ensuring a more effective wor"force to meet

needs of the economy2 Some alternative forms of educational provision do exist

in ,ritain2

What have been the effects of mar$etisation# the +ational urriculum and

testing?

• Mar"et forces have &ecome part of the education system through parental

choice and competition2 5he *ational #urriculum has resulted in compulsory core

su&/ects for all and testing at different "ey stages2

How have freedom and choice increased?

• Schools and colleges must now pu&lish a prospectus and results0 providing

parents with more information on which to &ase choices2 greater diversity of

school provision includes #5#s and foundation schools2 Governing &odies have&een given greater freedom through local management of schools2

What are school league tables?

• 5he introduction to league ta&les have created more competition and provided more

information to parents2 However0 critics suggest they may have led to a reduction in

educational opportunities for some2



How has educational !olicy develo!ed since &'',?

wide range of policies since 16 have focused on raising standards0 reducing

ine4ualities and promoting diversity and choice in education2

How can social class affect achievement?

• Sociological explanations for differences in achievement mainly focus on the social

environment2 Social class is a "ey factor here0 with students from high social class

&ac"grounds having a greater chance of achieving high 4ualifications2

How can material factors affect achievement?

• 5he concept of material deprivation suggests that children from more privileged&ac"grounds in general have &etter material facilities in the home2

How can !arental attitudes affect achievement?

• Middle9class and wor"ing9class parents are argued to have different values and

expectations regarding education2 Middle9class values may lead children to fit in

&etter with the school environment0 while wor"ing9class children may &e culturally

deprived2

How might the school affect achievement?

• :rocesses within the school may &e influential on students; achievements2 5eachers

may la&el students and this may lead to a self9fulfilling prophecy2 5hese la&els can

&e positive or negative and students can accept them or attempt to re/ect them2

What is the influence of streaming subculture and school organi)ation?

• Streaming in schools can have &oth a positive and a negative influence on students;

achievements2 Some students may &ecome part of a counter9school su&culture

which may affect their achievement2 5hey way in which school is organi<ed may have

some effect in reducing the influence of social class differences in achievement2

Why has achievement for females im!roved?



• lthough achievement levels for &oth males and females have improved0 female

achievement levels are higher overall2 range of factors in &oth the education

system and the wider society can &e identified to help explain this pattern2

How can we e"!lain differences in sub-ect choice between males and females?

• =ifferences exist tin su&/ect choices &etween males and females9 particularly in

post9 1$ education2 5hese differences may &e related to influences from home0 the

wider society or from within the education system2 Single9sex schools and

classrooms have &een identified as a possi&le way of addressing these differencesas well as to raise achievement generally2

Why is the !erformance of female students im!roving faster than that of male

students?

• lthough achievement levels for males are increasing overall0 they appear to &e

under9performing compared with female students2 num&er of factors have &een

lin"ed to this pattern2 5hese relate to the influence of males; own attitudes tostudying0 changes in the wider society in terms of traditional male roles2

What are the !atterns of ethnicity and achievement?

• Statistics show different levels of achievement for different ethnic groups2

>esearch suggests that 7 is not a ma/or factor and that other factors relating to

social &ac"ground may &e most influential on achievement levels2

Are social class and cultural factors influence?

• @arious explanations have &een given relating to cultural differences2 However0

social class &ac"ground and gender also seem influential0 suggesting that

explanations relating to these two factors are also relevant2

What is the role of the school in ethnicity and achievement?

• 5he concept of la&elling can &e used to explain some teacher;s attitudes todifferent ethnic groups2 5his made more complex &y differences in la&els relating



to gender2 lso0 la&els may vary &etween ethnic groups2 5he hidden curriculum may

also present stereotypical images of some groups2

How might discrimination and a lac$ of blac$ teachers be im!ortant?

• 5here are variations in achievement levels for different ethnic groups2

=iscrimination and racism in education may affect student achievement2 lac" of

teachers from ethnic minority groups may also &e influential2 5here are also

variations in achievement within the ethnic groups related to social class0

&ac"ground and gender2 7t is important not to assume the mem&ers of a particular

classified group all share the same attitudes0 values and experiences2



How to answer 4 mark questions

(he pattern o# these *uestions is+

Explain what sociologists mean by………..

EG ,Explain hat sociologists mean by labelling.

'ometimes the *uestion may add when studying……

EG ,Explain hat sociologists mean by con#ormity when studying education.

The marks are allocated as follows

! mark #or basic statements about the *uestion ith little or no re#erence to the topic that the*uestion0s set on.

"#$ marks #or a partial or under-developed sociological explanation1 possibly via anexample1 in hich some general re#erence ill be made to the topic that the *uestion is seton.

4 marks #or a clear explanation #ocused on the topic that the *uestion is set on that usesexamples #rom speci#ically relevant areas o# sociology

How to start your answer

In the context o# 2insert name o# topic31 2"eyord3 means444

Example+ Family section+ Explain hat sociologists mean by patriarchy. (4 marks)

E ! " N " T " # N

" N

$ #

N T E % T

In the context of t&e family, patriarchy means



E % ' ( P ) E For example….

E % P ) ' " N

T * E

P R # $ E S

S

This happens because…

Past e+am ,uestions for topic 2 – education

- marks ,uestion

%an !" Explain hat sociologists mean by a #aith school. (4 marks)

%une !" Explain hat sociologists mean by the sel#-#ul#illing prophecy. (4 marks)

%an !" Explain hat sociologists mean by pupil subcultures. (4 marks)

%une !! Explain hat sociologists mean by vocationalism in education. (4 marks)



%an !! Explain hat sociologists mean by labelling in schools. (4 marks)

%une !& Explain hat sociologists mean by the hidden curriculum. (4 marks)

How to answer ' (ark questions

D%$0( F%56E(+ underline / highlight the "ey ords in the *uestion and then use them inyour anser.

E6+ Describe one way in which gender roles in the family have changed in thepast 50 years and explain why this change has happened.

E S $ R " . E one way in which gender roles in the family have changed in the past 50 years is

NE/ P'R'0R'P*

E % P ) ' " N

this change has happened because

i ! a theory or co cept for the "fth mar!



(ark scheme

)escribe one " marks 7 mar" #or a partial description.

8 mar"s #or an appropriate and more developeddescription

Explain $ marks 7-8 mar"s #or a simple explanation lin"ed to thedescription.

9 mar"s #or a clear explanation explicitly related to thedescription A$D relevant sociological theory / concepts.

Past e+am ,uestions for topic 2 – education

marks ,uestions

%an !$* Describe one ay in hich schools put pupils into groups and explain ho thismay a##ect a pupil0s educational achievement. (5 marks)

%an !$b Describe one government policy o# the past 8: years hich has attempted toimprove educational standards and explain ho success#ul this policy has been. (5 marks)

%une !"* Describe one ay in hich a school0s per#ormance is measured and explain ho

this may or may not be a good ay o# measuring the standards o# a school. (5 marks)

%une !"+ Describe one #unction that education may per#orm #or society and explain hothis may bene#it society. (5 marks)



%an !"* Describe one ay in hich teacher expectations can a##ect attainment and explain

ho this may or may not lead to an improvement in educational achievement. (5 marks)

%an!"+ Describe one ay in hich a personal tutor or mentor can try to raise individualpupil per#ormance and explain ho this may lead to an improvement in educationalachievement. (5 marks)

%une !! * Describe one ay in hich schools attempt to encourage a sense o# hat itmeans to be ;ritish and explain ho this may help to improve social cohesion. (5 marks)

%une !!+ Describe one government policy o# the last 8< years hich has attempted toiden the range o# young people participating in post-7= education. Explain ho this policymay or may not have increased educational opportunities. (5 marks)

%an !!* Describe one ay in hich a school can try to raise pupil per#ormance and explainho this may lead to an improvement in educational achievement. (5 marks)



%an !!+ Describe one government educational re#orm o# the last 8: years and explain hothis may have increased or decreased educational opportunities. (5 marks)

%une !& * Describe one ay in hich parents can assist their children to achieve ell atschool and explain ho this ould help. (5 marks)

%une !& + Describe one ay in hich governments have attempted to chec" hat happensin schools and explain hat e##ect such monitoring may have on a school. (5 marks)



*ow 2EE3 the 4uestion apart

ou need to do the following for EAH of your !

points

P %

I & T

t&eory or

concept

E -

) . I & 3&at do

sociologis

ts t&ink

about

t&is4

Is there a theory that can be lin!ed/

E - . 0 ) ' evidence

from stats

or a

relevant

e+ample

from reallife

) I & 1 to t&e

,uestion

and ne+t

paragrap&

onclusion starters



our conclusion should address the essay uestion directly (weigh

up all the evidenceFtheories) and answer the 4How far% !art Eg

5o a largeFa small F some extent sociologists agree &ecause222

5o sum up it would appear that manyFsome sociologists agreeFdisagree

7n conclusion it would seem that mostFfew sociologists agreeFdisagree

Mention any statistics that support your conclusion

ew specimen

Discuss ho #ar sociologists ould agree that encouraging pupils to adopt ;ritish values hasbecome in recent years the most important #unction o# the education system. (12 marks)

Sociologists /#) agree Sociologists /#) N#T agree

Discuss ho #ar sociologists ould agree that parental attitudes are the most importantin#luence on a child0s educational achievement. (12 marks)


%une "&!&

(ark 5no3ledge andunderstanding

6*o3 far78Evaluation9

Sociologicalterms

Spelling :punctuation

1;< ;asic statements ithlittle sociology

no response very limited range poor

-;= 'ome understandingo# relevant sociology

no response limited range used appropriately.

some accuracy.

>;? !ore developedunderstanding o#relevant sociology

recognises >ho #ar0. A good range usede##ectively.

reasonable accuracy.

1@;12 Clear understandingunderstanding o#relevant sociology

Explicitly and in detailaddresses >ho #ar0

a ide range usedvery e##ectively.

considerable accuracy

se t&e

mark

sc&emeto

assess

how

well



Discuss ho #ar sociologists ould agree that educational re#orms over the last 8: yearshave been success#ul in raising the achievement o# all pupils. (12 marks)


Discuss ho #ar sociologists ould agree that the situation in a pupil0s home is a moreimportant cause o# educational under-achievement than the type o# school he or sheattends. (12 marks)


%une "&!!

Discuss ho #ar sociologists ould agree that a student0s ethnic bac"ground is the mainreason #or di##erences in educational achievement. (12 marks)


Discuss ho #ar sociologists ould agree that peer group pressure has a signi#icant e##ect ona student0s choice o# sub?ects at school and o# courses at college. (12 marks)


%an "&!!



Discuss ho #ar sociologists ould agree that the ay in hich pupils are grouped ithin aschool has a signi#icant e##ect on their educational per#ormance. (12 marks)


Discuss ho #ar sociologists ould agree that the main #unction o# schools is to teachchildren to become part o# society. (12 marks)


%an "&!$3iscuss how far sociologists would agree that a pupil2s social class bac!ground isthe main reason for di4erences in educational achievement. (12 marks)


3iscuss how far sociologists would agree that the type of school a child attends

has a signi"cant e4ect on hisher life chances. (12 marks)


Revision Activity Booklet for Education

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