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History 1378: The US Since 1877

Dr. Ross-Nazzal

Exam 2 Review Sheet

Part I: Identification Terms

Alain LockeAuthor who wrote The New Negro appeared in 1925, further encouraging a focus oncultural contributions of blacks past, present and future. He is best known for hiswritings on and about the Harlem Renaissance. He is known as the Father of theHarlem Renaissance. The New Negro was a collection of writings by AfricanAmericans. His philosophy of the New Negro was grounded in the concept of race-building. Its most important component is overall awareness of the potential blackequality; no longer would blacks allow white requests. The idea was based on self-confidence and political awareness.A. He is regarded as the Father of the Harlem RenaissanceB. His philosophy served as a strong motivational force in keeping the energy andpassion of the Movement at the forefront

C. He was also an American writer, philosopher, educator and patron of the artsD. Locke wrote The New Negro, which encouraged a focus on cultural contributions tothe black culture

New Negro MovementAlso known as the harlem renaissance. Stressing the importance of black culture andthe historical experiences of blacks, African American artist and intellectualschallenged white racism in all new ways. The reaction however was all too familiar,white violence and an expanded version of the ku Klux klan.

Reefer MadnessA. A movie directed by Louis Gasnier in 1936.B. Its intended purpose was to show the negative effects that marijuana had on highschool students/marijuana smokers.C. The plot revolves around two high school students, a boy and a girl thatexperimented with marijuana.D. The male tried to rape his girlfriend. One person ended up dying and one arrested.E. The vice of smoking marijuana during the 1920s caused Conservatives to reel backon liberalism.

Temperance MovementA. A social movement that urged the reduction of people using alcoholic beverages.B. The Temperance movements criticized excessive alcohol use, promoted completeabstinence, and pressured the government to enact anti-alcohol legislation.C. The organizations behind these movements played an essential role in bringingabout the ratification of the 18th amendment of the US Constitution, which chainreacted into the Prohibition Era.

Marcus GarveyHe promoted the doctrine of Pan-Africanism. Emigrated from Jamaica to the UnitedStates in 1916 and brought with him the Universal Negro Improvement Association(UNIA), organizing its first branch outside of Jamaica in May 1917. Garvey and hisassociation advocated self-help and racial pride, but he rejected immigration outright,be it then or in the future, immediately setting himself apart from other black activistsand organizations. He also urged blacks to revel in it and celebrate the past. Garveywas jailed because of his connection with his Black Star Line. He was convicted, and

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eventually deported in 1927 when President Coolidge commuted his sentence.

Zora Neale HurstonA. Hurston was an American folklorist and anthropologist.B. She was the prototypical authority on black culture during the Harlem Renaissanceera.C. Under her belt are 4 novels and more than 50 published short stories, plays andessays, but shes best know for the 1937 novel Their Eyes Were Watching God.D Zora Neale was involved in the artistic movement of the 1920s, when black artistswere moving from traditional dialectical works and imitation of white writers to exploretheir own culture and affirm pride in their race.

Committee on Public InformationAlso known as the Creel Committee, a propaganda agency, organized publicity onbehalf of U.S. objectives during World War 1. In 1917, U.S. President Woodrow Wilsonchose George Creel to head the CPI. The CPIs sole mission was to gain popular supportfor Americas entry into the war; according to them the war represented a battle fordemocracy and freedom. Creel created The Four-Minute Men, which was a volunteergroup of thousands of men who visited meetings and movie theaters across thecountry to make pro-war speeches.

Palmer RaidsA. It was an attempt by the United States Department of Justice to arrest and deportracial leftists from the US.B. Leftists are people that are for social change to create a more egalitarian society.C. During the Palmer Raids, there were more than 500 foreign citizens deported.D. Egalitarianism is the belief in equality for in all things such as race, religion, socialstatus and more.

Civilian Conservation CorpsThis was a public work relief program in the United States for unemployed, unmarriedmen, ages 18-25. It was a part of the New Deal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. TheCCC was designed to provide unemployment for young men in relief families who haddifficulty finding jobs during the Great Depression while at the same timeimplementing a general natural resource conservation program in every state and

territory. Roosevelt wanted to fix our land as well as help these men.

Addition to the earlier post. [ Jobs for men without skills. Pay was $30.00/day. This wasa low pay but they were being provided with free housing and food while they worked.They were instructed to take 15 dollars and go spend it in town on a steak dinner orsomething of the sort to help the local economy. The other 15 was to be sent backhome to your family. ]

HoovervilleA. The popular name for shanty towns built by the homeless during the GreatDepression.B. Many of the shanty towns popped up once America was thrown into the Depressionto house those that lost everything.C. It was so named for President Herbert Hoover whom many believed was the main

reason of the economic crash, the final straw that succumbed Americans to the GreatDepression.D. Many Americans resided in Hoover Ville because their homes were taken away oncethe banks were unable to support the country.E. People even had to drive Hoover wagons, automobiles hitched to horses becausethey couldnt afford fuel.In addition to the above statement. the vast majority of Americans at this timeperiod were renters/leasers. When the economy fell they lost their means to pay thefees and lost their places to live. The response was to gather together all the materials(wood, metal etc.) they could muster and build shelters. They congregated together

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and made small towns Called Hoover-villes.

Thunder from the LeftBlank term for criticism FDR gets from his first new deal. Comes from politicalelements. FDR is democrat, slightly to the left of spectrum, his ND policy that hebegins as soon as hes elected (in response to hoovers policies) begins to take somesteps better after Depression. Aimed to help out big business. FDR wealthy, boughtinto, supply side economics. If you take care of big business/wealthy, they will providejobs. Things get better for poor because of availablily of jobs. Incorporation of NDwould let business grow and reduce unemployment. Establish stricter companies,reduce competition between business, but almost all of FDRs immediate policyachievement is aimed at helping upper level economy, and make sure they have access to capital. Do what they are supposed to do. None of FDrs policy are not aimedat the lower level class (jobless, homesless, poor) mainly taken care of corporations.FDR gets lots of criticism from the base of his party. Are aimed at elements of society.Critics from the left (like huey long, upton Sinclair) argue that FDr/ govt need todo/ought to be is to get money into the hands of the needy (lowest level of society)and take care of them (unemploued, poor, hungry, homeless) takes criticism intoaccount. Effectively creates federal jobs. CCC does this for poor, that isnt businessoriented, that is some interest to the puglic, get some sort of money in their hand, andcontinue spending in some form of consumption would jumpstart the economy. FDR

does very little on what the thunder on the left push him to do. Social security comesout later in ND2.

Great MigrationGreat migration was a migration or movement of the blacks from the south to thenorth. The fundamental force behind it was economic. Blacks were eager to escape theegregious racism of the south where their economic lives were routinely limited toshare cropping, debt peonage and Jim Crow. In the north most blacks though were ableto get only menial jobs formerly held by immigrant workers.

About AA migrating from south from rural south to urban centers in north, east, west.Basically looking for economic opportunities in the urban industrial centers that theycould not find from rural areas.Have significant AA movement, creates new racialtensions that contributes to biggatry in new cities, segregation (not legal segregation).Other words AA set up their own communities that tend to be separated from the rest

of the city. New racial tensions that is significant in some hand. Civil rights movement,racial tensions begint o boil over that the south is any more racist than the north was,but a lot of the northern/ Midwest, never had large AA commntiies before hand. Buttheyre much like the south. B/c of great migration, new communities in NE/W, tensionsbecome much more heated and violent. In part gets worse after WW2 of all thesoldiers from WW2 that need to find jobs in their home towns. B/c so many men thatwere in ww2, (women/aa were employed in industrial segment during ww2 as thosewhite soldiers who come out of war) needs their jobs back, women are shut out andback to kitchen, AA lose economic opportunities so that labor force could take care ofwhite men.

Espionage ActJune 15, 1917. An Act to Punish acts of interference with the foreign relations, theneutraility, and the foreign commerce of the US, to punish espionage, and better to

enforce the criminal laws of the US, and for other purposes. -People will not make falsereports/statements while the US is at war to interfere with the military success andnavy and whoever supports the enemy will be charged of disloyalty or mutiny. Fine of10,000$ or no more than 20 yrs in prison or both. -Every letter, writing, postcard,picture, newspaper, that violates the provisions of the act will not be mailed ordelivered. Any letter, postcard, etc. with urges of treason or insurrection against the USwill be unmailable. (As They Said It p. 65-66)

Dawes PlanTalks of reparations for Germany. Germany was punished after WWI and in debt of

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billions of dollars. Wilson wanted to see Germany back in the world and interacting butFrance and Britain wanted to crush them. Germany was no longer integrated into theworld economy so the nations were no longer trading as they used to. US made plan tolend money to Germany so Germany can pay Britain and France back so Britain andFrance can pay US back. Basically, the money is going around an International DebtTriangle (money go from US to Germany to Britain and France and back to US). DawesPlan is one of the causes of the Great Depression.

New WomanThe new woman added sexual compatibility to the array of existing qualifications formarriage. The new woman was a feminist ideal that emerged in the late 19th century.A new woman pushed against the limits set by male dominated society. This termdescribes women who were pushing against the limits which society imposed onwomen. Today she is called a feminist.

YaltaOne of the three major conferences in ww2 between the allied pwersDeals specificallywith postwar reconstruction, whats the world going to look like after the war?Beginning of the cold war, that the us and gb decide that the territories in question(after ww2, germany/japan taken) is effectively split btwen Europe and the west. At theyalta, the settlements and specifics (us takes care of (gets control) reconstruction injapan) GB gets part of North korea, US gets control of SKOrea, they fight overcommunism. Comes out of resolution, yalta divides land in japan between US andSoviet Union (SU gets Eastern Germany, and half of berlin) US get half of Germany.Berlin split in two, but it mainly part of east.What stalin was trying to do, was to createan eastern union a buffer zonet aht was not controlled by Soviet union, but dominatedby SU.Germany effectively invaded Russia in ww1 and ww2. Stalin has fera that it mayhappen again. For eastern Europe to be defensive. There are communist govt thatinferioeates US. The allied powers get together to discuss how to divide up land afterww2. (end of ww2, beginning of CW)

Lend-LeaseI got this from american society since 1900approved by congress in march 1941 gave

president Roosevelt virtually unlimited authority to direct material aid such asammunition, tanks, airplanes, trucks, and food to the war effort in Europe withoutviolation the nations official position of neutrality. The us formally entered the warDecember 1941 following pearl harbor. Initially intended to help great Britain, withinmonths the lend-lease program was expanded to include china and the soviet union.By the end of the war, the us had extended 49billion in lend-lease aid to more than 40nations

NativismPage 123 in APAPIn the 1920s more people lived in urban areas than in rural. Native-born whiteprotestants dominated in the countryside, and growing numbers of immigrantspopulated the northern cities. The nativists thought the nation was in danger ofbecoming mongrelized.

The execution of Sacco and Vanzetti demonstrated the growing strength of nativism in1920s society: two men robbed shoe factory and killed paymaster, they weredescribed as Italians, less than two weeks later two know anarchists with loaded pistolswere arrested, it was a trial of citizenship status and political beliefs, as the date of thetrial arrived descriptions were changed to fit the defendants more accurately, governorof Massachusetts ordered investigation of the facts by advisory committee chaired bypresident of Harvard, who belonged to the immigration restriction league, the two menwere electrocuted)THIS case represents the human cost of nativism in america. National origins act waspassed to limit number of immigrants allowed pure year. The immigration laws of the

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1920s permitted unrestricted immigration from latin American nations.

Red ScareAmericans feared communists were about to take over the country. Began in Seattle.A union strike began demanding health care. The strikers were seen as a socialist

group. They also had a militant faction to them. They were bombing buildings.Socialists who were elected democratically were arrested as they tried to take theirseats. Raids led by Mitchell Palmer (US attourney) in conjunction with state police wentto the labor union members homes arresting them and searching for material thatwould incriminate them as socialists/communists. At least 550 union leaders werekicked out of the United States as a result.

League of NationsIt came into being after the end of World War 1. Its task was to ensure war never brokeout again. After the occurrence of the Versailles Treaty, many looked to the league forstability in the world. League of Nations was introduced by U.S. President WoodrowWilson, but the United States never approved the treaty and didnt become a member.This league was set up to handle problems among countries and to avoid anothermajor conflict such as World War 1.

Camp Logan RiotsAfter ww1, a lot of AA enlisted into the army in ww1, becayse felt like going to be aneffective way for aa to prove to the rest of the country their worth and patriotism toachieving some sort of familiaration of racist conditions at the time. Thought went towar, fought valiantly, they would achieve some sort of reward after war (racial stabilityand equality) they were segregated at war. At camp logan in Houston, AA werestationed.They went to town, and they were attacked by racist civilians, some died, and wentinto skirmish, and few civilians died. Army bought aa up to trial, and 14 hung. Showedtensions that erupted in violence that was stacked against AA. Attacked in town, andexecuted by mility (even if self defence), the situation (the racial tension) becomesmuch worse after ww1 going into 1920s. Result of depression during tough economictimes.

The Atlantic CharterEffectively an agreement between fdr and Churchill that deals with how the worldshould be structured after ww2. Not a legal document, not a meeting with all the alliedforces. Predicated that the US is already taking whatever legal steps it could to helpFDR churchhill meet about how the wold should change as a result of ww2.Fdr has anupper hand, after the defeat of france when GB itself is holding of the nazi singlehandledly and after serious attacks from the air from germany.Desperate to gettingsecure US aid or US help.Get toether to determine, how the world should look after thewar, primarily to benefit the US. Pushes effectively the open door policy, and getsChurchill to agree to begin dismantle the British Empire.More freedom to trade, lessrestriction.Churchill eagerly agrees because likes how it benefits.FDR gets Churchill to agree in economic growth**he sells out british empire interest to ensure US get further action that aids the war.

After attack on Pearl Harbor brings US, not a legal/binding document.FDR set the stageof US involvement to the war.The US achieves economic dominance world wide.Afterwar, the dollar becomes currency of international trade.Ready to relinquish british empire for US after the war.

A. An agreement that was drafted by Prime Minister Winston Churchill and PresidentFranklin Delano Roosevelt.B. According to American Society Since the 1900s, there wer 8 stipulations that eachrespective leader agreed to.C. To name a few of the agreed terms: neither the US nor GB would seek

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aggrandizement, no territorial changes that arent of the peoples wishes, and allpeoples rights will be respected when choosing the form of government to live by.D. These were but a few terms that the two world leaders felt would help the worldreform once Adolf Hitler and the Nazi regime were defeated.

Huey LongA. He proposed the Share Our Wealth program in 1934 with many stipulations such as:each family should own at least a homestead equal in value to not less than 1/3 theaverage family weath, for one.B. His motto/slogan was Every Man a King and his aim was to alleviate the problemsof the Great Depression.C. Long condemned the rich by saying they wouldnt allow the country to solve theproblems the Depression had produced.D. He wanted everyone to be treated equally in all matters (wealth, social status etc),but his national movement faded after his assassination in 1935.

Eugene Victor DebsLabor leader of IWW and Socialist candidate for President. Arrested and sentenced toten years under the provisions of Espionage Act because of The canton, Ohio Speechhe made for alleged anti-American activities and to resist the draft From his prison cell,he received over one million votes for Presiedent in the election of 1920. Speaks forlaborers/working class. Debs said the master class always brought on war for its owngain while the subject class had all to lose especially their lives. (As They Said It p.66; APAP p.106)

The Arsenal of DemocracyA. A slogan that President Franklin Delano Roosevelt used in his address to the nationin 1940.B. He urged the nation to acknowledge the threats America faced and put forth theeffort needed to help Great Britain defeat the Axis Powers by supplying militarysupples to them, but still staying out of the actual fighting.C. Roosevelt stated that Americans shouldnt ignore what was going on in the worldbecause if America did not aid Great Britain, eventually the Nazis would set their sightson dominating America.

D. The United States goal was to produce more ships, ammunition, planes etc tosupply the Allied Powers in the defense of freedom and defeat the Nazi regime.E. At the end of his speech, President Roosevelt called for the national effortourpeople with absolute confidence that our common cause will greatly succeed.