Oxygen and Sulphur

Della KharismaSlide 1-5

Anggi Destiana : 1206103040091Armalina : 1206103040024Della Kharisma : 1206103040046Husnul Yaqin : 1206103040059Mutia Rahmi : 1206103040037Mursyida : 1206103040040Rahmatul Ulya : 1206103040013Suzanna Binti Safwan : 1206103040060

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Oxygen is non-metal and exists in the free form as O2 molecules. Oxygen in its various forms in the most abundant of all alement in nature. It makes up 20.9 % by volume of the earth’s atmosphere, 46.9 % by weight of earth crust, 89 % by weight of water in the ocean. Oxygen is also occurs as many metal oxide ores, and as deposits of oxosalt such as carbonates, sulphates, nitrates, and borates.

Source: Fitri, Zarlaida. 2013. Inorganic Chemistry 1. Banda Aceh:Syiah Kuala University

Introduction of Oxygen

Oxygen was first discovered by the Swedish scientist Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1772. He called his discovery "fire-air" because it supported combustion.

Scheele's findings weren't published until 1777. In the interim, chemist Joseph Priestley, in 1774, discovered oxygen independently.

Source:http://www.cliffsnotes.com/cliffsnotes/ sciences/who-discovered-oxygen

Discovery of oxygen

Joseph Priestley

Carl Wilhelm Scheele

Oxygen Cycle

Oxygen Cycle

C6H12O6+ 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6+ 6O2

source: https://www.google.com/search?q=oxygen+cycle

AA

• Symbol : O• Atomic number : 8• Relative atomic mass: 15.9994• Kind : non metallic• Density : 1,23 (solid)• electrode potential : +0.041• Electronegativity : 3.5

Source:http://perpustakaancyber.blogspot.com/2013/07/sifat-kimia-dan-fisika-golongan-via-6a.html

Physical Properties

Anggi DestianaSlide 6-8

• colourless (in gas)• liquid O2 and solid O2

have a light blue color • highly oxidizing• Highly paramagnetic

Liquid oxygen

Source:http://daftartitinsuhartinizaka.blogspot.com/2012/11/makalah-oksigen.html

Physical Properties

• Covalent radii : 0,74 Å• Ionic radii : 1,40 Å • First ionization energy : 1314 • Melting point : -218.3 oC• Boiling point : -182.9 oC• Electron configuration : [He] 2s2 2p4

Source: Fitri,zarlaida.2013.module inorganic chemistry 1. Banda aceh

Physical Properties

• Oxygen has chemical bonds with almost all other elements.

• Oxygen has three isotopes are (16O (99,76%), 17O (0,04%), dan 18O (0,2%).

• Oxygen can used pi orbital to form strong double bond. • Oxygen reacts with hydrogen will produce hydride.• Polyoxides molecules is less stable than the normal

oxides.

source: Fitri,zarlaida.2013. Modul Kuliah Kimia Anorganik 1 .Banda Aceh

Chemical

Properties

MursyidaSlide 9-12

preparation of oxygen is usually done through two ways:

1) Preparation of oxygen by electrolysis of water that had previously been acidified with sulfuric acid.

2) Preparation of oxygen by fractional distillation of liquid air

Source: Fitri, Zarlaida. 2013. Inorganic Chemistry 1. Banda Aceh: Syiah Kuala University.

Extraction of Oxygen

In the laboratory,oxygen can be made by:

1) Preparation of oxygen by thermal decomposition of various oxidizing agent.Such as KCLO3 (with MnO2 as catalyst)

2) Preparation of oxygen by thermal decomposition various nitrate salts.

3) Preparation of oxygen by the electrolysis of water with a trace of sulfuric acid or barium hidrxide.

Source: Fitri, Zarlaida. 2013. Inorganic Chemistry 1. Banda Aceh:Syiah Kuala University.

Extraction of Oxygen

According to the geometric structure,oxide can be classified as normal oxides,peroxides and suboxides

Compounds

1) Normal OxidesHas only a single bond M-O, as in H2O, MgO,Al2O3

2) Peroxides These oxides contain more oxygen than would be estimated from the oxidation number of M. Oxides involves bond –O-O –

3)SuboxideSuboxide involving M-M bond in addition to M-O bond

Source: Fitri, Zarlaida. 2013. Inorganic Chemistry 1. Banda Aceh:Syiah Kuala University.

• Oxygen exist in more than one allotropic form, so that these element are polymorphic.

• There are two main allotropes of oxygen are dioxygen (O2) and ozone (O2 ).

• Both allotropes of oxygen are made up only of oxygen atoms, but they differ in the arrangement of the oxygen atoms. O2 is a linear molecule while O3 is a bent molecule.

The structure for O2 and Ozone

source: https://www.google.co.id/search?q=allotropy+of+oxygen

Allotropy of Oxygen

Rahmatul UlyaSlide 13-18

• Color of O2  in different phase are : Liquid oxygen is pale blue in color, and the solid is also blue, and colorless in gas

• Color of O3  in different phase are : Liquid ozone is deep blue in color, and the solid is deep violet and pale blue in gas.

• Dioxygen is stable as diatomic molecule, but ozone is unstable which easily decomposes to O2 .

Source: https://www.google.co.id/search?q=allotropy+of+oxygen

continued

• Oxygen is essential for respiration.• The uses of oxygen in everyday life can be classified into three major

categories as discussed below:

1. Medical Uses are :

The medical uses of oxygen involve supplying it in packed cylinders to ⊚help patients, who find it difficult to breathe, or it is used by mountaineers at high latitudes, underwater divers, astronauts walking in space, etc.

Oxygen masks are used to ease various medical disorders, like ⊚hypoxemia, asthma, heart and vascular diseases.

Oxygen gas is used to kill bacteria causing gangrene (as it is poisonous ⊚for them) and treat carbon monoxide poisoning as well.

source: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/oxygen-uses-of-oxygen.html

Applications

2. In the Industryo In industries, it is mainly used for melting, welding and cutting of metals.o During welding, the two metal pieces are brought close to each other, and the high

temperature flame is applied at the junction to melt the metals. When the flame is removed, the metal pieces combine and later solidify to join together.While cutting a metal into two parts, the flame is applied to one part until it turns red hot. Then the concentration or amount of oxygen is increased, which oxidizes the red-hot part of the metal, and the oxide being very brittle, or soft, can be broken apart by hitting it with a hammer.

o Other uses involve production of iron and steel in blast furnaces using hot oxygen air. It also burns off carbon impurities. Even in mines, it is employed as a part of explosives for blasting rocks.

o Oxygen is required for yielding antifreeze and polyester polymers. Thereafter, the polymers are employed for making plastics and fabrics.

Source: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/oxygen-uses-of-oxygen.html

Continued

Sulphur

Sulfur is a pale yellow, odorless and brittle material. Sulphur is non-metal and the sixteenth most abundant element and contitutes 0.034% by weight of the earth crust. It occurs mainly in the combined form as various sulphides ores and sulphate.

Source: Fitri, Zarlaida. 2013. Inorganic Chemistry 1. Banda Aceh:Syiah Kuala University.

http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele016.html

Introduction of Sulphur

Where is sulfur found?

Husnul YaqinSlide 19-23

• In simple terms, acid rain-forming reaction is as follows :

acid rain-forming reaction

Source:http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujan_asam

Only SO2 and NOX played a significant role in acid rain

Source: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujan_asam

Acid-breakdown process

• Atomic number : 16• Physical State:  Solid

• Chemical Formula: S8

• Relative atomic mass: 32.065 g.mol -1

• Covalen radi : 1,04 Å• Ionic radi : 1,84 nm• Type : non metallic• Native form: yellow crystalline • Melting point : 115.21 oC, 239.378 oF, 388.36 K • Boiling point : 444.61 oC, 832.298 oF, 717.76 K • Electronegativity : 2,5

source: http://www.georgiagulfsulfur.com/properties.htm

Physical properties

http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/16/sulfur

• Vanderwaals radius : 0.127 nm • Density : 2086 kg m-3

• Isotopes : 5• Electron configuration : [Ne] 3s23p4

• Common oxidation states : 6, 4, 2, -2• Solubility In Water : Insoluble• Purity : 90% - 100%• Electron affinity : 200.4 kJ mol-1

• First ionisation energy : 999.5 kJ.mol -1

• Second ionisation energy : 2252 kJ.mol -1

• Third ionisation energy : 3357 kJ.mol-1

• Standard potential : - 0.51 V

source: http://www.georgiagulfsulfur.com/properties.htm

Physical properties

http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/16/sulfur

• Sulphur is an element of the halogen. • Sulphur is quiet reactive and can be burned in air to form

dioxide.• Sulphur can react with alkenes to form chain structure.• Sulphur can form hydrides with hydrogen.• Polysulphides molucules is less stable than the normal sulphides. • it is highly flammable and have explosives property • various oxide compound of sulphur is formed when the mixture

of S and SO2 are subjected to a silent electrical discharge. Such as S2O, S2O3, SO2, SO3.

Source: Fitri, Zarlaida. 2013. Inorganic Chemistry 1. Banda Aceh:Syiah Kuala University.

Chemical properties

Suzanna binti Safwan

Slide 24-31

Chemical properties

• The elektronegatifity of sulphur is lower than oxygen.• These compounds showed a lower degree of ion and an

increase in the degree of bonding and consequently the degree of hydrogen covalent bond becomes smaller.

• Sulphur has many allotropes of elemental sulfur which reflects the ability of the sulfur atom catenation.

• Sulfur is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents, for example CS2, CCl4, and toluene. When sulfur is burned blue flame and produces gases SO2 stink.

Source: http://tivalathifah.blogspot.com/2013/04/unsur-dan-senyawa-belerang.html

1. Intake of S from rock sulphide / sulphateS can also be taken from the rock sulfide or sulfate, such as FeS2 pyrite, chalcopyrite CuFeS, covelita CuS, PbS galena, zinc blende ZnS, gypsum CaSO4, BaSO4 barire, anglesite PbSO4, and others.

source: http://www.gudangmateri.com/2010/07/pembuatan-belerang-dari-asam-sulfat.html

Forming sulphur

2. Intake of Natural Sulfur volcanic deposits ( Indonesia)S deposits in volcanic rocks can be either mud or mud sediment sublimation, the levels are not so high ( 30-60 % ) and there were not so many(600-1000milliontons,total)On the mountain can Talaga Bodas in the form of sludge with S levels ( 30-70 % ) and the amount of the deposit of 300 million tons. Places - other places ar: Ijen crater, Mount Welirang, Mount Dieng and Mount Tangkuban Perahu. For utilization of natural resources is necessary beforehand S levels,among others, by flotation and benefication.In flotation , the addition of water and the ' frother ' so that S will float and can be separated . While the ' benefication process ' S after adding water and reagents - reagents are heated in an autoclave for ½ - ¾ hours at 3 atm, each particle - small particles S collected, then washing with water to remove soil, then heated again in the autoclave so that S separate the layers S with levels 80-90 % .

Source: http://www.gudangmateri.com/2010/07/pembuatan-belerang-dari-asam-sulfat.html

continued

3. Intake of S from the flue gases S obtained from the flue gases of coal combustion origin petroleum or crossing , which should not be dumped into the air because it may cause pollution . Gas - the gas in the first absorption using ethanolamine and so on , then heated again to get the gas back for further processing .

The main reaction is used ( Claus process )i . 2 H2S ( g ) + 3 O2 ( g ) → 2 SO2 ( g ) + 2H2O ( l ) ΔHo = - 247.89 KJii . 4 H2S ( g ) + 2SO2 ( g ) → S6 ( g ) + 4H2O ( l ) ΔHo = - 42.24 KJ

Source: http://www.gudangmateri.com/2010/07/pembuatan-belerang-dari-asam-sulfat.html

Continued

4. Ion formation with ThiosulfateThiosulfate ion and sulfate ion is similar but one atom of oxygen is replaced with sulfur atoms. Thiosulfate ion is unstable by heating and undergo disproportionation into three species with sulfur oxidation rates varying namely sulfate, sulfide, and sulfur corrections according to the equation:4 Na2S2O3 (s) → 3 Na2SO4 (s) + Na2S (s) + 4 S (s)

Thiosulfate reacts with the acid to form a yellow precipitate of sulfur and sulfur dioxide gas according to the equation:S2O32-(aq) +2 H3O + (aq) → H2S2O3 (aq) + 2 H2O(l)H2S2O3 (aq) → H2O (l) + S (s) + SO2 (g)

Source: http://tivalathifah.blogspot.com/2013/04/unsur-dan-senyawa-belerang.html

Continued

Frasch process

Source:http://aghnanisme.blogspot.com/2012/10/belerang-keberadaan-sifat-fisis.html

How Frasch is taking sulfur from underground deposits of sulfur, Frasch pump designed by Herman Frasch of the United States in1904.In this process the metal pipe of 15 cm diameter which contained two concentric pipes of smaller planted until it touches the sulfur coating. Very hot water vapor is pumped and inserted through the outer pipe, so that the sulfur melt. Then entered the high-pressure air through the smallest pipe, foam forming sulfur and pumped upward through the third pipe. Purity sulfur out reach 99.5%. At present 50% of sulfur used in the industry obtained by the Frasch process.

Source: http://aghnanisme.blogspot.com/2012/10/belerang-keberadaan-sifat-fisis.html

Continued...

• Oxoacids of sulphurHydrogen atoms are not bound to the central atom, but rather bound to the oxygen atom. If the central atom M is an atomic oxygen atom monobasis Then the general formulation of acid is H-O-MOX, with x can be a 0, 1 ,2 3

Compound Armalina

Slide 27-30

1. Sulphurous Acid Series• Sulphurous Acid (H2SO3)

• Di-or Pyrosulphurous Acid (H2S2O3)• Dithionous Acid (H2S2O4)

2. Sulphuric acid series• Sulphuric acid (H2SO4)

• Thiosulphuric acid (H2S2O3)

• Di-or pyrosulphuric acid (H2S2O7)

Oxoacid of Sulphur

3. Thionic series acid • DITHIOnic acid (H2S2O6)• Polithionic acid (H2SnO6)

4. Peroxoacid series • Peroxomonosulphuric acid H2SO5• Peroxodisulphuric acid H2S2O8

Oxoacid of Sulphur

• Oxohalides (thionyl halide)

Can only be obtained from sulphur and selenium elements. The oxohalide of sulphur known are SOCl2, SOF2,and SOBr2

Source: Fitri, Zarlaida. 2013. Inorganic Chemistry 1. Banda Aceh:Syiah Kuala University.

Compound

Sulphur exists in more than one allotropic form, it’s called polymorphic.The allotropics reflects the catenation ability of sulphur.

catenation is the binding of an element to itself through covalent bonds to form chain or ring molecules.

Allotropy of Sulphur

Mutia RahmiSlide 31-38

Allotropy :

There are three allotropic forms of sulphur are as under.1. Rhombic Sulphur:

It is an allotropic form of sulphur which is stable below 96 one molecule of rhombic sulphur contains 8-atoms i-e 8g. The crystal of rhombic sulphur has octahedral structure.

Allotropy of Sulphur

S2, S3, S6, S7, S8, S9, S10, S1 1, S12, S18, S20

2. Monoclinic Sulphur:

It is the allotropic form of sulphur which is stable between 96 to 119 a molecule of monoclinic sulphur consists of eight sulphur atoms i-e 8g, but is different from rhombic sulphur in the arrangement of atoms.

3.  Plastic Sulphur:

It is a non crystalline allotropic form of sulphur, it can be stretched like a rubber, it is unstable and changes into rhombic sulphur on slight heating even at room temperature it also changes.

Allotropy of Sulphur

Allotropy of Sulphur

• For making sulfuric acid

2 S + 3 O2 + 2 H2O → 2 H2SO4

• Fertilizer

Sulfur is increasingly used as a component of fertilizers. The most important form of sulphur for fertilizer is the mineral calcium sulfate. Elemental sulfur is hydrophobic and therefore cannot be directly utilized by plants.

Application

• Fungicide and pesticide

Sulfur candle originally sold for home fumigation. Elemental sulfur is one of the oldest fungicides and pesticides. "dusting sulfur”, elemental sulfur in powdered form, is a common fungicide for grapes,strawberry,many vegetables and several other crops.

Application

• Bactericide in winemaking and food preservation

Small amounts of sulphur dioxide gas addition (or equivalent potassium metabusulfite addition) to fermented wine to produce traces of sulfurous acid (produced when SO2 reacts with water) and its sulfite salts in the mixture, has been called "the most powerful tool in winemaking.

Application

• Chemicals in daily life

A molecular model of the pesticide malathion. Organosulfur compounds are used in pharmaceuticals, dyestuffs, and agrochemicals. Many drugs contain sulfur, early examples being antibacterial sulfonamides, known as sulfa drugs. Sulfur is a part of many bacterial defense molecules.

Source: Fitri, Zarlaida. 2013. Inorganic Chemistry 1. Banda Aceh:Syiah Kuala University.http://www.business-science-articles.com

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulf

Application

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