Reviewing of Literature
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Transcript of Reviewing of Literature
COURSE OUTLINES
Unit I
Definition and Applications of Business Research
Unit II
Research Design
Unit III
Sampling
Unit IV Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
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LITERATURE REVIEW
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LITERATURE REVIEW
After defining a problem, the researcher has to do literature survey
connected with the problem
Literature survey is a collection of research publications,
books and other documents related to the defined problem.
Why Literature Review??
To Prevent Duplication of work
To find out what others have learnt and reported
To further refine your problem statement
Increase knowledge of various types of methodologies that
could be useful in your study
Give arguments in support of your research
Reasons for reviewing the literature
1. Bring clarity and focus to your research problem 2. Improve your methodology 3. Broaden your knowledge base in your research area
Procedure for reviewing the literature
Search for existing literature Review the literature selected Develop a theoretical framework Develop a conceptual framework Write up the literature reviewed
SOUCES OF LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature Review
Journals/ Published
Articles
Review Articles
Advanced level
books
Proceedings of
Conferences/workshops
Internet
Community and District/
provisional level information.
National Level information through
national Libraries, premier
research institutes, Department of
Statistics.
Information from Ministries,
bilateral and multilateral
organisations (Eg: WHO, World
Bank, UN organisations)
Published/ Unpublished thesis.
THE THREE KEY POINTS OF A LITERATURE
REVIEW
Tell me what the research says (theory).
Tell me how the research was carried out
(methodology).
Tell me what is missing, ie the gap that your
research intends to fill.
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You need a good literature review because it:
demonstrates that you know the field.
justifies the reason for your research.
allows you to establish your theoretical framework
and methodological focus. Even if you are
proposing a new theory or a new method, you are
doing so in relation to what has been done.
The literature review becomes your springboard for
the whole thesis
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WRITING THE INTRODUCTION
In the introduction, you should:
Define or identify the general topic, issue, or area of concern, thus
providing an appropriate context for reviewing the literature.
Point out overall trends in what has been published about the topic;
or conflicts in theory, methodology, evidence, and conclusions; or
gaps in research and scholarship; or a single problem or new
perspective of immediate interest.
Establish the writer's reason (point of view) for reviewing the
literature; explain the criteria to be used in analyzing and comparing
literature and the organization of the review (sequence); and, when
necessary, state why certain literature is or is not included (scope).
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FINDING AND DEFINING A RESEARCH PROBLEM
you need to start by identifying a question that
demands an answer, or
A need that requires a resolution, or a riddle
that seeks a solution, which can be developed
into a research problem: the heart of the
research project
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DEFINING RESEARCH PROBLEM
The first and foremost step in research
process
Selection of the problem
Defining the problem
Formulating the problem
Researcher must know: What a problem is?
It is like the identification of a destination before undertaking a journey.
WHAT IS A RESEARCH PROBLEM?
A research problem is one which requires
a researcher to find out the best solutions
for the given problem, i,e., to find out by
which course of action the objectives can
be attained optimally in the context of a
given environment. There are several
factors which may result in making the
problem complicated. For instance, the
environment.
Research problem is like the foundation of
a building
SELECTING THE PROBLEM
IMPORTANT CONSIDERATIONS
1-Subject must not have been overdone
(it will be a difficult task to throw any new
light in such a case.)
2-Subject must not be Controversial
3-Problem should not be too narrow or too
vague
The subject should be familiar and feasible
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
The importance of the subject,
the qualifications and the training of a
researcher,
the costs involved,
the time factor
The selection of a problem must be preceded
by a preliminary study.
IDENTIFYING A RESEARCH TOPIC AND PROBLEM
Theory Of One’s
Interest
Daily Life Problems
Technological
Changes Recent Trends
Unexplored Areas
This is the most crucial step
“Confusion is often but a step towards clarity”
Most research in the humanities revolves around four “P” s.
Interest: select a topic that really interest you
Magnitude: researcher should have sufficient knowledge about
the research process to be able to visualise the work involved in
completing the proposed the study.
Measurement of concepts: make sure you are clear about its indicators and their measurement.
Level of expertise: make sure you have an adequate level of
expertise for the task you are proposing.
Relevance : select a topic that is of relevance to you as a
professional.
Availability of data : before finalizing your topic make sure your secondary data are available.
Ethical issues: how the ethical issues can affect the study
population and how ethical problems can be overcome should be
thoroughly examined at the problem formulation stage.
In choosing a research problem, the two crucial determinants to
keep in mind are:
Your interest in the subject area; and Manageability of the study within you own constraints
Steps Identify broad area of interest in your academic/professional field Dissect the broad area into sub-areas Select a sub-area or areas in which you would like to conduct your research Raise research questions that you would like to answer
through your study Formulate objectives Assess Double check
The formulation of objectives Objectives are the goals you set to attain in your study
Objectives should be listed under two headings: •Main objectives and sub-objectives
The main objective is an overall statement of the thrust of your study The sub-objectives are the specific aspects of the topic that you want to investigate within the main framework of your study.
PROBLEM TREE – KEEP ASKING WHY?
Low Labor Productivity
Low Land Productivity
Unskilled Labor
Water Scarcity
Unsuitable Crops
Poor Soil
Inefficient Irrigation
Lack of crop varieties adapted to climate
Inefficient Water harvesting Unsuitable Climate
Farming Patterns do not Return nutrients
Farmers can’t afford fertilizers
Farmers unaware of best practices
Study on
Ensuring
Food Safety
and Security
Some examples:
To find out the number of children living below the poverty line in Sri Lanka To ascertain the impact of immigration on family roles among immigrants To measure the effectiveness of a retraining
program designed to help young people
DEFINING AND FORMULATION OF PROBLEM
“Defining the Problem is more important than its solution !”
Research Question:
Is Television more effective in increasing the performance level of students?
Specify Variable!
Performance and Effectiveness
Research Study:
To study the effectiveness of Television on the performance of school students aged 9-19 of XYZ school
STEPS INVOLVED IN RESEARCH PROCESS
• Selection of a Research Topic
• Definition of a Research Problem
• Literature survey and Reference collection
• Assessment of current status of the topic chosen
• Formulation of hypothesis
• Research Design
• Actual investigation- Collect Data
• Data Analysis- Test Hypothesis
• Interpretation of Result
• Report Making