Reviewer Pro Made by Justin Raymond S. Eloriaga

"Here's to the crazy ones, the misfits, the rebels, the troublemakers, the round pegs in the square holes...

the ones who see things differently -- they're not fond of rules... You can quote them, disagree with them,

glorify or vilify them, but the only thing you can't do is ignore them because they change things... they push

the human race forward, and while some may see them as the crazy ones, we see genius, because the ones

who are crazy enough to think that they can change the world, are the ones who do" –Steve Jobs

Introduction

The Reviewer Pro is the new generation reviewer for the juniors. It uses simple methods and guides that make studying easy. This reviewer will contain all 7 major subject areas offered. Please note that this reviewer is not perfect and may contain errors. Please do not rely on this reviewer alone for your study efforts.

A. Christian Morality

The Three Dimensions of our Faith

o Doctrine: Scriptures, Encyclicals, Pastoral Letters, Council Documents and others

o Morals: Relating principles of right and wrong in behavior

o Worship: Application and living of the written word and the values taught to us

The Three Dimensions should be grounded on both

o Orthodoxy: correct understanding of our faith

o Orthopraxis: correct practice of our faith

The Three Dimensions are enforced by

o Human Experiences: things that happen continually around us

o Scripture: teachings and precepts

o Tradition: passing and history

Stress of the Three Dimensions

o The three dimensions should be lived equally and of the same footing, too much stress on one or two of the three results into insufficient balance, namely

Doctrine: Dogmatism

Morals: Activism

Worship: Ritualism

Doctrine and Worship: Pious Dogmatism

Doctrine and Morals: Ideological Activism

Morals and Prayer: Idealistic Activism

o The insufficient balances aren‟t necessarily bad however it is much better lived equally

Country of Contradictions

o Countries like the Philippines have both lights and shadows. Many of our social illnesses are rooted on the way we choose to act.

Name: ________________________________

Date: ________ Section: A B C D E F G H I

The next generation reviewer Junior Year SY 2012-2013 First Term

Perspicacious Teaching DLSZ

Euthyphro‟s Dilemma

o Question: Do the gods love pious because it is pious or is the pious pious because the gods live it?

o Justin‟s Version: Is it good because it is willed by God or does God will it because it is good?

Justin‟s Answer

The concept of good is always subjective. The answer for me is neither. First, the definition of human good is not of genuine inspiration. Your definition of good may have come from your parents or relatives but you did not give yourself the meaning of good. Second, every other person has a different perspective of what is good. Good is subjective to the person‟s figment of mind. This dilemma is a Vicious Circularity.

Human Dignity

Basic Anthropology

1. Man is a Person: A concrete individual with reason and self awareness with free will, the basis of moral life 2. Man is a Substantial Unity: Man has a complete specific nature with a unity of both body and soul. Man is

also an autonomous being in a sense; we have the intelligence to understand the world and freedom. Thomas Aquinas: “We have the reason to understand the world and the will to direct himself to true good”

3. Man is a Social Being: Man is a relational being who is open to himself and others 4. Man as a Historical Reality: Man develops as a person in noticeable stages

To keep things lighter (Justin‟s Way)

o Man has AUTONOMY, man must be viewed in the light with uniqueness and equality

o Man has SELF REALIZATION, man cannot be judged in abstraction

o Man has RESPONSIBILITY, man develops through inter-subjectivity

Christian Anthropology

1. Man is a Creature: We believe in God as the true Creator and a vision to be responsible and caring. We affirm God as the creator and that everything we do are immanent and personal actions of God.

2. Man is the Image of God: Man appears as the first conscious where knowledge and instinct for union. We have a likeness to God in likeness and responsible conduct to respond freely to the call of God

3. Man is Fallen and Redeemed: Man has abused his freedom but with God‟s mercy towards us, we rise up again. Quote: “Rise” – Guy from “The Pit” in “The Dark Knight Rises” (2012)

To keep things lighter (Justin‟s Way)

o We are created in God‟s image and likeness; we are manifestations of his beauty and marvel.

o We are redeemed by the Incarnate Jesus Christ, the son of God whom he so loved.

o We are temples and an indwelling of the Holy Spirit, the third member of the trinity

Ontological Dignity

o The dignity of the human person, the fact that they are fundamental facts of human beings. Ergo, our dignity by being a Homo sapien sapiens, being a Human Being

o This should be respected and protected to the highest degree in the light of the following

We have this from “womb” to “tomb”, from the moment of conception

Our own worth is not based on morals in itself or even education and wealth

Even when we lose our Moral Dignity, our dignity as a human person, our ontological dignity remains.

If Moral Dignity is Lost,

o Our Ontological Dignity will remain.

o Man has the capability to regain moral dignity as a child of God, a brother to Jesus and a temple to the Holy Spirit

Important Quotations

o “The Human Person Possesses Dignity That Has No Price But Value” – Immanuel Kant

o “To Be A Human Being Is To Be A Fellow Human Being” – Martin Buber

o “I Exist In The Measure That I Exist For Others, For After All, To Be Is To Love” – E. Mounier

o “The Face Of The Other Tells Me That It Is Impossible To Kill The Person With That Face” – E. Levinas

o “On Account Of His Great Love, He Became What We Are That He Might Make Us What He Is” – St. Iraneus

With Nature and Grace

o We gain a share in the very nature of God which implies the indwelling of the trinity in the soul of a man

o We are conformed to the workings of the Holy Spirit in the depths of our hearts

o This is a destiny going beyond our limits, hence it is supernatural

Freedom and Responsibility

B.F. Skinner

o He quoted that “Freedom is an illusion” and that our actions/behavior is molded by the way we interact with mass media and how we are shaped by environmental consequences.

o Remember: Actions followed by good outcomes are likely to recur while actions followed by bad outcomes are less likely to recur

Operant Conditioning

o How a certain variable is trained to become autonomous in itself that it is now immediate to do actions that were before told or stimulated

Reinforcement of Behavior

o Positive Reinforcement: give a “reward” for some desired action that was done

o Negative Reinforcement: take away a “reward” for undesired action

o Punishment: Use of aversive stimulus to shape behavior to prevent and take it away

o Extinction: In a sense, ignoring behavior in general.

Schedule of Reinforcement

o Interval Schedules: based on time

Interval Fixed Reinforcement: based on a fixed lapse of time. (Sr. C turns off the computer every 3:30pm every day. Justin gives him choc nut at this same time)

Interval Variable Reinforcement: random time lapses. (2:30,4:00,9:00,9:30)

o Ratio Schedules: based on the number of responses

Ratio Fixed Reinforcement: based on the # of responses. (For every 5 times Sr. C turns off the computer, Justin gives him popcorn)

Ratio Variable Reinforcement: overall average # of responses. (In 1 week, Sr. C opens the door 6 times, therefore he gets 3 chocolates. If he opened it 12 times, then he would get 6 chocolates)

Limited Effects of Punishment

o It does not teach any behavior

o It is only effective when delivered immediately and consistently

o There are a lot of negative side effects

o Undesirable Behaviors (Aggression) and Negative Emotions (Fear)

J.P. Sartre

o He quoted that “We are condemned to be free” and that our own freedom resides in our consciousness‟ power and capability to say “No”

Justin‟s Interlude Pretense

In my personal opinion, I would agree more to a certain extent with Sartre than that of Skinner. Just because we are all capable of change and that we are not toys or dolls that go to bed every single time and day at the same time and are motive by rewards and fulfillment.

Consciousness to say NO!

o For Sartre, freedom is the capability to say NO!

In pretense, when we are conscious and with mindset, we can always say NO!

As an example:

A college student who is about to join a fraternity can still opt not to do it.

“Bad Faith”

It is an aspect of self denial wherein a person will try to prevent or avoid the responsibility of one‟s own total freedom

Jesus Calls Us to True Freedom

o We are disciples of Jesus Christ and we are called to be free to him and from sin. In a sense, we try to emulate his example. Christian Morality, ergo, we choose good over bad

Freedom is doing what is good

o Self explanatory, we are free only if we do good. The rest of the details are supplements

Freedom is relational

o It involves everyone; it explains your freedom in society. How you affect and become affected by it.

o You must learn to respect the dignity of yourself in relation with others Example: In the piece “Republikang Basahan”, the Filipinos are bounded by the „dayuhans‟, ergo, the Philippines AS A WHOLE is not free.

God‟s Will and Freedom

o God‟s Freedom: The power to say no to evil. The more good a person does the more freedom he gets from God the father.

o God‟s Will: It is the plan from God to us to do what is right.

Freedom For and Freedom From

!Note that this is assuming that the context of the situation is doing the good!

o Freedom From: your freedom from anything that gets in the way of our goal of complete good as people in the Church. We are free from violent acts, and demeaning conduct that disable development.

o Freedom For: we are free for the development of being true person in Jesus.

B. Physics

Science, Religion and the Arts

o Science simply aims to understand. To understand everyday things using analytical means and by the scientific method.

o The Arts aim to express. To be able to express emotions by the virtue of creativity.

o Religion aims for people to believe. It is often said that we live by faith, not by sight.

Science, Technology and Society

Science Technology Society Theories Practicality Consumers (Ideas) (Application) (Economic Use)

o Key Words

Society – wants and/or needs

Science- study and/or research

Technology- product/process/tool

Scientific Method

1. Recognize the Problem 2. Make an educated guess- a hypothesis- about the answer 3. Predict the consequences of the hypothesis 4. Perform experiments to test predictions 5. Formulate the simplest general rule that organizes the main ingredients: hypothesis, prediction, and

experimental outcome.

(Note: Hypothesis is an educated guess that can be proven wrong)

Significant Figures

1. All Non Zero Digits are significant. 9829 4 significant figures

2. The zero (0) digit may or may not be significant 101 3 SF, 100 1SF, 100.0 4SF

Scientific Notation

o A way to write large and small numbers in an easy way

o Numbers are written by the powers of A x 10B

o Movement to the left signifies a positive exponent. 148,000.0 1.48 x 105

o Movement to the right signifies a negative exponent. 0.000683 6.83 x 10-4

Conversion

o Unit conversion is possible when there is an equivalent ratio of quantities

Example 1

Justin is flying from Hong Kong to London with no stop over‟s. If the duration of the flight is 13.5 hours, what is that in seconds?

13.5 𝑕𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑥 60 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠

1 𝑕𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑥

60 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠

1 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒= 48, 600 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠

Example 2

Kyle measured that the contraption that was given to him generated 99.5 MHz. What is this in kHz?

99.5 𝑀𝐻𝑧 𝑥 1 𝑥 106 𝐻𝑧

1 𝑀𝐻𝑧 𝑥

1 𝑘𝐻𝑧

1 𝑥 103𝐻𝑧= 99,500 𝑘𝐻𝑧

Example 3

Anthony, an experimental race car driver tested his new alpha 500 race car which had a top speed of 3.25 x 104 km/hr. Convert this into m/s

3.25 𝑥 104 𝑘𝑚

𝑕𝑟 𝑥

1 𝑥 103𝑚

1 𝑘𝑚 𝑥

1 𝑕𝑟

3600 𝑠= 9,027.78

𝑚

𝑠

Example 4

Adrian measured a certain figure to have 475 cm3. His teacher then asked him to convert it to m3

475 𝑐𝑚3𝑥 1 𝑚

100 𝑐𝑚

3

−→ 475 𝑐𝑚3 𝑥 1 𝑚3

1,000,000 𝑐𝑚3 = 4.75 𝑥 10−4 𝑚3

Scalars and Vectors

Scalars Vectors

l=2 meters l=3 centimeters, East

Only the magnitude, “How much” Magnitude and Direction, “How much and which direction” Represented by a line segment Represented by rays and arrows

Systems of Directions 1. By the X and Y axis‟ 2. NSEW and Bearings Vector A (Violet): 2 cm along the + x axis Vector C (Red): 2.75cm, Southeast Vector B (Green): 3 cm, 800 from the – x axis Vector D (Blue): 5 cm, 600 West of South

Addition of Vectors using the Component Method

Given

Vector A : 10 m, E Vector B: 5m, 300 N of E A + B = R

Step 1: Graphical Representation Step 2: X and Y Components

Given X V cos θ

Y V sin θ

Vector A mag: 10 m

θ: 00

10cos0 10m

10sin0 0m

Vector B mag: 5m

θ: 300

5cos30 4.33m

(+)5sin30 2.50m

Vector R ∑

Rx =14.33m Ry = 2.50m

Step 3: Triangular Representation Green: Rx and Ry Values Red: Vector R Value

Step 4: Solving for θ and the magnitude Step 5: The Final Vector

𝑇𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑔 = 𝑅𝑥2 + 𝑅𝑦

2 Vector R = 14.55m, 9.900 N of E

𝑇𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑅𝜃 = tan−1 𝑅𝑦

𝑅𝑥

𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑔 = (14.33)2 + (2.50)2 = 14.55𝑚

tan−1 2.50

14.33 = 9.900

Kinematics

o Distance (d)

Scalar quantity

“How much earth has an object covered during its motion”

o Displacement ( d )

Vector quantity

Object‟s change in position

o Speed (v)

Scalar quantity

“How fast an object is moving”

o Velocity ( v )

Vector quantity

Rate in which an object changes position

o Average Speed

Scalar quantity

Average for all instantaneous speeds

𝐴𝑣𝑒. 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑑

𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙

o Average Velocity

Vector quantity

𝐴𝑣𝑒.𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = ∆ 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

o Instantaneous Speed

Speed at any given instant in time

o Acceleration

Vector quantity

The rate in which an object changes its velocity

𝐴𝑣𝑒.𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∆ 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

Projectile Motion

o 2 Dimensional motion concerning vertical and horizontal shifts

o Take note of the following

The horizontal speed is equal to 0

The horizontal acceleration is equal to 0

As you go up, the object slows down by 9.8m/s2

As you go down, the object speeds up by 9.8m/s2

o Key Concepts

Projectile: object/variable in projectile motion

Trajectory: path that has been taken by the projectile

Range: max. horizontal distance

o As the projectile is in motion, the following formulas is applicable

o 𝑇𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑔 = 𝑅𝑥2 + 𝑅𝑦

2

o 𝑇𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑅𝜃 = tan−1 𝑅𝑦

𝑅𝑥

o The Concept of Angular Range

The maximum range is only achievable at an angle of 450

As an angle value increases, the max. height will also increase

Complementary angles have the same/equal range. (300 and 600, 800 and 100)

C. Algebra

Arithmetic Sequence

o Terms are computed by adding a common difference (d) to each term.

o Examples of an Arithmetic Sequence

1,2,3,4,5,... (d=1)

3,7,11,15,19,23,… (d=4)

8,8,8,8,8,… (d=0)

Note that to get d, you subtract a current term from its previous term

o For finding the nth term

𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑

o For finding the series

𝑠 = 𝑛

2 𝑎1 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑

𝑠 = 𝑛

2 𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑛

Geometric Sequence

o Terms are computed by multiplying a common ratio (r) to each term.

o Examples of a Geometric Sequence

2,4,8,16,32,… (r=2)

5, 85, 1445, 24565, 417605,… (r=17)

8,8,8,8,8,… (r=1)

Note that to get r , you divide a current term from its previous term

o For finding the nth term

𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1𝑟𝑛−1

o For finding the series

For a Finite Geometric Sequence:

𝑠 = 𝑎1(1−𝑟𝑛 )

1−𝑟

For an Infinite Geometric Sequence:

𝑠∞ = 𝑎1

1−𝑟

Binomial Expansion

Properties of Binomial Expansion using Pascal‟s Triangle

o There are n+1 terms in the expansion of (a+b)n

o The exponent of the variable a starts from the power of (a+b) and will decrease by 1 every term until it reaches 0

o The exponent of the variable b starts from 0 and increases by 1 every term until it reaches the power of (a+b)

o The sum of the exponents of the variables a and b is always equal to the power of n of (a+b)

o The binomial coefficient of the first and the last terms is equal to one and the binomial coefficient of the second and the second to the last term is always equal to n

o The binomial coefficients of each term can be written in triangular form

o To get the binomial coefficients of the terms between the first and last terms, just add the two numbers above it

o The triangle is symmetrical

Finding for the rth term

o We can identify any term in the expansion of (a+b)n

o The rth term is basically any term in the expansion

o 𝑛!

𝑛−𝑟+1 ! 𝑟−1 !

D. Economics

Economics In A Nutshell

o A social science that deals with the allocation of goods and services to supply the ever increasing human wants and needs.

o Taken from “Oikos” + “Nomos” = House Management

o Scarcity: lack of supply and a greater demand

o Opportunity Cost: cost of alternative forgone

o Allocation: process of distributing goods and services to society

The Scale of Economics

o Macro Economics: large scale enterprises and whole nation states

o Micro Economics: small scale enterprises, firms and self proprietary businesses

The Types of Economics

o Positive Economics: deals with raw facts and information

o Normative Economics: draws conclusions and judgments based on facts and situations

Economic Resources of the Philippines

o Resources are classified into three, namely, Natural, Physical and Human Resources

Natural Resources

o Resources from God, God‟s gift for us to use

o Divided into 3 main subsets

Land Resources: Resources from the plains and various land forms

Agricultural: Farmlands and Harvesting Zones

Forest: Sanctuaries, National Parks and others alike

Aquatic Resources: Resources from the seas and other water forms. Aquaculture and

Fishery

Mineral Resources: Resources from mines and mineral deposits both metallic or non

metallic

Human Resources

o Ability of a man to produce goods and services by using his abilities, knowledge, skills and manpower

o Labor Force: Men and women from the age of 15 and above who are fully employed or looking for

work

o Underemployment: A state in which a person takes a job where his skills are underutilized

o Unemployment: A state in which a person is without work because of the lack of job opportunities

o Labor Participation Rate: The proportion of the population ages 15 and above who are

economically active

Physical Resources

o Man-made structures and equipment that are used to produce other goods and services.

o Fixed Capital Assets: assets of durable nature for repeated use over time (e.g. iPad,iPhone, a

building)

o Infrastructure: capital investment of a country that underlines and makes possible all economic

activity

o Depreciation: the process of wear and tear of a physical resource or a capital

o Investment: creation of capital or goods that are capable of producing other goods and services

Note: Investment can also be called capital accumulation.

Needs and Wants of the Modern Consumer

o Necessities and miscellaneous products and services to satisfy the modern consumer

Maslow‟s Hierarchy of Needs

Starting with the most important

o Physiological Needs: Basic expenditures and necessities (food, shelter, clothing) o Safety Needs: Insurances, Plans, etc. o Love and Belongingness: To belong in society and to get along with other consumers o Self Esteem: Respect to others and Self Respect o Self Actualization: Life Fulfillment

Factors that Affect our Needs

o Age

o Education

o Taste & Preference

o Income

o Profession

Basic Social Concerns for the Filipinos

o Health and Nutrition

o Learning

o Income and Consumption

o Employment

o Non-human productive resources

o Housing utilities and environment

o Public safety and justice system

o Political value

o Social Mobility

Influencing Consumption

o Advertisement: convincing consumers to patronize certain products. (Bandwagon, Testimonial,

Branding)

o Prices: factors that will limit consumption based on the perspective of the consumer

o Income: earned cash in selling or producing consumer goods

o Occasion: special holidays, events of meaning. (Christmas, Birthdays)

o Bandwagon Effect: products patronized by our friends or by celebrities are being consumed more

by the consumers

o Values: we are influenced by our attitudes and our behavioral aspects in making consumer judgments

o Seasons: we are influenced depending on the status of the weather or the surroundings

Types of Consumption

o Direct: satisfaction upon buying a certain product. (iPad, iPhone, MacBook Pro)

o Wasteful: no satisfaction upon buying a certain product. (Hoarding)

o Harmful: goods that endangers self and others. (“Lunatic” gun)

o Productive: goods to be used in the production of other goods

o Intermediate goods: goods that need to be processed more in order to produce other goods

Laws of Consumption

o Law of Economic Order: you must prioritize basic needs like food and clothing over misc. needs

o Law of Variety: more satisfaction if the products that you buy have variety

o Law of Diminishing Utility: the utility of a certain products will lose its value with the number of

uses or by the pass of time. “Nagsasawa ka na”

High vs. Low Income

o Lower Income families prioritize more on food and other basic expenditures

o HigherIncome families spend most of their resources of Miscellaneous Items

Living Standards

o Poverty Standard: lowest of the low, depends of donations from other people, not able to meet

their needs.

o Bare Living Standard: satisfaction of the basic needs is hard and they are uncertain of complete

meals. Ergo, income is barely enough to satisfy needs.

o Decency Standard: chance to choose from a variety of products, thus income is better and giving

assurance of all basic needs and experiences dignified living

o Comfort Standard: income is enough to enjoy comforts and considered as a living with no

financial scuffle wherein income can be saved

o Luxury Standard: consumption of high quality products, money, and price are not issues. No limits

in expenditures

Culture and Behaviors of the Filipinos that affect Consumption

o Indebtedness (“Utang na loob”): form of repaying gifted services, emotions or trust by buying that

person‟s products or services

o Colonial Mentality: form of wanting foreign goods rather than local goods or regarding them with

a higher quality or standard than what we have here. (iPhone vs. Cherry mobile)

o Regionalism: prioritization of a regions local products

o “Pakikisama”(Peer Pressure) : consumption or expending of goods/services to get along with your

social group.

Market Structures

o Pure Monopoly: only one sole firm is the producer of a certain product with no close substitutes. In

a sense, they are desirable from the point of view of the company but not desirable for consumer since there is no variety. 1. There is only one sole seller of that product 2. No substitutes are available, ergo, no viable competition or variety 3. No barriers to entry.

o Oligopoly

1. An industry that is crushed by a few firms. (garnering more than 50% market share) 2. Collusion or Interdependence from firms 3. There are barriers to entry, but substantially less than that of monopoly 4. Advertising is key and you have differentiated market products/innovations

o Cartel: a group of companies acting in unison. Used to restrict quantities in production by means of

raising prices and raises their profits

o Collusion: agreement among companies or firms to divide the market, to restrict/set prices or to limit

production/manufacturing. Happens within an industry when rival companies cooperate for mutual benefit

o Rival Companies: companies competing for market share of a sole category. (e.g. Samsung vs.

Apple) (iPhone 4s vs. Galaxy SIII)

o Monopolistic Competition

1. Different ion of products 2. There are many companies/firms involbed 3. Free entry and exit 4. Independence in making decision 5. Have some degree of market power

o Product Differentiation: process of distinguishing a product or offering from others, to make it

more attractive to the desired market which involves differentiating it from the competitor‟s innovations as well as their own sole innovations.

E. English

Mythology

o An organized collection of stories

o Explains the origin of humanity and its tradition

o The way which the natural in line with human words function at a universal level

o Describes the daily happenings amongst deities (gods).

In comparison to

o Legend: Generally no religious and supernatural structure or upbringing but rather of the story‟s

significance

o Folklore: Figments of the mind with a possible factual background and is believed by a statistic few in

an area

o Fables: Stories of animals with a given moral

Purposes of Mythology/Myths

o Grant continuity and stability to a culture

o Present guidelines for living

o Justify a culture‟s activities

o Give meaning to life

o Explain the unexplainable

o Offer role models

Creation Mythology

o These are symbolic narrations of the earliest of times

o Elaborates how the world came to be and what happened to it

o Started in the state of Oral Tradition, by the word of mouth

Features

o Deity

o Primordial Being

o Vast Nothing

o Cosmic Egg

o Earth Diver

Types

o Ex Nihilo “Out of Nothing”

o Creation from Chaos

o World Parent

o Emergence or Metamorphosis

o Earth Diver

The Titans

o They are also known as the elder gods

o The Leader was Cronus who was overthrown by Zeus.

o The Titans were banished to Tartarus .

o Titans are associated with the various planets

The Titans, the Titanic task made easy (Justin‟s Way)

o Cronus

He “castrated” his father Uranus and ate each of his children as they were born

o Rhea

She was the wife of Cronus and she tricked him to protect Zeus

o Oceanus and Thethys

Unending stream of water was produced because of them. The Wife Tethys produced the nymphs

o Hyperion

Titan of Light, the father of the sun, moon and the dawn

o Mnemosyne

Titan of memory and the mother of the muses

o Themis

Titan of Justice and Orders

o Iapetus

Father of Atlas and Prometheus

o Coeus

Titan of Intelligence

The Olympians

o Reside on Mount Olympus

o Think of it as a new generation of gods, from the previous Titans

The Olympians, the Herculean task made easy (Justin's Way)

o Hephaestus (Vulcan)

Master Blacksmith and the god of fire who was crippled and married to Aphrodite

o Hermes (Mercury)

Messenger of the gods with the symbol “caduceus”.

o Hestia

Biological first born of Cronus and Rhea and virgin goddess of the hearth, architecture, and the right ordering of domesticity.

o Hera (Juno)

Queen of the gods and sister and the wife of Zeus

o Athena (Minerva)

Patron goddess of Athens, wisdom and of arts and crafts

o Aphrodite (Venus)

The primal cause of the Trojan War (see Apple of Discord) and the goddess of beauty, love and sexuality

o Apollo (Phobeus Apollo)

Uses the lyre and the sun as his symbol and is the god of healing, plague, music and prophecy

o Artemis (Diana)

Twin sister of Apollo and wields the bow and arrow. Symbol includes the moon

o Ares (Mars)

With grief, strife, panic and terror which makes him the god of war and violence

o Poseidon (Neptune)

Wields a trident and the god of the seas, waters, horses and earthquakes

o Hades (Pluto)

Lord of the underworld and ruler of the dead

o Zeus (Jupiter)

Leader of Mount Olympus and the father of all gods and men on Mount Olympus.

For the other creation stories and for the subject verb agreement, please refer to your handouts

Connotative vs. Denotative

o Denotative: this is your dictionary meaning

o Connotative: this is your implied/figurative meaning

Types of Conflicts

o Man vs. Man

o Man vs. Nature

o Man vs. Society

o Man vs. Fate

o Man vs. Technology

o Man vs. Self

Faulty Shifts

o An inconsistency in any of the following

Verb Tense

Voice (Active/Passive Voice)

Mood (Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive)

Person (Pronouns)

Parallelism

o Sentences must be parallel together in thought and in form

o When they are wrong in form, there is faulty parallelism, therefore, apply faulty shifts.

For English Elective

o Defamiliarization: makes us see things in a much different light.

o Catharsis: purging of the self through dominant and intense feelings/emotions like aggression, fear,

hatred and anxiety

Having a good beginning

o You need to have a good point of attack

o Using the following methods, you can create a brilliant beginning

Chimay-Chismis Method

Explanation Method

Setting Method

Pure Shock Method

Evil in Fiction

o Evil is now relatable to regular people in modern days because it is not necessarily ugly horrifying personalities that have the urge to kill you.

o Evil now has emotions and undergoes change like most good characters do as well.

Suspension of Disbelief

o In order to see fundamental human truths in a different light

(NOTES ON THE METAMORPHOSIS WILL BE POSTED LATER)

F. Geometry

Deductive and Inductive Reasoning

o Deductive Reasoning: Logical reasoning using known facts in a step by step process until

arriving at the wanted statement

o Inductive Reasoning: Logical reasoning using inferences from individual situations to create

principles.

If then Statements

Given the statement “A Pentagon is a five sided polygon”

o Conditionals (If p then q) [pq]

“If the polygon is a pentagon, then it is five sided”

o Converse (If q then p)[qp]

“If the polygon is five sided, then it is a pentagon”

o Negation (Not p then q or p then not q) [-pq, p-q]

“If the polygon is not a pentagon, then it is five sided” or

“If the polygon is a pentagon, then it is not five sided”

o Inverse (negation of both statements)[-p -q]

“If the polygon is not a pentagon, then it is not five sided”

o Contrapositive (Inverse of the converse)[-q-p]

“If the polygon is not five sided, then it is not a polygon”

o Biconditional

Combination of the conditional and the converse statements and uses “if and only if”

True Biconditional: both the conditional and the converse are true/false

“A polygon is a pentagon, if and only if it has five sides”

Undefined Terms

o Point: no size nor dimension and indicates a positioned represented by a dot and named by a capital

letter

o Line: set of infinite points that extends in both directions with no width and an infinite length and is

named by any of its two points or an italicized small letter

o Plane: flat surface with no thickness that extends without end to all directions with no boundaries and is

named by a single capital italicized letter or by three non collinear points. An edge is a line that divides a plane

k A C D

o Space: set of all points

A plane is called a face and the sides of the plane are half spaces

A face is a plane that divides a space

Postulates and Theorems

The Postulates

1. Two points identify exactly 1 line (Line Postulate) 2. Two distinct lines intersect in only 1 point (Line Intersection Postulate) 3. If 2 distinct planes intersect, then they intersect in a line (Plane Intersection Postulate) 4. The collinear points are contained in at least 1 plane while three non-collinear points are contained in

exactly 1 plane (Plane Postulate) 5. For any 2 points, there are infinitely many planes that contain them (Two Points Plane Postulate) 6. If two points of a line are in a plane, then the line is in the plane (Two points Line Postulate) 7. Four Non Coplanar points determine a space (Space Postulate)

The Theorems

1. If a line not contained in a plane intersects the plane, then the intersection contains only one point (Line-Plane Intersection Theorem)

2. Exactly one plane contains a line and a given point not on a line (Line Point Theorem) 3. Exactly one plane contains 2 intersecting lines (Two Intersecting Lines Plane Theorem)

Subsets of a Line

Ruler Postulate

o A one to one correspondence between the points of a line and the set of real numbers

Distance between 2 points

o Distance between 2 given points A and B (AB) is the Absolute Value of the difference of the coordinates of the 2 points

o |A-B| or |B-A|

F G M

S

Segment

o Set of points on a line consisting its 2 endpoints and all the points in between

o Segment‟s length refers to the distance between its two endpoints

o Congruent segments are 2 segments who have the same or equal lengths

Ray

o Set of points on a line having one endpoint and one that extends infinitely in one direction

o Opposite Rays are two collinear rays which have a common endpoint that extends in opposite

directions

Segment Addition Postulate

o Given three collinear and distinct points C, H and R; C is between H and R if and only if HC+CR = HR

H C R

o In a sense, if HC = 8; CR = 10; HR = 18

Midpoint of a Segment

o A is the midpoint of the segment UM only if it lies in between U and M and UA = AM

U A M

Midpoint Theorem

o If A is the midpoint of segment UM, then

o 2 UA = UM; 2AM= UM or UA = ½ UM; AM=1/2 AM

Midpoint Corollary

o Every segment has exactly one midpoint

Segment Bisector

o A segment, ray, plane or a line that intersects a segment only at its midpoint

o Perpendicular Bisector: a segment bisector that is perpendicular to the segment and only intersects at the midpoint

Angle Pairs

o Adjacent Angles: 2 angles with a common vertex and a common side but no interior points in

common

o Complementary Angles: 2 angles whose sum of the measures equal 90

o Supplementary Angles: 2 angles whose sum of the measures equal 180

o Linear Pair: 2 adjacent angles whose sum of the measures equal 180

o Vertical Angles: 2 non-adjacent angles which are formed by intersecting lines

Postulates and Theorems with Corollaries Take 2

The Theorems

o If 2 angles are supplements of congruent angles, then the angles are congruent (Supplement Theorem)

o If 2 angles are both congruent and supplementary, then each is a right angle (Right Supplement Theorem)

o If 2 angles are complements of congruent angles, then the angles are congruent (Complement Theorem)

o If 2 angles are vertical angles, then the angles are congruent (Vertical Angle Theorem)

The Corollaries

o If 2 angles are supplementary to the same angle, then the angles are congruent (Supplement Corollary)

o If 2 angles are complementary to the same angle, then the angles are congruent (Complement Corollary)

The Postulate

o If 2 angles form a linear pair, then they are supplementary (Linear Pair Postulate)

Relationship of Lines

o Parallel Lines: non-intersecting coplanar lines

o Perpendicular Lines: coplanar intersecting lines which form right angle/s

o Oblique Lines: coplanar intersecting lines not forming right angle/s, ergo, acute or obtuse

o Skew Lines: non-coplanar, non-intersecting lines

Transversal

o A line that intersects 2 or more coplanar lines at 2 or more points

Angles formed by a Transversal

o Alternate Interior Angles

Non-adjacent interior angles that lie on the opposite sides of a certain transversal

o Alternate Exterior Angles

Non-adjacent exterior angles that lie on the opposite sides of a certain transversal

o Corresponding Angles

2 non-adjacent angles, an exterior and an interior on the same side of the transversal

o Interior Angles on the Same Side of the Transversal (SST)

2 Interior angles on the same side of the transversal

o Exterior on the Same Side of the Transversal (SST)

2 Exterior angles on the same side of the transversal

G. Filipino

Kaligirang Kasaysayang ng El Filibusterismo

o Isinulat na alang alang sa mga GomBurZa

o Ito ang pangalawang aklat kung saan nagtatapos ang mga pangyayari na ginanap sa Noli Me Tangere

o Karugtong ng Noli Me Tangere

o Valentin Ventura: Ang nagbigay ng pera kay Rizal upang maisaayos ang produksyon ng El Filibusterismo

Kabanata 1: Sa Kubyerta

Mga Simbolismo ng Bapor Tabo

o Walang direksyon ang pamahalaan o gobyerno.

o Hindi nagbabago at kumakapit sa nakaraan

o Nagbibigay ng masamang intensyon at gawain

o Diskriminasyon sa mga tao

Ang nagiging problema na hadlang sa Bapor Tabo at sa iba pang rason

o Ang haba ng Ilog pasig ay pareho sa haba ng Bapor Tabo

Ang Mga Posibleng Solusyon

o Idea ni Don Custodio

Hahanapin ng mga bibe (ducks) ang mga susog (snail) sa ilog at magiging mas mahaba ang ilog.

Hindi nagustohan ni Donya Victorina

o Ideya ni Simoun

Ipagawa sa mga kriminal, kabataan at matatanda ang paghaba

Ginalit ang lahat ng tao.

(Filipino ay matataops sa v 1.4 na ilalabas sa Miyerkules)