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The Study of Indonesia - English Code Mixing of the Second Semester Students
in English Speaking Subject of English Department Sriwijaya State Polytechnic
This Report is written to fulfill the Requirement for Diploma III Graduation in English Department at State Polytechnic of Sriwijaya
By:
Rahmita
061030900655
STATE POLYTECHNIC OF SRIWIJAYA
PALEMBANG
2013
APPROVAL SHEET
Name / NIM : Rahmita
Study Program : English for Tourism and Hotel
Title of Proposal Report : The Study of Indonesia - English Code Mixing of Students English Classroom Subject of English Department Sriwijaya State Polytechnic
Palembang, April 2013
Approved by,First advisor, Second Advisor,
Drs. Sunani, M.M Dra. Risa M.pdID. 1963051819900312002 ID. 196508172000031002
Acknowledged by,Head of English department
Dra. Tiur simanjutak, M.Ed.MID. 196105071988032001
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, the writer presents the background of writing, problem,
purpose, benefit and scheme of writing.
1.1 Background
As an international language, English has taken an important role in our life
for communication in all fields. Most of people in the world use English for
communication in business, education, tourism and others. However English is not
the first language in Indonesia, because Indonesia has its own national language
called Bahasa Indonesia. Bahasa Indonesia has been taken from Bahasa Melayu
which does not differentiate status of social, age, also cultural background; it was
supported by Masinambow and Haenam (2002) research, entitled: “Bahasa Indonesia
and local languages”. Bahasa is not only used as a means of formal communication
but also used as a media of the unity in Indonesia. In Indonesia, it is easy to find the
multilingual speaker since Indonesia is a multicultural country that has many ethnics
and mother tongues.
The use of Indonesia and English as a medium of instruction in the English
teaching and learning process has formulated a great problem, since English has been
socialized as a foreign language in Indonesia, it makes the students should try to learn
hard to understand and acquire English. The similar pattern especially happens in
formal educational institution for example: in English Department of Sriwijaya State
Polytechnic where most of the new students should adapt and try to learn hard to
understand and acquire English. This is proven by the data that the writer acquired
from English Department of Sriwijaya State Polytechnic. The data revealed, the
average speaking score of first semester students of English department of sriwijaya
state polytechnic. Morning class (regular) is __ points, and afternoon class (non-
regular) is__ points. Al-Khotaba, et.all. (2012) did a research about the application of
code mixing. The title of their study is “The application of code mixing in teaching
English as foreign language at tertiary level: classroom discourse”. He found in his
research the possibility of using language combination, or mixed language will come
up, especially in learning process and daily conversation in education.
The applications of language combination or mixing from one code to others
in which commonly called as code mixing. According to Nababan cited in Udoro
(2008: 15) code mixing happens when people mix two languages (or more) language
in such speech act or discourse without any force to do mixing codes. Code mixing
can be occurred in spoken and written language. Especially in spoken language for
example: (Radio, song and daily conversation) and written language (magazine or
Short Message Service (SMS). Additionally Alkaz (2011:7), states that teenager’s
language is influenced by the social environment communities and their peers.
Due to those explanations, it can be concluded that the students of English
Department still need the learning process thus sometimes still doing code mixing
during conversation. Another problem is because students have lacked vocabulary
and they are afraid of making mistake when they want to speak English in their
conversation. Therefore, code mixing is one of the ways to overcome that problem
because they can express what they want to say in their conversation.
The description above also happened to the students of English department in
Sriwijaya State Polytechnic which located in Jl. Srijaya Negara Palembang. Some of
students are using different languages such us Palembangnese, Javanese, bataknese,
sekayu, meranjat, lahat, kombring and baturaja. They are the students with different
ethnic, social and cultural background.
Based on the language usage at English Department, the students speak
Indonesian as the main language and English as the medium of communication.
Moreover they have to translate English into Indonesian or Indonesian into English
and sometimes mother tongue will occur in their conversation. Therefore, the writer
is really interested in analyzing “The Study of Indonesia - English Code Mixing of
The Second Semester Students in English Speaking Subject of English Department
Sriwijaya State Polytechnic.
1.2 Problem Formulation
The problem of this report is formulated as follow:
What are the types of Indonesia - English code mixing?
What factors that can influence the use of Indonesia- English code
mixing?
1.3 Purpose
The purposes of this report are:
To study the use of code mixing student English department
To find some factors and type that can influence code mixing and
learning process at Sriwijaya State Polytechnic
1.4 Benefit
The benefits of this final report are:
This research can be used as reference for those who are interested in
sociolinguistic phenomena.
This study is becoming additional source for bilingualism study
especially in Code Mixing
This study enrich the knowledge and information about Code Mixing
The readers are able to know some factors that can influence the
application of code mixing of English in speaking.
1.5 Scheme of writing
CHAPTER I : Introduction
This chapter presents background, problem formulation, purpose and benefit, and scheme overview.
CHAPTER II : Literature Review
This chapter discusses about definition of code, and code mixing, type of code mixing, the difference of Code Mixing and Code Switching, The influential factor of code mixing.
CHPATER III : Research methodology
This Chapter describes about research method, sample and population, technique of data collection and data analysis
CHAPTER IV : Finding
This chapter contains the result from observation and questionnaire
CHAPTER V : Conclusion and Suggestion
This chapter presents conclusion and suggestion.
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
In this chapter, the writer presents about the definitions of Code, Code Mixing, Types of Code Mixing, the Difference between Code Mixing and Code Switching, and The factors that Influence Code Mixing.
2.1 Definition of Code
In everyday interaction, people usually choose different codes in different
situations. It makes them easier to discuss a particular topic or to speak with other.
They may choose a particular code or to express their feeling. While talking about
work or school at home, for instance, they may use the language that is related to
those fields rather than the language used in daily language communication at home.
A code is a system that is used by people to communicate with each other. According
to Stockwell (2002:8-9 cited in Cakrawti, 2011), a code is “a symbol of nationalism
that is used by people to speak or communicate in a particular language, or dialect, or
register, or accent, or style on different occasions and for different purposes.”
Similarly, Wardaugh (1986:101) also maintains that a code can be defined as “a
system used for communication between two or more parties used on any occasions.”
When two or more people communicate with each other in speech, we can call the
system of communication that they employ a code. Therefore, people usually require
selecting a particular code whenever they choose to speak, and they may also decide
to switch from one code to another or to mix codes, sometimes in very short
utterances and it means to create a code. From those opinions of the code given by
many linguists above, the writer conclude that a code can be said as a language, and
the code is a form of the language variation that is used by a people to communicate
with other people in daily interaction or communication (conversation) within
particular society.
2.2 Definition of Code Mixing
Code Mixing, as the phenomenon which always occurs in language either in
bilingual or multilingual society, and the term is always interesting to discuss. The
use of Code Mixing will happen because the speaker tends to mix into another
language. The use of code-mixing, also happen in communicating process. It makes
the students more comfortable to have communication with other people. According
to Bentahila and Davies (2010) code-mixing is the random alternation of two
languages within a sentence. Nababan cited in Udoro (2008:15) claims that code
mixing happens when people mix two languages (or more) languages in such speech
or discourse without any force to do mixing codes. Trudgill cited in Udoro (2008:15)
defined “Code Mixing is as the process whereby speakers indulge in code switching
between languages of such rapidity and density, even within sentences and phrases
that are not possible to say at any given time which language they are speaking”.
From the definition above the writer can conclude that code mixing is the way people
communicate by mixing more than one language in one sentence.
2.3 Types of Code Mixing
Code Mixing is classified into two terms. It was supported by Suwito
(2004:114). There are inner Code mixing and outer Code Mixing.
a. Inner Code Mixing is a mixing from the original language or their own
language into national language, so the speaker inserts the elements of their own
language or elements of varieties and style into the dialect. For example: “cari istri
yang harus setolokan dong”.
This example use Indonesia language, but the conversant inserts a word stolokan.
stolokan in this example means : “suitable” is included into inner code mixing,
because the speaker inserts the elements of their own language or elements of
varieties and style into the dialect.
b. Outer Code Mixing occurs, if the speaker inserts the elements of their own
language into language foreign. For example: “jangan lupa minggu depan ada
meeting di kanwil pusat”. This example use Indonesian but coversant insert words
“meeting”, which constitute as the vocabulary of English. Based on suwito
(2004:114), this example is including outer code mixing because the conversant
inserts their language into pieces of foreign language.
2.4 The difference of Code Mixing and Code Switching
Living in the multilingual community will make the multilingual speakers get
a trouble in speaking or communicating. The problem appears because of the
language selection. In a multilingual community there will be more than two
languages. The possibility of switching or even mixing the language will occur in the
multilingual community. However, it is not easy to differentiate between code mixing
and code switching. Furthermore, we can find some indicators related to the
differences of these two sociolinguistics terms, code switching and code mixing.
Code switching refers to the speaker change into another language meanwhile
speaker tends to mix another language into the sentence is called code mixing.
Switching or mixing languages has become a linguistic phenomenon that was
observed by many experts. According to Holmes (1992:35 cited Jiunkpe, 2006:6)
Code Switching occurs when the speaker shifts from one code to another code. For
example, a speaker who Speak Indonesia in his conversation then he changes his code
in to Japanese. In this case the speaker may use some codes or switch to another code
as a signal of group membership and shared with an addressee. In addition, Gardner
(2009) states that code-switching belongs primarily to the study of sociolinguistics,
which can be used as an approach to detect code-switching. Despites of definition
about ‘code mixing’, Al Khotaba, et.at (2012) claims that code-mixing, is when a
fluent bilingual talks to another fluent bilingual without any change at all in the
situation. Borrowing is simply when an item is borrowed from one language to
become part of the other language. Code mixing suggests that the speaker is mixing
up codes indiscriminately or perhaps because of incompetence, whereas the switches
are very well –motivated in relation to the symbolic or social meaning of the two
codes.
2.5 The influential factor of code mixing
There are some factors which affect code switching and code-mixing such as
grammatical, lexical, and societal factors. Among these factors, societal factors would
be the most influential factors for the reasons why bilinguals switch and mix their
languages. It was supported by Fishman (2000 cited in Suganda 2010) which found
that the choice of language among bilingual speakers is determined by factors such as
setting, participants, topic or situation.
1. According to Fishman, the first factor of the choice of language among
bilingual speaker is setting: (in terms of time and place, and the
situation). The situation controls the choice of variety. Wardaugh
(1990:103) mention that” People change the code as they redefine
situation that they face – formal to informal, official to personal, serious,
humorous, and politeness to solidarity.”
2. The second factor of the choice of language among bilingual speaker is
the participants or interlocutors in the interaction (which will be
characterized by things such as age, sex, social statues and socio-
economic background, and also by the kind of relationship existing
between them). Participants here can refer to the speaker, listener and the
third party.
3. The third factor of the choice of language among bilingual speaker is the
Message Intrinsic Factors (quotation, Reiteration, topic-comment)
Individual speaker will usually have preferences for using a particular
language when speaking about a certain subject. According to Holmes
(1992:44 cited in Suganda 2010) claims that: “people may switch code
within a speech event to discuss a particular topic”.
4. The Fourth factor of the choice of language among bilingual speaker is
the function of the interaction (which can be to greet, apologize, and
exchange information and also include: language attitude, dominance
and security ). The choice is made with the intention that the message
should convey a particular meaning or have a certain effect Holmes
(1992:44 cited in Suganda 2010)
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter described about research method, population and sample, the
study of data collection technique and data analysis.
3.1 Research Method
In this chapter, the writer will deal with descriptive method. Descriptive
method of research is a method which tries to describe the problem in descriptive
manner, in this case the researches enable to describe or present the picture of
phenomenon or phenomena under investigation. Descriptive method as involving
collection of data in order to test hypothesis or to answer questions concerning the
status of the subject of the study Gay (1976 cited diyah 2012). In this final report, the
descriptive method research divided into observation and questioner.
3.2 population and sample
3.2.1 The population of sample
The subject of this report is code mixing participants of English department
student in Sriwijaya state polytechnic. The location Sriwijaya state Polytechnic on Jl.
Srijaya negara Palembang. The populations of this research are the student of English
department who Study in Sriwijaya state polytechnic especially in regular and non
regular second semester.
3.2.2 Sample of the study
According to Beaver (2009:8), a sample is a subset of measurements selected
from the population of interest. Refers to the theory, the researcher took two classes
in the morning and afternoon Department. They are from the one regular class
(morning) and one from non regular class (afternoon). Batch year 2012/2013, each of
the class comprise of 24 students.
The participants of students in the class as sample of the study who use code
mixing when they are talking to each other in their speaking class subject, the
reseacher has reason why the writer choose the English department student in second
semester because they are as the new student and they should adapt with the
atmosphere in English department which commonly use English in the classroom. So
it can caused the students are difficult to use English because of the vocabulary or the
lack of their background are different but they should speak English in their English
class. So more possibilities it can occur the code mixing in the class.
3.3 Techniques of Data Collection
In technique of collecting the data, the writer divides part trough by
observation and questionnaire in the classroom
a. Observation
In collecting data the writer will observe the student class in English
department. During the observation the writer will watch and record the
activity of student in the class. It is supported by Dr.Price, Oswald (2006),
which state that “Observational research is type of correlation (i.e., non-
experimental) research in which a researcher observes ongoing behavior”. So
in this case, the writer will conduct the observation by watching and recording
the activity student in the class.
b. Questionnaire
In this method the writer is inspired by the questionnaire which has
been applied by Tusakdiyah (2012). She applied seventeen (17) items of an
adapted questionnaire were developed in his study with titled “ the analysis
of code mixing by teenager’s at Global English Language Center ” an
exploratory study” to measure influential factor code mixing. In this study the
writer apllied the modification of questionnaire which consists of two
different sections: A, B, which are described as follows;
A. Biographical information of the participants - made up of six items.
B. Students' views about the reason using of code mixing - consisting of
twelve items.
The questionnaire implemented both structured (closed) and
unstructured (open ended) questions. Students were asked to give their
honest opinions in a 2--Likert scale. The scale was comprised as follows;
Agree, and Disagree.
The writer gave the questionnaire to all the participants’ class.
According to Trueman (2000), a questionnaire is a series of questions asked
to individuals to obtain statistically useful information about a given topic.
When properly constructed and responsibly administered, questionnaires
become a vital instrument by which statements can be made about specific
groups or people or entire population. It means the questionnaire contain of
the questions are close with the question that cause why they use code mixing
3.4 Data Analysis
In analyzing the data, the writer will conclude the result of observation and
questioner
1. The result of observation in analyzing the data, the writer would be
following steps. There are:
a. Recording the conversation of participants
b. Writing the result of recording
c. Analyzing and studying about the data
d. Marking code mixing that appear in the conversation class
e. Identifying the types of code mixing that appear in the conversation class
2. After recording the conversation, the writer will give the questionnaire for
the participants’, then the result of questionnaire in analyzing the data, the
writer will do following steps. There are:
a. Shorting by the different class, they are second A.b and B.b semester
b. Analyzing the answers of the participants. In this case the writer will
analyzed the answer by using the formula Hartono (2002: 37-38): P =
F/N x 100%
Note
P = Percentage
F = Frequency/ total respondents
N = Total number of respondents
c. Concluding the result of code-mixing factors in students English
Departement.
CHAPTER IV
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
The Chapter discussed the findings of the study and discussion about the types of
code mixing use by students English Department in Speaking Subject and The
influential factor of code mixing.
4.1 finding
After analyzing the data collected through observation and questionnaire, the
writer identified the types and code mixing factors that used by student English
Department in speaking class.
REFERENCES
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Al-Khotaba, E, H., Al-Matarneh, E, Y., Al-Qaralleh, A, M. (2012). The application of code mixing and switching in teaching English as a foreign language at secondary school level: classroom discourse. European Journal of Social Sciences, 35 (3), 284- 292. Online accessed April 28, 2013
Retrieved from http: //www.europeanjournalofsocialciences.com
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