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European Mosquito Bulletin 30 (2012), 30-65 Journal of the European Mosquito Control Association ISSN 1460-6127; www.e-m-b.org First published online 9 March 2012 Revised checklist and distribution maps of mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) of Hungary

Sándor Tóth1 and Zoltán Kenyeres2

1 Independent researcher, 8420 Zirc, Hungary; email: flycatcher@vnet.hu. 2 Acrida Conservational Research L.P., 8300 Tapolca, Hungary; email: kenyeres.zol@gmail.com (corresponding author)

Abstract A revised checklist, with maps showing the known distribution and local frequency of the 49 species in the Hungarian fauna is presented. A short research history and a bibliography of Hungarian mosquitoes are also included in the paper. Key words: Hungary, mosquito fauna Introduction In Hungary in the last centuries there are numerous reports on the presence of mosquito species and their distribution. Based on this, discussion of the knowledge of the Hungarian mosquito fauna is presented. These results and maps complete the knowledge drawn by several former reviews [e.g. Croatia – Merdic et al. (2004), Poland – Kubica-Biemat (1999), Slovakia – Jalili (2000), Országh et al. (2001), European Russia – Gomostaeva (2000), Rumania – Nicolescu et al. (2002a-b, 2003a-b)] regarding the distribution of Central- and Eastern-European species. Hydrography, climate and land-use (percentage of natural habitats is high by European comparison) of Hungary are characterized by different requirements and well adapted for habitation by mosquitoes. Local pattern of the mosquito habitats in the landscape structure are indicated by Somogyi (1997). Most of the rivers of the country (93,000 square-kilometres) are bordered by flood-plains. The length of the two large rivers is over 1,000 kilometres (Danube: 417 km, River Tisza: 600 km – 14.5 and 60 percent of the total lengths). In Hungary a further 2,500 small-rivers and streams exist, the overall length of which is 25,000 km. Danube flood may happen in all months, but at the River Tisza it is unlikely because of the features of that watershed area. Hungarian small streams are characterized by considerable fluctuation in discharge. It means both long dry intervals and short extreme flooded periods (mainly for streams of the plains in rainy early-summers). The total area of potentially flooded land around rivers and streams is 1,500 square-kilometres. The number of natural and artificial lakes above 0.5 hectares with marginal and contacted habitats is 1,200. Three of them (Lake Balaton, Lake Fertő and Lake Velence) are characterized by large mosquito breeding sites in their marginal zone and the neighbouring areas. Activity of these breeding sites is determined by both the rainfall and water-level of the lakes. The very first data (Culex pipiens) from Hungary (from the settlement of Debrecen) was published by Török (1870). Fászl (1878) also recorded Cx. pipiens and a further 3 species: Cx.

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ciliaris (now Aedes cinereus), Cx. annulipes (now Ochlerotatus annulipes), Cx. annulata (now Culiseta annulata). Kowarz (1883) added Anopheles maculipennis to the known mosquito fauna. Thalhammer (1900) published records of the first discovery in Hungary of a further 11 species: An. nigripes (now An. plumbeus), Cx. vexans (now Ae. vexans), Cx. cantans (now Oc. cantans), Cx. dorsalis (now Oc. dorsalis) and Cx. ornatus (now Oc. geniculatus). The Hungarian mosquito fauna was summarized for the first time by Kertész (1904) (including 14 species with occurrences). Regarding the first reports of Cx. richiardii (now Coquillettidia richiardii) and Cx. modestus, we have to neglect Kertész’ data based on the work of Edwards (1921). Systematic research of the Hungarian mosquitoes began in the 1930s, mainly related to the epidemiology of malaria. Detection of An. atroparvus and An. messeae by Lőrincz & Mihályi (1937) was the first result of that project. As a result of frequent examination of Lake Balaton, occurrence data of a further 7 [An. bifurcatus (now An. claviger), Ae. caspius (now Oc. caspius), Ae. cataphylla (now Oc. cataphylla), Ae. leucomelas (now Oc. leucomelas), Ae. diversus (now Oc. rusticus), Ae. lateralis (now Oc. sticticus), Cx. apicalis (now Cx. territans)] and later, an additional 8 [Ae. detritus (Oc. detritus), Ae. excrucians (now Oc. excrucians), Ae. variegatus (now Oc. flavescens), Cx. hortensis, Theobaldia longiareolata (now Cs. longiareolata), Theobaldia morsitans (now Cs. morsitans), Orthopodomyia albionensis (now Orthopodomyia pulchripalpis) és Uranotaenia unguiculata] species were found for the first time in Hungary (Mihályi 1939, 1941). After World War II, mosquito research focused on Lake Balaton. In that time Mihályi & Soós (1952) recorded An. hyrcanus, Ae. pulchritarsis (now Oc. pulchritarsis), Ae. refiki (now Oc. refiki), Ae. nemorosus (now Oc. communis), Cx. torrentium and Theobaldia alaskaensis (now Cs. alaskaensis) as species new to the Hungarian fauna. In the 1950s and 1960s the number of the recorded species continued to increase: Cx. theileri – Mihályi et al. (1952); Ae. hungaricus (now Oc. hungaricus) – Mihályi (1955a); An. algeriensis, Ae. punctor (now Oc. punctor), Cx. martinii, Theobaldia subochrea (now Cs. subochrea) – Mihályi (1955b); Theobaldia glaphyroptera (now Cs. glaphyroptera) – Gulyás (1958); Ae. nigrinus (now Oc. nigrinus) – Mihályi (1959); Cx. mimeticus – Mihályi & Gulyás (1963). The first specimens of Cx. pipiens biotype molestus were collected by Mihályi (1955b). Detailed mapping of the mosquito species has been carried out from the 1970s to the present time. Most of the results of this work were obtained by the first author of this paper. In the publications relating to mosquitoes (Tóth, 1977, 1981, 1991, 2001a-b, 2003a-b, Tóth & Sáringer, 1997, 2002) several relevant data can be found in his papers about the dipteran taxon (Tóth, 1972, 1975, 1978, 1985, 1990, 1992a-b, 1995a-b, 1999, 2000, 2002). Synthesis by Tóth (2004) of the above mentioned examined the papers of Bartal (1906), Mann (1941), Szilády (1941), Zoltai (1957), Zoltai & Szabó (1968), Gulyás (1958), Gulyás & Zoltai (1959), Sztankay-Gulyás & Zoltai (1959a, 1959b), Zilahi-Sebess (1961), Szabó (1964), Erőss (1988), Sáringer et al. (1998), Kuroli (2002), and recorded Cs. fumipennis, Oc. pullatus and Cs. ochroptera for the first time in Hungary. The presence of Oc. surcoufi in the fauna was discovered by Tóth (2009a).

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For the compilation of the new distribution maps we took into consideration the recent studies of Bogyó & Szabó (2005), Kenyeres & Tóth (2005), Szepesszentgyörgyi & Rentsendorj (2006), Bogyó (2007), Szabó (2007a-b) and Tóth (2006, 2009b, 2010, 2011). UTM maps (10×10 km grids) have been drawn based on all the known distribution data of the species with the use of BioTér software (Dévai et al., 2000). Species recorded in Hungary A total of 49 mosquito species have been recorded in Hungary, belonging to 8 genera, as follows: Anopheles (7), Aedes (3), Ochlerotatus (20), Coquillettidia (1), Culex (8), Culiseta (8), Orthopodomyia (1) and Uranotaenia (1). The checklist was compiled according to the current list of Snow & Ramsdale (2003).

Culicidae Subfamily Anophelinae Genus Anopheles Meigen, 1818 Subgenus Anopheles Meigen, 1818 (1) Anopheles algeriensis Theobald, 1903 (2) Anopheles atroparvus Thiel, 1927 (3) Anopheles claviger (Meigen, 1804) (4) Anopheles hyrcanus (Pallas, 1771) (5) Anopheles maculipennis Meigen, 1818 (6) Anopheles messeae Falleroni, 1926 (7) Anopheles plumbeus Stephens, 1828 Subfamily Culicinae Genus Aedes Meigen, 1818 Subgenus Aedes Meigen, 1818 (8) Aedes cinereus Meigen, 1818 (9) Aedes rossicus Dolbeshkin, Goritzkaja & Mitrofanova, 1930 Subgenus Aedimorphus Theobald, 1903 (10) Aedes vexans (Meigen, 1830) Genus Ochlerotatus Lynch-Arribálzaga, 1891 Subgenus Finlaya Theobald, 1903 (11) Ochlerotatus geniculatus (Olivier, 1791) Subgenus Ochlerotatus Lynch-Arribálzaga, 1891 (12) Ochlerotatus annulipes (Meigen, 1830) (13) Ochlerotatus cantans (Meigen, 1818) (14) Ochlerotatus caspius (Pallas, 1771) (15) Ochlerotatus cataphylla (Dyar, 1916) (16) Ochlerotatus communis (De Geer, 1776) (17) Ochlerotatus detritus (Haliday, 1833) (18) Ochlerotatus dorsalis (Meigen, 1830) (19) Ochlerotatus excrucians (Walker, 1856) (20) Ochlerotatus flavescens (Müller, 1764) (21) Ochlerotatus hungaricus (Mihályi, 1955) (22) Ochlerotatus leucomelas (Meigen, 1804) (23) Ochlerotatus nigrinus (Eckstein, 1918) (24) Ochlerotatus pulcritarsis (Rondani, 1872)

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(25) Ochlerotatus pullatus (Coquillett, 1904) (26) Ochlerotatus punctor (Kirby, 1837) (27) Ochlerotatus sticticus (Meigen, 1838) (28) Ochlerotatus surcoufi (Theobald, 1912) Subgenus Rusticoidus Shevchenko & Prudkina, 1973 (29) Ochlerotatus refiki (Medschid, 1928) (30) Ochlerotatus rusticus (Rossi, 1790) Genus Coquillettidia Dyar, 1905 Subgenus Coquillettidia Dyar, 1905 (31) Coquillettidia (Coquillettidia) richiardii (Ficalbi, 1889) Genus Culex Linnaeus, 1758 Subgenus Barraudius Edwards, 1921 (32) Culex modestus Ficalbi, 1890 Subgenus Culex Linnaeus, 1758 (33) Culex mimeticus Noé, 1899 (34) Culex pipiens pipiens Linnaeus, 1758 Culex pipiens pipiens biotype molestus Forskal, 1775 (35) Culex theileri Theobald, 1903 (36) Culex torrentium Martini, 1925 Subgenus Maillotia Theobald, 1907 (37) Culex hortensis Ficalbi, 1890 Subgenus Neoculex Dyar, 1905 (38) Culex martinii Medschid, 1930 (39) Culex territans Walker, 1856 Genus Culiseta Felt, 1904 Subgenus Allotheobaldia Broelemann, 1919 (40) Culiseta longiareolata (Macquart, 1838) Subgenus Culicella Felt, 1904 (41) Culiseta fumipennis (Stephens, 1825) (42) Culiseta morsitans (Theobald, 1901) (43) Culiseta ochroptera (Peus, 1935) Subgenus Culiseta Felt, 1904 (44) Culiseta alaskaensis (Ludlow, 1906) (45) Culiseta annulata (Schrank, 1776) (46) Culiseta glaphyroptera (Schiner, 1864) (47) Culiseta subochrea (Edwards, 1921) Genus Orthopodomyia Theobald, 1904 (48) Orthopodomyia pulcripalpis (Rondani, 1872) Genus Uranotaenia Lynch-Arribálzaga, 1891 Subgenus Pseudoficalbia Theobald, 1912 (49) Uranotaenia unguiculata Edwards, 1913

Distribution of the species We have presented the local frequencies of the recorded species to give the most accurate picture of the Hungarian mosquito fauna (Table 1). Values were determined with the use of the data of 194,898 larvae, 145,332 biting-females and 358,124 imagos collected by light trap, carbon-dioxide baited trap and netting (over than 50,000 samples). Frequencies of the species in the studied UTM-quadrates (591 from the overall 1,052) were also calculated. See distribution maps in Appendix.

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Table 1. Frequencies of the mosquito species in Hungary

[F-La = relative frequency in the samples of larvae; S-La = number of the samples with the larvae of the species; F-B = relative frequency of females in the samples of biting; S-B = positive cases in the samples of biting; F-I = relative frequency in the samples of imagos (included males and females) collected by light trap, carbon-dioxide baited trap and netting; UTM% = percentile frequency in the studied UTM-quadrates, top 10 species are bold in each column]

Species F-La S-La F-B S-B F-I UTM% Culex pipiens 0.3427 2926 0.0001 2 0.0647 65.82

Culex pipiens molestus <0.0001 2 0.0002 18 0.0001 5.08 Aedes vexans 0.1297 1757 0.3168 4630 0.1796 70.90 Culiseta annulata 0.0834 1849 0.0002 22 0.0150 49.24 Anopheles maculipennis 0.0698 2513 0.0015 140 0.0083 53.13 Ochlerotatus sticticus 0.0468 1070 0.0828 1428 0.0436 52.96 Culex modestus 0.0435 1161 0.0552 933 0.0287 44.67 Aedes cinereus 0.0363 1369 0.0249 172 0.0157 48.05 Ochlerotatus cantans 0.0322 660 0.0136 407 0.0139 33.33 Ochlerotatus cataphylla 0.0319 525 0.0011 59 0.0036 23.01 Anopheles claviger 0.0296 1465 0.0107 508 0.0068 30.46 Ochlerotatus annulipes 0.0274 560 0.1782 2913 0.2053 34.69 Ochlerotatus rusticus 0.0268 662 0.0011 48 0.0032 24.70 Culex territans 0.0161 633 <0.0001 1 0.0006 29.61 Ochlerotatus caspius 0.0137 420 0.0095 134 0.0080 42.47 Culiseta morsitans 0.0111 542 – – 0.0003 23.18 Ochlerotatus geniculatus 0.0092 245 0.0026 157 0.0015 23.86 Ochlerotatus excrucians 0.0088 469 0.0028 176 0.0027 26.57 Ochlerotatus flavescens 0.0079 290 0.0034 131 0.0037 30.80 Ochlerotatus refiki 0.0076 117 <0.0001 1 0.0007 9.98 Coquillettidia richiardii 0.0074 204 0.2759 2363 0.3816 26.06 Anopheles messeae 0.0052 351 0.0004 12 0.0023 38.41 Uranotaenia unguiculata 0.0043 171 0.0004 31 0.0004 11.17 Anopheles plumbeus 0.0026 148 0.0019 145 0.0010 20.47 Aedes rossicus 0.0009 61 0.0158 218 0.0069 18.44 Culex hortensis 0.0009 71 – – 0.0001 12.01 Anopheles algeriensis 0.0007 71 <0.0001 5 <0.0001 3.89 Ochlerotatus punctor 0.0006 31 <0.0001 2 <0.0001 5.08 Anopheles hyrcanus 0.0006 62 0.0001 7 0.0002 9.98 Anopheles atroparvus 0.0003 8 0.0001 13 0.0007 16.07 Ochlerotatus communis 0.0003 21 <0.0001 1 <0.0001 4.40 Ochlerotatus dorsalis 0.0002 17 0.0001 5 0.0002 13.03 Culex mimeticus 0.0002 8 – – – 1.35 Ochlerotatus hungaricus 0.0002 7 0.0002 9 0.0001 1.86 Ochlerotatus leucomelas 0.0002 12 – – 0.0002 6.60 Culex martinii 0.0002 20 – – <0.0001 3.72 Ochlerotatus surcoufi 0.0001 4 <0.0001 2 <0.0001 1.02 Culiseta longiareolata 0.0001 5 – – <0.0001 1.18 Ochlerotatus nigrinus 0.0001 10 – – <0.0001 2.88 Orthopodomyia pulchripalpis 0.0001 5 – – <0.0001 0.68 Culiseta subochrea 0.0001 4 – – <0.0001 1.02 Culex torrentium 0.0001 4 – – – 4.74 Culiseta fumipennis 0.0001 3 – – – 0.51 Culiseta alaskaensis 0.0001 4 <0.0001 3 <0.0001 2.88 Culiseta ochroptera 0.0001 3 – – – 0.68 Culex theileri 0.0001 5 <0.0001 1 <0.0001 3.55 Ochlerotatus pulchritarsis <0.0001 3 0.0001 3 <0.0001 2.37 Culiseta glaphyroptera <0.0001 3 – – <0.0001 0.51 Ochlerotatus pullatus <0.0001 1 – – – 0.68 Ochlerotatus detritus – – – – <0.0001 0.34

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Notes Published Hungarian occurrences of Oc. communis must be considered doubtful, because it is confirmed that several of them are based on misidentifications. Recording by Mihályi & Soós (1952) is the first valid report of presence in the Hungarian fauna.

Oc. detritus has been collected in Hungary just as adults. Oc. pullatus, Cx. mimeticus, Cs. fumipennis, Cs. ochroptera have been collected in Hungary just as larvae. Anopheles labranchiae Falleroni, 1926 may occur in Hungary (Mihályi & Gulyás, 1963) but this needs confirmation. The same is also true for An. sacharovi Favre, 1903, another member of the Anopheles Maculipennis Complex. Aedes albopictus (Skuse 1894) and Ae. aegypti (Linnaeus 1762) are absent from the Hungarian mosquito fauna according to our actual knowledge. Based on the climatic and dispersion prognoses they may appear in Hungary due to global warming and/or introduction.

The Hungarian mosquito checklist may be still incomplete. It is important to note that Ae. geminus Peus, 1970 handled by Kenyeres & Tóth (2008) as a provisional element of the fauna has recently been collected in Hungary by Zoltán Soltész (personal communication) but has not yet been published. Species which are presumably present in the country but have not been discovered are Oc. behningi (Martini, 1926), Oc. riparius (Dyar & Knab, 1907) and Oc. intrudens (Dyar, 1919). In addition to the above mentioned species, the discovery of Oc. cyprius (Ludlow, 1919), Oc. diantaeus (Howard, Dyar & Knab, 1912), Cx. laticinctus Edwards, 1913 and Coquillettidia buxtoni (Edwards, 1923) is also possible. References Bartal, A. (1906) Adatok Magyarország légy-faunájához. [Data to the Hungarian Diptera

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Tóth, S. (1975) Adatok a Tardi-patak völgye Diptera faunájához. [Data to the Diptera Fauna of the valley of Tard Stream]. A Herman Ottó Múzeum Évkönyve 13–14, 587–615.

Tóth, S. (1977) Quantitative and qualitative investigations into the Culicidae-fauna of the Tisza-basin. Tiscia 7, 93–99.

Tóth, S. (1978) Dipterológiai vizsgálatok a Szigligeti Arborétumban. [Diptera researches in the Arboretum of Szigliget]. A Veszprém Megyei Múzeumok Közleményei 13, 105–109.

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Tóth, S. (1981) Adatok a Barcsi borókás csípőszúnyog faunájához (Diptera, Culicidae). [Data to the Mosquito Fauna (Diptera, Culicidae) of the juniper forest of Barcs]. Dunántúli Dolgozatok. Természettudományi sorozat 2, 133–142.

Tóth, S. (1985) Adatok a zirci arborétum kétszárnyú (Diptera) faunájához, I. Fonalascsápúak (Nematocera). [Data to the Diptera Fauna of the Arboretum of Zirc, I. Nematocera]. A Bakony természettudományi kutatásának eredményei 16, 63–72.

Tóth, S. (1990) Culicidae, Bombyliidae, Therevidae, Syrphidae and Tachinidae (Diptera) in Bátorliget. pp. 547–570. In: Mahunka, S. (ed.) The Bátorliget Nature Reserves. – after forty years. MTM. Budapest.

Tóth, S. (1991) Adatok a mocsári szúnyog, Mansonia (Coquillettidia) richiardii (Ficalbi, 1889) életmódjához és magyarországi elterjedéséhez (Diptera: Culicidae). [Data to the life-history and Hungarian distribution of Mansonia (Coquillettidia) richiardii (Ficalbi, 1889)]. Folia Musei historico-naturalis Bakonyiensis 10, 137–178.

Tóth, S. (1992a) Adatok a Béda-Karapancsa Tájvédelmi Körzet kétszárnyú faunájának ismeretéhez, I. Fonalascsápúak (Diptera: Nematocera). [Data to the Diptera Fauna of Béda-Karapancsa Landscape Protection Area, I. Diptera: Nematocera]. Dunántúli Dolgozatok. Természettudományi sorozat 6, 179–188.

Tóth, S. (1992b) Vegyes kétszárnyú (Diptera) adatok a Boronka-melléki Tájvédelmi Körzet faunájához. [Data to the Diptera Fauna of Boronka-mellék Landscape Protection Area]. Dunántúli Dolgozatok. Természettudományi sorozat 7, 273–287.

Tóth, S. (1995a) Adatok a Dráva mente kétszárnyú (Diptera) faunájához. [Data to the Diptera Fauna of the River Drava]. Dunántúli Dolgozatok. Természettudományi sorozat 8, 161–172.

Tóth, S. (1995b) Adatok az Őrség kétszárnyú (Diptera) faunájához. [Data to the Diptera Fauna of the Őrség]. Savaria 22(2), 155–196.

Tóth, S. (1999) Culicidae, Therevidae and Tachinidae (Diptera) in the Aggtelek National Park. pp. 517–524. In: Mahunka, S. (ed.) The fauna of the Aggteleki National Park. MTM. Budapest.

Tóth, S. (2000) Adatok a Villányi-hegység csípőszúnyog, bögöly, pöszörlégy, fejeslégy és fürkészlégy faunájához (Diptera: Culicidae, Tabanidae, Bombyliidae, Conopidae, Tachinidae). [Data to the Culicidae, Tabanidae, Bombyliidae, Conopidae, Tachinidae Fauna of the Villány Mts]. Dunántúli Dolgozatok. Természettudományi sorozat 10, 351–354.

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Tóth, S. (2003a) Sopron környékének csípőszúnyog-faunája (Diptera: Culicidae). [Mosquito Fauna (Diptera: Culicidae) of Sopron and its environs]. Folia historico-naturalia musei Matraensis 27, 317–326.

Tóth, S. (2003b) A Velencei-tó környékének csípőszúnyog-faunája (Diptera: Culicidae). [Mosquito Fauna (Diptera: Culicidae) of Lake Velence and its environs]. Folia historico-naturalia musei Matraensis 27, 327–332.

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Tóth, S. (2009c) Adatok Gyűrűfű kétszárnyú (Diptera) faunájához a Biodiverzitás Napok gyűjtései alapján. [Data to the Diptera Fauna of Gyűrűfű based on the collections of the Biodiversity Day]. Natura Somogyiensis 13, 179–190.

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